DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  1
CHAPTER 440
DATA PROTECTION ACT
To make provision for the protection of individuals against the violation
of their privacy by the processing of personal data and for matters
connected therewith or ancillary thereto.
22nd March, 2002 *
15th November, 2002 †
15th July, 2003 ‡
ACT XXVI of 2001, as amended by Acts XXXI of 2002 and IX of 2003.
PART I - PRELIMINARY
Short title and 
commencement.
1. (1) The short title of this Act is the Data Protection Act.
(2) This Act shall come into force on such date as the Minister
may by notice in the Gazette appoint and different dates may be so
appointed for different provisions or different purposes of this Act
and such purposes may include the applicability of such provisions
in relation to such category or categories of processing of personal
data as may be stipulated in such notice.
Interpretation.
"blocking" in relation to personal data, means the operation to
suspend modification of data or suspend or restrict the provision of
information to a third party when such provision is so suspended or
restricted in accordance with the provisions of this Act;
"Commissioner" means the Data Protection Commissioner
appointed under article 36 and includes any officer or employee of
the Commissioner authorised by him in that behalf;
"consent" means any freely given specific and informed
indication of the wishes of the data subject by which he signifies
his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed;
"controller of personal data" or "controller" means a person who
alone or jointly with others determines the purposes and means of
the processing of personal data;
"data subject" means a natural person to whom the personal data
relates;
Cap. 258.
"identity card number" means the identifying number contained
in an identity card as provided in the Identity Card Act;
*Part VIII (articles 36 to 53, both inclusive) was brought into force as from 22nd
March, 2002, by Legal Notice 70 of 2002.
†Articles 2 and 54 were brought into force as from 15th November, 2002, by Legal
Notice 382 of 2002.
‡Articles 3 to 28 (both inclusive) were brought into force as from 15th July, 2003, by
Legal Notice 150 of 2003 - but see Legal Notice 150 of 2003 re applicability of
provisions of articles 7 to 9 and 12 to 17.
Part VII (articles 29 to 35, both inclusive) and article 55 were brought into force as
from 15th July, 2003, by Legal Notice 151 of 2003.
Article 56 of Part IX was brought into force as from 15th July, 2003, by Legal Notice
156 of 2003.
2 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
"Minister" means the Minister responsible for data protection;
"personal data" means any information relating to an identified
or identifiable natural person; an identifiable person is one who can
be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an
identification number or to one or more factors specific to his
physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social
identity;
"personal data filing system" or "filing system" means any
structured set of personal data which is accessible according to
specific criteria, whether centralised, decentralised or dispersed on
a functional or geographical basis;
"personal data representative" means a person, appointed by the
controller of personal data, who shall independently ensure that the
personal data is processed in a correct and lawful manner;
"prescribed" means prescribed by regulations made by the
Minister in accordance with the provisions of this Act, after
consultation with the Commissioner;
"processing" and "processing of personal data" mean any
operation or set of operations which is taken in regard to personal
data, whether or not it occurs by automatic means, and includes the
collection, recording, organisation, storage, adaptation, alteration,
retrieval, gathering, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination
or otherwise making information available, alignment or
combination, blocking, erasure or destruction of such data;
"processor" means a person who processes personal data on
behalf of a controller;
"recipient" means a person to whom personal data is provided;
however, when personal data is provided in order that the
Commissioner may perform such supervision, control or audit that
it is under a duty to attend to, the Commissioner shall not be
regarded as a recipient;
"sensitive personal data" means personal data that reveals race or
ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs,
membership of a trade union, health, or sex life;
"third country" means a state that is not included in an Order
issued for the purpose of determining which states are not to be
considered as a third country for the purposes of this Act as may be
prescribed from time to time under this Act;
"third party" means a person other than the data subject, the
controller of personal data, the personal data representative, the
processor and such persons who under the direct responsibility of
the controller of personal data or the processor are authorised to
process personal data.
PART II - APPLICABILITY
Mode of 
Processing.
3.   The provisions of this Act shall apply to the processing of
personal data, wholly or partly, by automated means and to such
processing other than by automated means where such personal
data forms part of a filing system or is intended to form part of a
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  3
filing system.
Territorial scope.
( a ) to the processing of personal data carried out in the
context of the activities of an establishment of a
controller in Malta or in a Maltese Embassy or High
Commission abroad;
( b )  to the processing of personal data where the controller
is established in a third country provided that the
equipment used for the processing of the personal data
is situated in Malta.
(2) Without prejudice to the following proviso, the provisions of
subarticle (1)( b ) shall not apply if the equipment is used only for
purposes of transit of information between a third country and
another such country:
Provided that the controller in such a case shall appoint a
person established in Malta to act as his representative.
Non-applicability 
of the Act.
5. This Act shall not apply -
( a ) to processing of personal data where such processing
is undertaken by a natural person in the course of a
purely personal activity; and 
( b ) to processing operations concerning public security,
defence, State security (including the economic well
being of the State when the processing operation
relates to security matters) and activities of the State in
areas of criminal law:
Provided that the Minister may, after consultation with the
Commissioner and with the concurrence of the Minister responsible
for the Police, by regulations make provisions extending the
application of this Act or adding to or derogating from the
provisions of this subarticle to enforce the provisions of any
international obligation, convention or treaty relating to the
protection of personal data, to which Malta is a party, or may
become a party. 
Freedom of 
expression
Cap. 319.
Cap. 248.
6. (1) Subject to the following provisions of this article,
nothing in this Act shall prejudice the application of the provisions
of the European Convention Act relating to freedom of expression,
or the provisions of the Press Act relating to journalistic freedoms.
(2)  Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticle (1) the
Commissioner shall encourage the drawing up of a suitable code of
conduct to be applicable to journalists and to the media to regulate
the processing of any personal data and the code of conduct shall
provide appropriate measures and procedures to protect the data
subject, having regard to the nature of the data.
(3) In the absence of such code of conduct, the Commissioner
may establish specific measures and procedures to protect the data
subjects; in such a case journalists and the media are to comply
with measures and procedures so established. 
(4) If the measures and procedures contained in the code of
conduct applicable to journalists and the media in terms of
4 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
subarticle (2) or (3) are not complied with, the Commissioner may
prohibit any person concerned from carrying out any processing, in
whole or in part, and order the blocking of data when, having
regard to the nature of the data, the means of the processing or the
effects that it may have, there is a serious risk of a relevant damage
to one or more data subjects.
PART III - REQUIREMENTS AND CRITERIA FOR 
PROCESSING
Requirements for 
processing.
7. The controller shall ensure that:
( a )  personal data is processed fairly and lawfully;
( b )  personal data is always processed in accordance with
good practice;
( c )  personal data is only collected for specific, explicitly
stated and legitimate purposes;
( d )  personal data is not processed for any purpose that is
incompatible with that for which the information is
collected;
( e )  personal data that is processed is adequate and relevant
in relation to the purposes of the processing;
( f )  no more personal data is processed than is necessary
having regard to the purposes of the processing;
( g )  personal data that is processed is correct and, if
necessary, up to date;
( h )  all reasonable measures are taken to complete, correct,
block or erase data to the extent that such data is
incomplete or incorrect, having regard to the purposes
for which they are processed;
( i ) personal data is not kept for a period longer than is
necessary, having regard to the purposes for which
they are processed.
Processing for 
historical purposes, 
etc.
8.   The processing of personal data for historical, statistical or
scientific purposes shall not be regarded as incompatible with the
purposes for which the information was collected:
Provided that the Controller shall ensure that:
( a ) the appropriate safeguards are in place where personal
data processed for historical, statistical or scientific
purposes may be kept for a period longer than is
necessary having regard to the purposes for which they
are processed; or
( b )  personal data kept for historical, statistical or
scientific purposes shall not be used for any decision
concerning a data subject.
Criteria for 
processing.
9. Personal data may be processed only if:
( a )  the data subject has unambiguously given his consent;
or
( b )  processing is necessary for the performance of a
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  5
contract to which the data subject is party or in order
to take steps at the request of the data subject prior to
entering into a contract; or
( c ) processing is necessary for compliance with a legal
obligation to which the controller is subject; or
( d )  processing is necessary in order to protect the vital
interests of the data subject; or
( e ) processing is necessary for the performance of an
activity that is carried out in the public interest or in
the exercise of official authority vested in the
controller or in a third party to whom the data is
disclosed; or
( f ) processing is necessary for a purpose that concerns a
legitimate interest of the controller or of such a third
party to whom personal data is provided, except where
such interest is overridden by the interest to protect the
fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject
and in particular the right to privacy.
Direct marketing.
concerning direct marketing, if the data subject gives notice to the
controller of personal data that he opposes such processing.
(2) The controller shall appropriately inform the data subject of
his right to oppose, at no cost, the processing referred to subarticle
(1) of this article.
Revocation of 
consent.
11. (1) In those cases where the processing of personal data is
made in terms of article 9( e ) and ( f ), the data subject, except where
otherwise provided in any other law, shall be entitled to object at
any time to the controller on compelling legitimate grounds to the
processing of such data. 
(2) Saving the provisions of article 10, where the processing of
personal data takes place with the consent of the data subject, the
data subject may at any time revoke his consent for compelling
legitimate grounds relating to his particular situation.
Sensitive personal 
data.
12. (1)  Subject to the other provisions of this Act no person
shall process sensitive personal data:
Provided that such personal data may be processed in those
cases provided for under subarticle (2) and under articles 13 to 16
or as may be prescribed by the Minister having regard to an
important public interest.
(2) Sensitive personal data may be processed if the data
subject:
( a )  has given his explicit consent to processing; or
( b )  has made the data public.
Necessary 
processing.
13.   Sensitive personal data may be processed if appropriate
safeguards are adopted and the processing is necessary in order
that:
( a )  the controller will be able to comply with his duties or
exercise his rights under any law regulating the
6 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
conditions of employment; or
( b ) the vital interests of the data subject or of some other
person will be able to be protected and the data subject
is physically or legally incapable of giving his
consent; or
( c )  legal claims will be able to be established, exercised or
defended.
PART IV - PROCESSING FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
Processing by 
foundations, etc.
14. Any body of persons or other entity not being a
commercial body or entity, with political, philosophical, religious
or trade union objects may, in the course of its legitimate activities
and with appropriate guarantees, process sensitive personal data
concerning the members of the respective body or entity and such
other persons who by reason of the objects of the body or entity
have regular contact therewith:
Provided that sensitive personal data may be provided to a
third party only if the data subject explicitly consents thereto.
Processing 
concerning health 
or medical 
purposes.
15. Sensitive personal data may be processed for health and
hospital care purposes, provided that it is necessary for:
( a ) preventive medicine and the protection of public
health;
( b ) medical diagnosis;
( c ) health care or treatment; or
( d ) management of health and hospital care services:
Provided that the data is processed by a health professional
or other person subject to the obligation of professional secrecy.
Cap. 31.
For the purposes of this article "health professional" means
a person in possession of a warrant to exercise a profession
regulated by the Medical and Kindred Professions Ordinance and
any person acting under the personal direction and supervision of
such person.
Processing 
concerning 
research and 
statistics
16. (1) Sensitive personal data may be processed for research
and statistics purposes, provided that the processing is necessary as
stipulated in article 9( e ). 
(2) If the processing referred to in subarticle (1) has been
approved:
( a ) in the case of statistics, by the Commissioner himself;
( b ) in the case of research, by the Commissioner on the
advice of a research ethics committee of an institution
recognised by the Commissioner for the purposes of
this paragraph;
the provisions of subarticle (1) shall be deemed to be satisfied.
(3) Personal data may be provided to be used for the purposes
referred to in subarticle (1), unless otherwise provided by
applicable rules on secrecy and confidentiality.
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  7
Processing 
concerning legal 
offences.
17. (1) Data relating to offences, criminal convictions or
security measures may only be processed under the control of a
public authority.
(2) For this purpose, the Minister may by regulations authorise
any person to process the data referred to in subarticle (1) subject
to such suitable specific safeguards as may be prescribed:
Provided that a complete register of criminal convictions
may only be kept under the control of a public authority.
Processing of 
identity card 
number.
18. The identity card number may, in the absence of consent,
only be processed when such processing is clearly justified having
regard to:
( a ) the purpose of the processing;
( b ) the importance of a secure identification;
( c ) some other valid reason as may be prescribed.
PART V - DATA COLLECTION AND RIGHT OF ACCESS
Information to data 
subject.
19. The Controller or any other person authorised by him in
that behalf must provide a data subject from whom data relating to
the data subject himself are collected, with at least the following
information, except, where the data subject already has it:
( a ) the identity and habitual residence or principal place
of business of the controller and of any other person
authorised by him in that behalf, if any;
( b ) the purposes of the processing for which the data are
intended; and
( c ) any further information relating to matters such as: 
(i) the recipients or categories of the recipients of
data;
(ii) whether the reply to any questions made to the
data subject is obligatory or voluntary, as well as
the possible consequence of failure to reply; and
(iii) the existence of the right to access, the right to
rectify, and, where applicable, the right to erase
the data concerning him, 
and, insofar as such further information is necessary, having regard
to the specific circumstances in which the data is collected, to
guarantee fair processing in respect of the data subject.
Data collected 
from other sources.
20.   (1)  Where the data have not been obtained from the data
subject, the controller or any other person authorised by him in that
behalf shall provide the data subject with at least the following
information, except where the data subject already has it:
( a ) the identity and habitual residence or principal place
of business of the controller and of any other person
authorised by him in that behalf;
( b ) the purposes of the processing;
( c ) any further information including:
(i) the categories of data concerned;
8 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
(ii) the recipients or categories of recipients;
(iii) the existence of the right of access, the right to
rectify, and, where applicable, the right to erase
the data concerning him;
and insofar as such further information is necessary, having regard
to the specific circumstances in which the data is processed, to
guarantee fair processing in respect of the data subject.
(2) The information referred to in subarticle (1) shall be
provided at the time of undertaking the recording of personal data
or, if a disclosure to a third party is envisaged, not later than the
time when the data are first disclosed.
(3) Information referred to in subarticle (1) need not be
provided if there are provisions concerning the registration or
disclosure of any such personal data in any other law and
appropriate safeguards are adopted.
(4) Information under subarticle (1) need not be provided if
the personal data is required:
( a ) for processing for statistical purposes;
( b ) for purposes of historical or scientific research;
and insofar as the provision of such information proves impossible
or would involve a disproportionate effort.
Right of access. 21. (1) The controller of personal data at the request of the
data subject shall provide to the data subject, without excessive
delay and without expense, written information as to whether
personal data concerning the data subject is processed:
Provided that a request by the data subject under this
subarticle shall only be made by the data subject at reasonable
intervals.
(2) If such data is processed the data controller shall provide to
the data subject written information in an intelligible form about:
(i) actual information about the data subject which
is processed;
(ii) where this information has been collected;
(iii)  the purpose of the processing;
(iv) to which recipients or categories of recipients
the information is disclosed; and
(v) knowledge of the logic involved in any automatic
processing of data concerning the data subject.
(3) An application under subarticle (1) shall be made in writing
to the controller of personal data and is to be signed by the data
subject.
Rectification. 22. (1) The controller shall be liable at the request of the data
subject to immediately rectify, block or erase such personal data
that has not been processed in accordance with this Act or with
regulations made under this Act.
(2) The controller shall notify the third party to whom the data
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  9
has been disclosed about the measures undertaken under subarticle
(1) of this article:
Provided that no such notification need be provided if it is
shown to be impossible or it will involve a disproportionate effort.
PART VI - EXEMPTIONS, RESTRICTIONS AND OTHER 
MEASURES
Exemptions and 
restrictions in case 
of secrecy, etc.
23. (1) The provisions of articles 7, 19, 20   (1), 21 and 35 shall
not apply when a law specifically provides for the provision of
information as a necessary measure in the interest of:
( a ) national security;
( b )  defence;
( c )  public security;
( d )  the prevention, investigation, detection and
prosecution of criminal offences, or of breaches of
ethics for regulated professions;
( e ) an important economic or financial interest including
monetary, budgetary and taxation matters;
( f ) a monitoring, inspection or regulatory function
connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of
official authority referred to in paragraphs ( c ), ( d ) and
( e ); or
( g ) such information being prejudicial to the protection of
the data subject or of the rights and freedoms of others.
(2) The provisions of article 21 shall not apply when data is
processed solely for purposes of scientific research or is kept in
personal form for a period which does not exceed the period
necessary for the sole purpose of compiling statistics:
Provided that the provisions of this subarticle shall not
apply where the data is used for taking measures or decisions
regarding any particular individual or where there is a risk of
breaching the privacy of the data subject.
Decisions based on 
automated 
processing.
24.  (1) If a decision is based solely on automated processing
of such personal data as is intended to assess the qualities of a
natural person, and such decision has a legal or other significant
effect for that person, that person shall have the right to request that
the decision be reconsidered other than in a manner based solely on
automated processing, and such reconsideration shall be obligatory
on the person making such decision.
(2) The provisions of subarticle (1) shall not apply where the
decision is taken in the course of the entering into or performance
of a contract with the data subject, provided that the request for the
entering into or the performance of the contract, lodged by the data
subject, has been satisfied or that there are suitable measures to
safeguard his legitimate interests such as the right to be heard.
(3) A person who is the subject of a decision referred to in
subarticle (1) shall be entitled to obtain upon representation
information from the controller about what has controlled the
10 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
automated processing that resulted in the decision:
Provided that information made available by the controller
shall be subject to the provisions of article 21.
Persons authorised 
to process data.
25. (1) Any person acting under the authority of the controller
or of the processor, including the processor himself, who has access
to personal data may only process personal data in accordance with
instructions from the controller unless the person is otherwise
required to do so by law.
(2) The carrying out of processing by way of a processor is to
be governed by a contract or other legally binding instrument in a
written or in an equivalent form binding the processor to the
controller and stipulating in particular that the processor:
( a )  shall act only on instructions from the controller;
( b )  shall take those measures referred to in article 26(1).
Security measures 
relating to 
processing.
26. (1) The controller shall implement appropriate technical
and organisational measures to protect the personal data that is
processed against accidental destruction or loss or unlawful forms
of processing thereby providing an adequate level of security that
gives regard to the:
( a ) technical possibilities available;
( b ) cost of implementing the security measures;
( c )  special risks that exist in the processing of personal
data;
( d ) sensitivity of the personal data being processed.
(2) If the controller engages a processor, the controller shall
ensure that the processor:
( a ) can implement the security measures that must be
taken;
( b ) actually takes the measures so identified by the
controller.
Transfer of data to 
a third country.
27. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of article 28, the
transfer to a third country of personal data that is undergoing
processing or intended processing, may only take place subject to
the provisions of this Act and provided that the third country to
which the data is transferred ensures an adequate level of
protection.
(2) The adequacy of the level of protection of a third country
shall be assessed in the light of all the circumstances surrounding a
data transfer operation or a set of data transfer operations;
particular consideration shall be given to the nature of the data, the
purpose and duration of the proposed processing operation or
operations, the country of origin and country of final destination,
the rules of law, both general and sectoral, in force in the third
country in question and the professional rules and security
measures which are complied with in that country.
(3) It is for the Commissioner to decide whether a third
country ensures an adequate level of protection.
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  11
(4) The transfer of personal data to a third country that does
not ensure adequate protection is prohibited.
Exemptions from 
the prohibition of 
the transfer of data 
to third country
28. (1) For the purpose of implementing any international
convention to which Malta is a party or any other international
obligation of Malta, the Minister may by Order designate that the
transfer of personal data to any country listed in the said Order
shall not, notwithstanding the provisions of this Act or any other
law, be restricted on grounds of protection of privacy. In making
such Order the Minister may include conditions and restrictions
provided for in any said international instrument.
(2) A transfer of personal data to a third country that does not
ensure an adequate level of protection within the meaning of article
27(2) may be effected by the controller if the data subject has given
his unambiguous consent to the proposed transfer or if the transfer -
( a ) is necessary for the performance of a contract between
the data subject and the controller or the
implementation of precontractual measures taken in
response to the data subject's request;
( b ) is necessary for the performance or conclusion of a
contract concluded or to be concluded in the interests
of the data subject between the controller and a third
party;
( c ) is necessary or legally required on public interest
grounds, or for the establishment, exercise or defence
of legal claims;
( d ) is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the
data subject; or
( e ) is made from a register that according to laws or
regulations is intended to provide information to the
public and which is open to consultation either by the
public in general or by any person who can
demonstrate legitimate interest, provided that the
conditions laid down in law for consultation are
fulfilled in the particular case.
(3) Without prejudice to subarticle (1) the Commissioner may
authorise a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third
country that does not ensure an adequate level of protection within
the meaning of article 27(2):
Provided that the controller provides adequate safeguards,
which may result particularly by means of appropriate contractual
provisions, with respect to the protection of the privacy and
fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals and with respect to
their exercise.
PART VII - NOTIFICATION AND OTHER PROCEDURES
Obligation for 
notification
29. (1) The controller shall notify the Commissioner before
carrying out any wholly or partially automated processing
operation or set of such operations intended to serve a single
purpose or several related purposes.
12 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
(2) The Minister may prescribe on any matter relating to the
form of notification to be made under this subarticle in respect of -
( a ) processing whose sole purpose is the keeping of a
register which according to laws or regulations is
intended to provide information to the public and
which is open to consultation either by the public in
general or by any person demonstrating a legitimate
interest; and
( b ) processing operations referred to in article 14.
(3) The notification referred to in subarticle (1) must specify:
( a ) the name and address of the data controller and of any
other person authorised by him in that behalf, if any;
( b ) the purpose or purposes of the processing;
( c ) a description of the category or categories of data
subject and of the data or categories of data relating to
them;
( d ) the recipients or categories of recipient to whom the
data might be disclosed;
( e ) proposed transfers of data to third countries; and
( f ) a general description allowing a preliminary
assessment to be made of the appropriateness of the
measures taken pursuant to article 26 to ensure
security of processing:
Provided that the controller shall notify the Commissioner
of any changes affecting the information referred to under this
subarticle and the Minister may prescribe any matter related to the
form of such notification.
(4) The Commissioner may allow the simplification of or the
exemption from the notification obligations provided for under this
Part of this Act only in respect of categories of processing
operations -
(i) which are unlikely, due account being taken of
the data being processed, to prejudice the rights
and freedoms of data subjects, and
(ii) in respect of which the Commissioner specifies
the purposes of the processing, the data or
categories of data being processed, the category
or categories of data subjects affected by such
processing, the recipients or categories of
recipients to whom the data is to be disclosed
and the length of time for which the data is to be
stored.
Derogation from 
the obligation for 
notification.
30. (1) The controller shall notify the Commissioner on the
appointment or removal of a personal data representative.
(2) Where a personal data representative has been so appointed
the notification required in terms of article 29(1) and (3) shall not
be required.
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  13
Function of data 
representative.
31. (1) The personal data representative shall have the
function of independently ensuring that the controller processes
personal data in a lawful and correct manner and in accordance
with good practice and in the event of the personal data
representative identifying any inadequacies, he shall bring these to
the attention of the controller.
(2) If the personal data representative has reason to suspect
that the controller has contravened the provisions applicable for
processing personal data and if rectification is not implemented as
soon as practicable after such contravention has been pointed out,
the personal data representative shall notify this situation to the
Commissioner.
(3) The personal data representative shall also consult with the
Commissioner in the event of doubt about how the rules applicable
to processing of personal data are to be applied.
Register of 
processing subject 
to notification.
32. The personal data representative shall maintain a register
of the processing that the controller implements and which would
have been subject to the duty of notification if the representative
had not been appointed. The register shall comprise at least the
information that a notification under article 29 would have
contained.
Assistance to data 
subject.
33. The personal data representative shall assist the data
subject to exercise his rights under this Act.
Mandatory 
notification.
34. (1) ( a )  Processing of personal data that involves
particular risks of improper interference with the rights
and freedoms of data subjects shall be submitted for
prior checking to the Commissioner.
( b ) The Minister may by regulation define the
processing operations involving particular risks as
referred to in paragraph ( a ) and prescribe rules in
relation thereto.
(2) The prior checking referred to in subarticle (1) shall be
carried out by the Commissioner following receipt of a notification
from either the controller or the personal data representative:
Provided that in the case of doubt, the controller or
personal data representative shall consult the Commissioner.
Register of 
processing 
operations.
35. (1) The Commissioner shall maintain a register of
processing operations notified in accordance with article 29(1). The
register shall contain the information listed in article 29(3)( a ) to
( e ).
(2) The controller or the personal data representative, if so
instructed by the controller, shall provide at least the information
referred to in article 29(3)( a ) to ( e ) to any person who requests it
expeditiously and in an appropriate manner about such automated
or other processing of personal data that have not been notified to
the Commissioner under article 29(3):
Provided that the provisions of this subarticle shall not
apply to the information specified in article 29(2)( a ).
14 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
PART VIII - THE DATA PROTECTION COMMISSIONER
Data Protection 
Commissioner.
36. (1) There shall be a Data Protection Commissioner who
shall be appointed by the Prime Minister after he has consulted the
Leader of the Opposition.
(2) A person shall not be qualified to hold office as
Commissioner if he:
( a ) is a Minister, Parliamentary Secretary, or a Member of
the House of Representatives; or
( b ) is a judge or magistrate of the courts of justice; or
( c ) is an officer in the public service; or
( d ) is a member of a local council; or
( e ) has a financial or other interest in any enterprise or
activity which is likely to affect the discharge of his
functions as a Commissioner:
Provided that the disqualification of a person under this
paragraph may be waived if such person declares the interest and
such declaration and waiver are published in the Gazette.
Independence of 
functions.
Amended by:
IX. 2003.118.
37. (1) In the exercise of his functions under this Act the
Commissioner shall act independently and shall not be subject to
the direction or control of any other person or authority.
Commissioner may 
not hold other 
offices of profit. 
Exceptions.
(2) It shall not be lawful for the Commissioner to carry out any
other profession, business or trade or to hold any other office of
profit whatsoever, even though of a temporary nature, with the
exception of any temporary judicial office on any international
court or tribunal or any international adjudicating body, and the
office of examiner at a University.
Legal personality 
and representation 
of the 
Commissioner.
38. (1) The Commissioner shall have a distinct legal
personality and shall be capable, subject to the provisions of this
Act, of entering into contracts, of acquiring, holding and disposing
of any kind of property for the purposes of his functions, of suing
and being sued, and of doing all such things and entering into all
such transactions as are incidental or conducive to the exercise or
performance of his functions under this Act.
(2) Any document purporting to be an instrument made or
issued by the Commissioner and signed by him shall be received in
evidence and shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to be an
instrument made or issued by the Commissioner.
Tenure of office.
Amended by:
XXXI. 2002.263.
39. (1) The Commissioner shall hold office for a term of five
years and shall be eligible for reappointment on the expiration of
his term of office.
(2) The Commissioner shall not be removed from his office
except by the Prime Minister upon an address of the House of
Representatives supported by the votes of not less than two thirds
of all the members thereof and praying for such removal on the
ground of proved inability to perform the functions of his office
(whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause)
or proved misbehaviour.
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  15
(3) If the Commissioner resigns or if his office is otherwise
vacant or if the Commissioner is for any reason unable to perform
the functions of his office,  or for any other temporary purpose where
the Commissioner considers it necessary not to carry out any of his
functions because of such circumstances, that were he a judge of the
superior courts, he would abstain,  the Prime Minister shall, after he
has consulted the Leader of the Opposition, appoint a person who is
qualified to be appointed as a temporary Commissioner, if such
person is qualified to be a Commissioner; and any person so
appointed shall cease to be such a Commissioner when a
Commissioner is appointed to fill the vacancy or, as the case may
be, when the Commissioner who was unable  to perform the
functions of  his office resumes those functions or, in the case of a
temporary purpose, the temporary Commissioner has performed the
function assigned to him .
(4) The appointment of a temporary Commissioner for a
temporary purpose as provided in subarticle (3) shall be exercised only
on a certificate signed by the Commissioner to the effect that, in his
opinion, it is necessary for the due conduct of the business of the
Commissioner under this Act, that a temporary Commissioner be
appointed.
Functions of the 
Commissioner.
40. The Commissioner shall have the following functions:
( a ) to create and maintain a public register of all
processing operations according to notifications
submitted to him as specified in this Act;
( b ) to exercise control and, either of his own motion or at
the request of a data subject, verify whether the
processing is carried on in accordance with the
provisions of this Act or regulations made thereunder;
( c ) to instruct the processor and controller to take such
measures as may be necessary to ensure that the
processing is in accordance with this Act or
regulations made thereunder;
( d ) to receive reports and claims from data subjects or
associations representing them on violations of this
Act or regulations made thereunder, to take such
remedial action as he deems necessary or as may be
prescribed under this Act, and to inform such data
subjects or associations of the outcome;
( e ) to issue such directions as may be required of him for
the purposes of this Act;
( f ) to institute civil legal proceedings in cases where the
provisions of this Act have been or are about to be
violated and to refer to the competent public authority
any criminal offence encountered in the course of or
by reason of his functions;
( g ) to encourage the drawing up of suitable codes of
conduct by the various sectors affected by the
provisions of this Act and to ascertain that the
provisions of such codes are in accordance with the
provisions of this Act and for such purpose the
16 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
Commissioner may seek the views of data subjects or
their representatives;
( h ) to take such measures as may be necessary so as to
bring to the knowledge of the general public the
provisions of this Act and for such purpose to give
advice to any person where it is required;
( i ) to order the blocking, erasure or destruction of data, to
impose a temporary or definitive ban on processing, or
to warn or admonish the controller;
( j ) to advise the Government on any legislative measures
that are required to be taken to enable him carry out
his functions appropriately;
( k ) to draw up annual reports of his activities at regular
intervals, at least once a year, which reports shall be
made public;
( l ) at the request of a data subject to verify that the
processing of the personal data described in article 23
of this Act is compliant with the provisions of this Act
or of any law as specified in subarticle (1) of the said
article 23 and in such a case the data subject shall be
informed accordingly; and
( m ) to collaborate with supervisory authorities of other
countries to the extent necessary for the performance
of his duties, in particular by exchanging all useful
information, in accordance with any convention to
which Malta is a party or other any international
obligation of Malta.
Commissioner’s 
right of access to 
information.
41. (1) The Commissioner shall be entitled to obtain on
request:
( a ) access to the personal data that is processed, and;
( b ) information about and documentation of the
processing of personal data and security of such
processing:
Provided that where the personal data is processed for the
purpose of compliance with a legal obligation to which the
controller is subject, the Minister may by regulation prescribe rules
and procedures for the purposes of the implementation of subarticle
(1)( a ).
(2) Without prejudice to any other provision of any other law,
any person who does not comply with any lawful request relevant
to an investigation by the Commissioner shall be guilty of an
offence against this article.
(3) The investigations on the data processing described in
article 23 are subject to the written authorisation of the
Commissioner.
(4) If the Commissioner cannot, pursuant to a request under
subarticle (1), obtain sufficient information in order to conclude
that the processing of personal data is lawful, the Commissioner
may prohibit the controller of personal data from processing
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  17
personal data in any other manner than by storing them.
(5) In the exercise of his functions under this article the
Commissioner shall have the same powers to enter and search any
premises as are vested in the executive police by any law as may
from time to time be in force.
Commissioner to 
seek rectification.
42. (1) If the Commissioner concludes that personal data is
processed or may be processed in an unlawful manner, the
Commissioner shall order rectification, and if rectification is not
effected or if the matter is urgent, the Commissioner may prohibit
the controller of personal data to continue processing the personal
data in any manner other than to store that data.
(2) If the controller does not implement security measures in
terms of article 26, the Commissioner may impose an
administrative fine as stipulated in the following subarticle.
(3) In any of the cases mentioned in the preceding subarticles
or in article 41(2), the Commissioner may, by order in writing,
require the controller of personal data to pay such administrative
fine as may be prescribed, provided that if the controller fails to
comply with such requirement the Commissioner shall commence
proceedings against the controller:
Cap. 12.
Provided that such administrative fine shall be due to the
Commissioner as a civil debt, constituting an executive title for the
purposes of Title VII of the Code of Organisation and Civil
Procedure as if payment of the amount of the fine had been ordered
by a judgement of a court of civil jurisdiction.
Application for 
erasure.
43. (1) Where the Commissioner decides that personal data
has been unlawfully processed, the Commissioner shall by notice
order the controller of personal data to erase the personal data.
(2) If the controller of personal data feels aggrieved by the
decision of the Commissioner, he may, within fifteen days from the
receipt of the notice referred to in subarticle (1), by application
request the Court of Appeal as constituted in accordance with
article 41(6) of the Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure, to
revoke the order of the Commissioner.
Collaboration with 
other authorities.
44. The Commissioner, before taking a decision in the exercise
of his functions under article 40( c ) or ( e ) which may significantly
impact the operation of any government department or of any
public or private enterprise, shall consult the interested party or
parties who may be directly affected by the decision and he shall
give reasons for his decisions.
Oath of secrecy.
Cap. 50.
45. The Commissioner and any officer and employee of the
Commissioner shall, before assuming their duties, take an oath of
office contained in the Schedule to this Act to carry out their duties
with equity and impartiality and in accordance with the provisions
of this Act and shall be subject to the provisions of the Official
Secrets Act, and the Code of Ethics applicable to public officers.
The oath of office shall be taken before the Attorney General.
Compensation for 
damages.
46. (1) The data subject may, by writ of summons filed in the
competent court, exercise an action for damages against the
controller who processes data in contravention of this Act or
18 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
regulations made thereunder.
(2) An action under this article shall be commenced within a
period of twelve months from the date when the data subject
becomes aware or could have become aware of such a
contravention, which ever is the earlier.
Penalties. 47. (1) Any person who:
( a ) provides untrue information to data subjects as is
prescribed by this Act, or in the notification to the
Commissioner under article 29 or to the Commissioner
when the Commissioner requests information in
accordance with article 41;
( b ) processes personal data in contravention of the
provisions of articles 12 to 17;
( c ) transfers personal data to a third country in
contravention of article 27 and 28;
( d ) omits to give notification under article 29(1) or in
accordance with regulations issued under article 34;
shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a
fine ( multa ) not exceeding ten thousand liri (Lm10,000) or to
imprisonment for six months or to both such fine and
imprisonment.
(2) Any person who fails to comply with an order in writing to
pay an administrative fine in accordance with the provisions of
article 41(2) or of article 42(1), shall not be subject to the payment
of a penalty under the provisions of this article.
Data Protection 
Appeals Tribunal.
48. (1) There shall be a Tribunal to be known as the Data
Protection Appeals Tribunal, in this Act referred to as ''the
Tribunal'', having the functions and powers assigned to it by this
Act or by any other law.
(2) The Tribunal shall consist of a chairman and two other
members appointed by the Minister.
(3) The chairman shall be an advocate with a minimum of
twelve years legal experience.
(4) The two other members mentioned in subarticle (2) shall
be persons who in the opinion of the Minister represent the
interests of data subjects and of data controllers.
(5) The chairman and other members of the Tribunal shall hold
office for such period being of not less than three years as may be
determined in their appointment and cannot be removed during
their term of office except on grounds of proved inability to
perform the functions of their office whether arising from infirmity
of body or mind or any other cause, or proved misbehaviour.
Cap. 12.
(6) A member of the Tribunal may be challenged or abstain for
any of the reasons for which a judge may be challenged or abstain
in accordance with article 734 of the Code of Organisation and
Civil Procedure. In any such case the Minister shall appoint a
person, having the qualifications of the member challenged or
abstaining, to sit as a member of the Tribunal in substitution of the
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  19
said member.
(7) A member of the House of Representatives or of a Local
Council, a Judge or a Magistrate, or an officer in the public service
shall be disqualified from being appointed or continuing to be a
member of the Tribunal for so long as he holds that office.
(8) The Minister shall also designate a person to serve as
secretary to the Tribunal.
Appeals.
Commissioner shall have the right to appeal in writing to the
Tribunal within thirty days from the notification to him of the said
decision. 
(2) An appeal to the Tribunal may be made on any of the
following grounds:
( a )  that a material error as to the facts has been made;
( b ) that there was a material procedural error;
( c ) that an error of law has been made;
( d )  that there was some material illegality, including
unreasonableness or lack of proportionality. 
(3) The Tribunal shall give reasons for its decision and shall
cause such decisions to be made public omitting, if it deems it
appropriate for reasons of confidentiality, the names of the persons
involved.    
(4) In determining an appeal under this article the Tribunal
may:
(i) dismiss the appeal;
(ii) annul the decision;
and where the Tribunal annuls the decision it may refer the matter
to the competent authority with a direction to reconsider it and
reach a decision in accordance with the findings of the Tribunal.
(5) The effect of a decision to which an appeal relates shall not
except where the Tribunal or the Court of Appeal, as the case may
be, so orders, be suspended in consequence of the bringing of the
appeal.      
Powers and 
procedures of the 
Tribunal.
50. (1) The Tribunal shall be competent to hear and decide
any appeal made to it in accordance with the provisions of this Act
and any regulations made thereunder; and subject to article 51, the
decisions of the Tribunal shall be final and binding.    
(2) For the exercise of its functions, the Tribunal may summon
any person to appear before it and give evidence and produce
documents; and the chairperson shall have the power to administer
the oath. The Tribunal may also appoint experts to advice the
Tribunal on any technical issue that may be relevant to its decision.    
(3) For the purposes aforesaid the Tribunal shall have the same
powers as are competent to the First Hall, Civil Court according to
law. 
(4) Save as may be prescribed, the Tribunal may regulate its
own procedure. 
20 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
Appeal to the 
Court of Appeal.
Cap. 12.
51. Any party to an appeal to the Tribunal who feels aggrieved
by a decision of the Tribunal, or the Commissioner if he feels
aggrieved with any such decision, may on a question of law appeal
to the Court of Appeal as constituted in accordance with article
41(6) of the Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure by means of
an application filed in the registry of that court within thirty days
from the date on which that decision has been notified.
Financial 
provision.
52. (1) The expenses required by the Commissioner to
exercise his functions under this Act as may be fixed by the House
of Representatives in accordance with this article shall be a charge
on the Consolidated Fund without the need of any further
appropriation other than this Act.
(2) Where during the course of any financial year the sum
fixed by the House of Representatives is in the opinion of the
Commissioner insufficient to enable him to efficiently fulfil his
functions the Commissioner shall prepare supplementary estimates
for consideration by the House of Representatives.
(3) The Commissioner shall cause to be prepared in every
financial year, and shall not later than six weeks after the end of
each such year adopt, estimates of the income and expenditure of
the Commissioner for the next following financial year:
Provided that the estimates for the first financial year of
the Commissioner shall be prepared and adopted within such time
as the Minister may by notice in writing to the Commissioner
specify.
(4) A copy of the estimates shall, upon their adoption by the
Commissioner, be sent forthwith by the Commissioner to the
Minister and to the Minister responsible for finance.
(5) The Minister shall at the earliest opportunity and not later
than six weeks after he has received a copy of the estimates from
the Commissioner, approve the same with or without amendment
after consultation with the Minister responsible for finance.
Accounts and 
audit.
53. (1) The Commissioner shall cause to be kept proper
accounts and other records in respect of his operations and shall
cause to be prepared a statement of accounts in respect of each
financial year.
(2) The accounts of the Commissioner shall be audited by an
auditor or auditors to be appointed by the Commissioner and
approved by the Minister:
Provided that the Minister responsible for finance may
after consultation with the Minister require the books or the
accounts of the Commissioner to be audited or examined by the
Auditor General who shall for the purpose have the power to carry
out such physical checking and other certifications as he may deem
necessary.
(3) After the end of each financial year, and not later than the
date on which the estimates of the Commissioner are forwarded to
the Minister under article 52(3), the Commissioner shall cause a
copy of the statement of account duly audited to be transmitted to
the Minister and to the Minister responsible for finance together
DATA PROTECTION [ CAP. 440.  21
with a copy of any report made by the auditors on that statement or
on the accounts of the Commissioner.
(4) The Minister shall, at the earliest opportunity and not later
than eight weeks after he has received a copy of every such
statement and report, or if at any time during that period the House
of Representatives is not in session, within eight weeks from the
beginning of the next following session, cause every such statement
and report to be laid on the Table of the House of Representatives.
(5) The Commissioner shall, not later than six weeks after the
end of each financial year, make and transmit to the Minister and to
the Minister responsible for finance a report dealing generally with
the activities of the Commissioner during the financial year and
contain such information relating to the proceedings and policy of
the Commissioner as either of the said Ministers may from time to
time require. The Minister shall, at the earliest opportunity and not
later than eight weeks after he has received a copy of every such
report, or if at any time during that period the House of
Representatives is not in session, within eight weeks from the
beginning of the next following session cause a copy of every such
report to be laid on the Table of the House of Representatives.
PART IX - GENERAL
Power to make 
regulations.
Amended by:
XXXI. 2002.263.
54. The Minister may, after consultation with the
Commissioner, prescribe regulations for the better carrying out of
the provisions of this Act, and without prejudice to the generality
of the foregoing may in particular prescribe regulations concerning:
( a ) the cases in which processing of personal data is
permitted;
( b )  the requirements which are imposed on the controller
when processing personal data;
( c ) what a notification or application to a controller
should contain;
( d )  which information shall be provided to the data subject
and how information shall be provided;
( e ) notification to the Commissioner and the procedure
when information notified has been altered;
( f ) rules and procedures relating to access by the
Commissioner of data held in instances where the
controller processes data for compliance with a legal
obligation;
( g ) the qualifications required for a person to be appointed
as a personal data representative;
( h ) the minimum guarantees to be provided by the bodies
of persons or other entities referred to in article 14 in
the processing of personal data;
( i ) the fees that may be levied by the Commissioner;
( j ) the administrative fines that may be imposed by the
Commissioner and the administrative violations in
respect of which such fines be imposed; provided that
22 [ CAP. 440. DATA PROTECTION
such fines shall not be in an amount exceeding  ten
thousand liri (Lm10,000) for each violation and one
thousand liri (Lm1,000) for each day during which such
violation persists ;
( k ) the penalties that may be imposed under this Act;
( l ) for establishing rules, procedures, formalities and time
limits in respect of any matter provided for under this
Act; 
( m ) the extension of the application of this Act to any
particular activity or sector and to provide for the
manner in which data protection is to be implemented
in specific sectors or in respect of specific activities;
and
( n ) for anything that may be prescribed under any of the
provisions of this Act.
English text to 
prevail.
55. In the case of conflict between the Maltese and English
text of this Act, the English text shall prevail.
Amendment to the 
Malta 
Communications  
Authority Act.
Cap. 418.
56. The First Schedule to the Malta Communications Authority
Act shall be amended as follows:
( a ) paragraph 2 thereof shall be deleted; and
( b ) paragraph 3 thereof shall be re-numbered as paragraph
2.
SCHEDULE
Article 45
Oaths of Office
I ………………………………………… solemnly swear / affirm
that I will faithfully and conscientiously perform my duties as
(Data Protection Commissioner / Officer of the Data Protection
Commissioner / Employee of the Data Protection Commissioner) in
terms of the Data Protection Act and in accordance with the laws of
Malta, without fear or favour. (So help me God.).
