       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             1
CHAPTER 9
CRIMINAL CODE
To amend and consolidate the Penal Laws and the Laws of Criminal Procedure.
10th June, 1854
ORDER-IN-COUNCIL of the 30th of January, 1854 ,  as amended by Ordinances: IV of
1856 ,  VIII and IX of 1857 ,  X of 1858 ,  IX of 1859 ,  V of 1868 ,  VI of 1871 ,  IV of 1874 ,  III of
1877 ,  I of 1879 ,  III and VII of 1880 ,  IV of 1882 ,  III of 1885 ,  II of 1886 ,  IV and XVI of 1888 ,
XIV of 1889 ,  II of 1892 ,  VIII of 1893 ,  IV of 1894 ,  III and X of 1896 ,  IV of 1897; the Malta (Use
of English Language in legal proceedings) Order-in-Council, 1899; Ordinances: III ,  VI ,  XI
and XIII of 1899 ,  XI ,  XII and XVI of 1900 ,  VI and XVI of 1901 ,  I of 1903 ,  I and XII of 1904 ,  XI
of 1905 ,  VIII of 1909 ,  IV of 1910 ,  IX of 1911 ,  XII of 1913 ,  II ,  VI and XII of 1914 ,  IV of 1916 ,
XIII and XIV of 1918; the Malta Constitution Letters Patent ,  1921; Ordinance XVI of 1921;
Acts: XII of 1922 ,  I of 1924 ,  XXVI of 1927 ,  XVI of 1929; Ordinances: VI and VIII of 1930 ,  XIII
and XXVI of 1931 ,  XVI of 1932 ,  VI of 1933; Acts: XXVIII ,  XXXV and XLI of 1933;
Ordinances: XXII ,  XXX and XXXVII of 1934 ,  IX and XIII of 1935 ,  XIV and XX of 1936 ,  III and
XV of 1937 ,  I ,  XXIV ,  XXVII and XXXV of 1938 ,  I and VI of 1939 ,  XXIX of 1940; Government
Notices Nos. 124 and 248 of 1941. Incorporating also Article 3 of Ordinance II of 1867 ,
Ordinance IV of 1872 ,  Article 30 of Ordinance VI of 1880 and Ordinance XXXVII of 1934.
This Code was subsequently amended by Ordinances: VIII ,  XII and XXI of 1944 ,  XXIV of
1946 ,  VI of 1947; Acts: X of 1949 ,  IX of 1950 ,  IV of 1951 ,  V of 1956 ,  XII of 1957; Emergency
Ordinance XX of 1959; Ordinances: XV of 1959 ,  X of 1960 ,  XXV of 1962; Legal Notice 4 of
1963; Acts: XVI and XXIII of 1963 ,  XIII of 1964 ,  XIX and XXXII of 1965; Legal Notice 46 of
1965; Acts: XXXI and XLIII of 1966 ,  II ,  XXV and XXXI of 1967 ,  XXVII of 1970 ,  III and XXI of
1971 ,  XXXIII of 1972 ,  II ,  III ,  XI ,  XV ,  XXXVIII and XLVI of 1973 ,  IV ,  VIII ,  XXXV and LVIII of
1974 ,  XXIV ,  XXVII and XXXVII of 1975 ,  III ,  XIV ,  XVIII ,  XIX and XXII of 1976 ,  XI of 1977 ,
XIII and XVIII of 1980 ,  XLIX and LIII of 1981 ,  IX of 1982 ,  XIII and XIV of 1983 ,  I of 1984 ,
XXXII of 1986 ,  XIII of 1987 ,  XXII of 1988 ,  XXIX of 1989 ,  VIII and XXIX of 1990 ,  XII of 1991 ,
XIX of 1992 ,  XXI of 1993 ,  IV and XXIV of 1994 ,  XXIV of 1995 ,  XVI and XVII of 1996, XXXII
of 1997, II and X of 1998, VII of 1999,  X  of 2000, III and VI of 2001, III, XIII, XXIV and
XXXI of 2002, and IX of 2003.
    2               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
ARRANGEMENT OF CODE
Articles
Title  1
Preliminary Provisions 2-6
BOOK FIRST
PENAL LAWS
PART I
O F  P UNISHMENTS AND  G ENERAL  R ULES FOR THEIR 
APPLICATION, OF THE  W ILL AND  A GE OF THE 
O FFENDER, OF  A TTEMPTED  O FFENCE, OF 
A CCOMPLICES AND OF  R ECIDIVISTS
Title I Of Punishments and General Rules for their application 7-32
Sub-title I Of Punishments to which Offences are subject 7-15
Sub-title II General Provisions respecting the Infliction and Execution
of Punishments 16-30
Sub-title III  Of the Ascent and Descent from one Punishment to another
31-32
Title II  Of the Will and Age of the Offender  33-40
Title III  Of Attempted Offence  41
Title IV  Of Accomplices  42-48
Title V  Of Recidivists  49-54
PART II
O F  C RIMES AND  P UNISHMENTS
Title I   Of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes 54A-54I
Title I Bis   Of Crimes against the Safety of the Government  55-62
Title II  Of Crimes against the Public Peace  63-83
Title III  Of Crimes against the Administration of Justice and other
Public Administrations 84-162
Sub-title I  Of the Usurpation of Public Authority and of the Powers
thereof  84-90
§  Of the Usurpation of Functions  84
§  Of the Unlawful Assumption by Private Persons of Powers
belonging to Public Authority 85-90
Sub-title II  Of Outrage and Violence against Public Officers  91-99
Sub-title III  Of Calumnious Accusations, of Perjury and of False
swearing 100-111
Sub-title IV  Of Abuse of Public Authority  112-141
§  Of Unlawful Exaction, of Extortion and of Bribery  112-121
§Of Abuses committed by Advocates and Legal Procurators 122-123
§  Of Malversation by Public Officers and Servants  124-127
§  Of Abuses relating to Prisons  128-130
§  Of the Refusal of a Service lawfully due  131-132
§  Of Abuse of Authority, and of Breach of Duties pertaining
to a Public Office 133-140
General Provision applicable to this Sub-title  141
Sub-title V Of the Violation of Public Archives, Public Offices, Public
Places of Confinement, and Public Monuments 142-162
§  Of the Breaking of Seals, and of the Purloining of
Documents or Deposits from the Public Archives or
other Public Offices 142-150
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             3
Articles
§  Of the Violation of Public Places of Confinement, of the
Escape of Persons in Custody or Suspected or
Sentenced, and of the Harbouring of Offenders 151-160
§  Of the Violation of Public Monuments 161-162
Title IV Of Crimes against the Religious Sentiment  163-165
Title V Of Crimes affecting Public Trust  166-190
Sub-title I Of Forgery of Papers, Stamps and Seals 166-178
Sub-title II  Of Forgery of other Public or Private Writings  179-188
General Provisions applicable to this Title  189-190
Title VI Of Crimes against Public Trade 191-195 
Of Bankruptcy Offences 191-195
Title VII Of Crimes affecting the Good Order of Families 196-210
Sub-title I Of Crimes relating to the Reciprocal Duties of the
Members of a Family 196-197
Sub-title II Of Crimes against the Peace and Honour of Families and
against Morals 198-209
Sub-title III Of Crimes tending to Prevent or Destroy the Proof of the
Status of a Child 210
Title VIII Of Crimes against the Person 211-260
Sub-title I Of' Wilful Homicide 211-213
Sub-title II Of Wilful Offences against the Person 214-222A
Sub-title III Of Justifiable Homicide or Bodily Harm 223-224
Sub-title I V Of Involuntary Homicide or Bodily Harm 225-226A
Sub-title V Of Excuses for the Crimes referred to in the foregoing Sub-
titles of this Title 227-238
Sub-title VI Of the Concealment of Homicide or Bodily Harm, and of
the Concealment of Dead Bodies  239-240
Sub-title VII Of Abortion, and of the Administering or Supplying of
Substances Poisonous or Injurious to Health  241-244
Sub-title VIII  Of Infanticide and of the Abandonment and Exposure of
Children 245-248
Sub-title IX Of Threats and of Private Violence 249-251
Sub-title X Of Defamation, and of the Disclosing of Secret Matters  252-260
Title IX Of Crimes against Property and Public Safety  261-337
Sub-title I Of Theft 261-289
§  Of Aggravated Theft 261-283
§  Of Simple Theft 284-288
General Provision applicable to this Sub-title 289
Sub-title II Of other Offences relating to Unlawful Acquisition and
Possession of Property 290-292
Sub-title III Of Fraud 293-310
Sub-title IV Of Crimes against Public Safety, and of Injury to Property 311-328
General Provisions applicable to this Title 329-337
PART III
O F  C ONTRAVENTIONS AND  P UNISHMENTS
Title I Of Contraventions 338-340
Sub-title I Of Contraventions affecting Public Order  338
Sub-title II Of Contraventions against the Person  339
Sub-title III Of Contraventions against Property  340
Title II Of the Punishments for Contraventions  341-344
General Provision 345
    4               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
BOOK SECOND
LAWS OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I
O F THE  A UTHORITIES TO WHICH THE 
A DMINISTRATION OF  C RIMINAL  J USTICE
IS  E NTRUSTED 
Articles
Title I Of the Powers and Duties of the Executive Police in
respect of Criminal Prosecutions 346-366
Title II  Of the Court of Magistrates 367-429
Sub-title I Of the Court of Magistrates as Court of Criminal
Judicature 370-388
Sub-title II Of the Court of Magistrates as Court of Criminal Inquiry 389-409
General Provisions applicable to the Court of Magistrates,
whether as Court of Criminal Judicature or as Court of
Criminal Inquiry 410-412
Sub-title III Of Appeals from Judgments of the Court of Magistrates as
Court of Criminal Judicature 413-429
Title III Of the Attorney General  430-435
Title IV Of the Criminal Court 436-496 
Title V Of the Court of Criminal Appeal 497-515
Provisions applicable to the Courts of Criminal Justice 516-534
PART II
O F  M ATTERS  R ELATING TO CERTAIN  M ODES
 OF  P ROCEDURE AND TO CERTAIN  T RIALS
Title I Of Reports, Informations and Complaints 535-545
Title II Of Inquiries relating to the '' In genere '',   Inquests and
'' Reperti '' 546-569 
Title III Of Counsel for the Accused 570-573
Title IV Of Bail 574-587
Title V Of the Indictment 588-602
Title VI Of Jurors 603-619
Title VII Allegation of Insanity and other Collateral Issues before
the Criminal Court 620-628
PART III
O F  M ATTERS APPLICABLE TO ALL  C RIMINAL  T RIALS
Title I Of Witnesses and Experts 629-657
Sub-title I Of Witnesses 629-649
Sub-title II Of Experts 650-657
Title II Of Confessions 658-661
Title III Of Decisions and their Execution 662-666
Title IV Of Property belonging to the Person Charged or Accused or
to other Persons and connected with Criminal Proceedings 667-685
Title V Of the Respect due to the Court 686 
Title VI Of Prescription 687-694
Title VII Of Fees 695
Title VIII General Provisions 696
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             5
SCHEDULES
Schedule A Fees payable to the Executive Police in Cases instituted on
the Complaint of the Injured Party.
Schedule B Fees payable in the Registry in Cases instituted on the
Complaint of the Injured Party.
Schedule C Fees payable to Legal Practitioners before the Court of
Magistrates - Criminal Jurisdiction. 
    6               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Title. l. The title of this Code is Criminal Code.
 PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
Classification of 
offences.  
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.1.
2. Offences are divided into crimes and contraventions.
Actions arising 
from an offence. 
Amended by: 
VI.1871.1.
3. (1) Every offence gives rise to a criminal action and a civil
action.
(2) The criminal action is prosecuted before the courts of
criminal jurisdiction, and the punishment of the offender is thereby
demanded.
(3) The civil action is prosecuted before the courts of civil
jurisdiction, and compensation for the damage caused by the
offence is thereby demanded.
Nature of criminal 
action. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXVII. 1975.2;
III. 2002.2.
4.   (1) The criminal action is essentially a public action and is
vested in the State and is prosecuted in the name of the Republic of
Malta, through the Executive Police or the Attorney General, as the
case may be, according to law.
Prosecution. (2) A criminal action is prosecuted  ex officio  in all cases where
the complaint of the private party is not requisite to set the action in
motion or where the law does not expressly leave the prosecution
of the action to a private party.
Persons subject to 
prosecution. 
Amended by: 
VI.1899.1; 
XI.1899.107; 
I.1903.1; 
XXXI.1966.2; 
XXXIII.1972.2; 
XI.1973.377; 
XXIV.1975.2; 
XXIX. 1990.2;
XVII. 1996.19;
III. 2002.3;
XIII. 2002.10;
XXIV. 2002.13.
5. (1) Saving any other special provision of this Code or of
any other law conferring jurisdiction upon the courts in Malta to try
offences, a criminal action may be prosecuted in Malta - 
( a ) against any person who commits an offence in Malta,
or on the sea in any place within the territorial
jurisdiction of Malta;
( b ) against any person who commits an offence on the sea
beyond such limits on board any ship or vessel
belonging to Malta;
( c ) against any person who commits an offence on board
any aircraft while it is within the air space of Malta or
on board any aircraft belonging to Malta wherever it
may be;
       For the purposes of this paragraph the expression
"air space" means the air space above the land areas
and territorial waters of Malta;
( d ) without prejudice to the preceding paragraphs of this
subarticle, against any citizen of Malta or permanent
resident in Malta who in any place or on board any
ship or vessel or on board any aircraft wherever it may
be shall have become guilty of the offences mentioned
in article 54A or of an offence against the safety of the
Government or of the offences mentioned in articles
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             7
133, 139A, or of the offences mentioned in articles
311 to 318 and in article 320 when these are
committed or are directed against or on a state or
government facility, an infrastructure facility, a public
place or a place accessible to the public, a public
transportation system, or of forgery of any of the
Government debentures referred to in article 166 or of
any of the documents referred to in article 167, or of
the offence mentioned in article 196, or of any other
offence against the person of a citizen of Malta or of
any permanent resident in Malta;
For the purposes of this paragraph:
Cap. 217.
"permanent resident" means a person in favour of
whom a permit of residence has been issued in
accordance with the provisions contained in article 7
of the Immigration Act;
"offence against the person" includes the offences
mentioned in articles 86 to 90 and in articles 198 to
205;
the expressions "state or government facility",
"infrastructure facility" and "public transportation
system" shall have the same meaning assigned to them
respectively by article 314A(4);
( e ) against any person who being in Malta -
(i) shall have become guilty of any offence under
article 87(2) or articles 198, 199, 211, 214 to
218, 220, 249 to 251, 311, 312, 314A, 314B, 316
or 317 when committed or directed on or against
the person of a protected person or to the
prejudice or injury of such person or likely to
endanger the life or to cause serious injury to the
property, life or health of such a person, or in
connection with an attack on any relevant
premises or on any vehicle ordinarily used by a
protected person or when a protected person is
on or in the premises or vehicle; or
 (ii) shall have committed any act which if
committed in Malta would constitute an offence
and such act involved the use of a bomb,
grenade, rocket, automatic firearm, letter bomb
or parcel bomb which endangered persons,
although the offences referred to in this paragraph
shall have been committed outside Malta:
Provided that for the purposes of sub-paragraph (i) of
this paragraph it shall be immaterial whether the offender
knew that the person was a protected person;
( f ) against any person who -
(i) commits any offence in premises or in a building
outside Malta having diplomatic immunity due
to the fact that it is being used as an embassy, a
    8               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
residence or for such other purpose connected
with the diplomatic service of Malta; or
(ii) commits an offence in a place outside Malta
when such person enjoys diplomatic immunity
by virtue of such service;
( g ) against any person who being in Malta, shall be a
principal or an accomplice in any of the crimes
referred to in article 87(2), or in articles 139A, 198,
199, 211, 214 to 218, 220, 249 to 251, 298, or in
articles 311 to 318 or in article 320 when these are
committed in the circumstances mentioned in
paragrapg ( d ) or ( e ) of this subarticle, or in a crime
which is committed by any act as is mentioned in
paragraph ( e )(ii) of this subarticle, or conspires with
one or more persons for the purpose of committing any
of the said crimes, although the crimes shall have been
committed outside Malta;
( h ) against any person in respect of whom an authority to
proceed, or an order for his return, following a request
by a country for his extradition from Malta, is not
issued or made by the Minister responsible for justice
on the ground that the said person is a Maltese citizen
or that the offence for which his return was requested
is subject to the death penalty in the country which
made the request, even if there is no provision
according to the laws of Malta other than the present
provision in virtue of which the criminal action may be
prosecuted in Malta against that person;
( i ) against any person who commits an offence which, by
express provision of law, constitutes an offence even
when committed outside Malta:
Exception.   Provided that no criminal action shall be prosecuted against
the President of Malta in respect of acts done in the exercise of the
functions of his office.
(2) For the purposes of subarticle (1)( b )   and   ( c ), a ship or
vessel or an aircraft shall be deemed to belong to Malta if it is
registered in Malta or, if it is not registered anywhere, is owned
wholly by persons habitually resident in Malta or by bodies
corporate established under and subject to the laws of Malta and
having their principal place of business in Malta.
(3) For the purposes of subarticle (1)( e ):
"a protected person" means, in relation to an alleged offence,
any of the following:
( a ) a person who at the time of the alleged offence is a Head
of State, a member of a body which performs the
functions of Head of State under the constitution of the
State, a Head of Government or a Minister for Foreign
Affairs and is outside the territory of the State in
which he holds office;
( b ) a person who at the time of the alleged offence is a
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             9
representative or an official of a State or an official or
agent of an international organisation of an inter-
governmental character, is entitled under international
law to special protection from attack on his person,
freedom or dignity and does not fall within the
preceding paragraph;
( c ) a person who at the time of the alleged offence is a
member of the family of another person mentioned in
either of the preceding paragraphs and -
(i) if the other person is mentioned in paragraph ( a )
above, is accompanying him,
(ii) if the other person is mentioned in paragraph ( b )
above, is a member of his household;
"relevant premises" means premises at which a protected person
resides or is staying or which a protected person uses for the
purpose of carrying out his functions as such a person; and
"vehicle" includes any means of conveyance;
and if in any proceedings a question arises as to whether a person is
or was a protected person, a certificate issued by or under the
authority of the Minister responsible for foreign affairs and stating
any fact relating to the question shall be conclusive evidence of that
fact.
Criminal and civil 
actions are 
independent of 
each other.
6. The criminal action and the civil action are prosecuted
independently of one another.
    10               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
BOOK FIRST
 PENAL LAWS
PART I
O F  P UNISHMENTS AND  G ENERAL  R ULES FOR 
THEIR  A PPLICATION, OF THE  W ILL AND  A GE OF 
THE  O FFENDER, OF  A TTEMPTED  O FFENCE, 
OF ACCOMPLICES AND OF RECIDIVISTS
Title I
O F  P UNISHMENTS AND  G ENERAL  R ULES FOR THEIR 
A PPLICATION 
Sub-title I
O F  P UNISHMENTS TO WHICH  O FFENCES ARE SUBJECT
Punishments to 
which crimes and 
contraventions are 
subject. 
Amended by: 
II.1886.1; 
XVI.1888.1; 
XI.1900.2; 
IX.1911.1; 
XXI.1971.2; 
XLIX.1981.4.
7. (1) Saving the exceptions laid down in the law, the
punishments that may be awarded for crimes are - 
( a ) imprisonment; 
( b ) solitary confinement; 
( c ) interdiction; 
( d ) fine ( multa ).
(2) Subject to the provisions of article 53 or of any other
special law, the punishments that may be awarded for
contraventions are - 
( a ) detention; 
( b ) fine ( ammenda );
( c ) reprimand or admonition.
Punishment 
restrictive of 
personal liberty. 
(3) The expression "punishments restrictive of personal
liberty" includes the punishments of imprisonment and detention.
Imprisonment. 8. (1) Persons sentenced to imprisonment shall be confined in
the prison or in that part of the prison appointed for persons
sentenced to that punishment, and they shall be subject to the
restrictions prescribed in the prison regulations lawfully made.
(2) The duration of the punishment of imprisonment is
established by law in each particular case.
Solitary 
confinement. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.;
III. 2002.4
9. (1) The punishment of solitary confinement is carried into
effect by keeping the person sentenced to imprisonment, during one
or more terms in the course of any such punishment, continuously
shut up in the appointed place within the prison, without permitting
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             11
any other person, not employed on duty nor specially authorized by
the Minister responsible for the prisons, to have access to him.
Duration of each 
term of solitary 
confinement.
(2) No term of solitary confinement shall exceed ten
continuous days.
Rules to be 
observed.
(3) More terms of solitary confinement may only be applied
with an interval of two months between one term and another. 
(4) Nevertheless, solitary confinement may be applied during
those intervals in case of any infringement of the prison
regulations, or for any other offence committed during the said
intervals, provided that the terms be of short duration and that they
shall not together exceed fifteen days in any one interval.
(5) Where the law prescribes the punishment of solitary
confinement and does not specify the particular number of terms, it
shall not be lawful to inflict more than twelve terms of solitary
confinement.
(6) The punishment of solitary confinement is applied in the
cases prescribed by law.
(7) Before awarding the punishment of solitary confinement
the court shall satisfy itself, if necessary by medical evidence,
which may include a medical examination of the person convicted,
that the person convicted is fit to undergo the said punishment.
(8) Where, in the course of the execution of the punishment of
solitary confinement, the medical officer of the prison certifies in
writing that the prisoner is no longer fit to undergo such
punishment, the execution of that punishment shall be suspended
until such time as the prisoner is again certified to be medically fit
to undergo such punishment.
Interdiction. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.3; 
VIII.1909.1; 
VI. 1947.3.
10.  (1) Interdiction is either general or special.
General 
interdiction.
(2) General interdiction disqualifies the person sentenced for
any public office or employment, generally.
Special 
interdiction.
(3) Special interdiction disqualifies the person sentenced from
holding some particular public office or employment, or from the
exercise of a particular profession, art, trade, or right, according to
the law in each particular case.
Duration of 
interdiction.
(4) Either kind of interdiction may be for life or for a stated
time.
(5) Temporary interdiction shall be for a time not exceeding
five years, except where the law especially prescribes a longer
time.
(6) Interdiction, whether for life or for a stated time, may, upon
the application of the person sentenced to such punishment and on
good grounds being shown to the satisfaction of the court by which
the sentence was awarded, be discontinued at any time by order of
the said court.
    12               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Publication of 
sentence of 
interdiction.
(7) The court shall order a sentence awarding general or special
interdiction or a decree ordering the discontinuance thereof to be
published in the Gazette, but, in respect of a decree ordering
discontinuance as aforesaid, at the expense of the person
concerned.
Penalty for non-
fulfilment of 
obligations.
(8) If any person sentenced to interdiction, shall infringe any of
the obligations arising from that punishment, he shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
three months and to a fine ( multa ).
Fine ( multa ). 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.4; 
XII.1914.1; 
XXII.1934.2; 
XXVII.1938.2; 
V.1956.2; 
III.1971.2; 
XXXIII.1972.3; 
XXII.1976.4. 
Substituted by: 
XIII.1980.2. 
Amended by:
XIII. 1983.5;
III. 2002.5.
11.  (1) Where it is not otherwise specifically provided, the
maximum of a fine ( multa ) is five hundred liri and the minimum is
ten liri.
(2) Where the maximum of a fine ( multa ) prescribed in this
Code or in any other law is less than ten liri, the maximum shall be
ten liri and the minimum shall be five liri.
(3) In default of payment of a fine ( multa ) within the period
prescribed in article 14, such fine ( multa ) shall be converted into
imprisonment at the rate of one day for every five liri:
Provided that in no case (save as provided in article 17( g )
and in article 29(1)) shall imprisonment in substitution of a fine
( multa ) exceed six months if the fine is not higher than two
thousand liri, one year if the fine is not higher than ten thousand
liri, eighteen months if the fine is not higher than thirty thousand
liri and two years if it is higher than thirty thousand liri.
Detention. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1874.1; 
II.1886.2: 
XVI.1888.2; 
XXV.1962.3; 
L.N.4 of 1963; 
L.N.46 of 1965; 
XXXI. 1966.2.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.6.
12.  (1) Persons sentenced to detention shall be detained in the
prison or in that part of the prison appointed for persons sentenced
to that punishment.
(2) Where it is not otherwise specifically provided, no term of
detention shall exceed two months.
Fine ( ammenda ). 
Amended by:
II. 1886.3; 
XVI. 1888.3; 
XI. 1900.5; 
IX. 1911.2; 
XII.1914.2,3; 
XXII.1934.3; 
V.1956.3; 
III.1971.3; 
XIII.1980.3; 
XIII.1983.5.
13. (1) Where it is not otherwise specifically provided, the
maximum of a fine ( ammenda ) is twenty-five liri and the minimum
is three liri.
Conversion of fine 
( ammenda ) into 
detention.
(2) In default of payment of a fine ( ammenda ) within the period
prescribed in article 14, the fine ( ammenda ) shall be converted into
detention at the rate of one day for every five liri or fraction
thereof:
Provided that in no case (save as provided in article 29(1),
in article 17( g ) and in article 53) shall detention in substitution for
a fine ( ammenda ) exceed one month.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             13
Time for payment 
of fine ( multa  or 
ammenda ). 
Added by: 
XXII. 1934.4. 
Amended by: 
XIV. 1936.2: 
VI. 1947.4; 
V. 1956.4;
III. 2002.7.
14. (1) A person sentenced to a fine ( ammenda  or  multa ) shall
pay the same forthwith. Nevertheless the court may, for a reason to
be recorded, order that the person sentenced shall pay the fine to
the registrar within such period as the court in passing sentence
shall direct:
Provided that, in the case of a fine ( ammenda ) of twenty-
five liri or less, the said period shall not be more than ten days, and,
in the case of a fine ( ammenda ) of more than twenty-five liri, or in
the case of a fine ( multa ), the said period shall not be more than one
month:
Provided that in default of payment of the fine (multa or
ammenda) within the time laid down by the court in its sentence or,
failing a time-limit in the sentence, within the time of one week
from the date of the sentence, the said fine shall be converted
forthwith into imprisonment or detention as provided in articles 11
and 13 as the case may be, and the police shall, by virtue of the
authority conferred upon them by the sentence and by this proviso,
arrest the person sentenced and shall escort him to the place
designated according to law for the confinement of persons
sentenced to a fine convertible into imprisonment or detention
according to law:
Power of court to 
fix other period of 
detention or 
imprisonment.
Provided further that the court may, notwithstanding the
provisions of articles 11 and 13, in passing sentence of a fine
( ammenda  or  multa ) determine any other period of detention or
imprisonment which the offender shall undergo in default of
payment thereof forthwith or within the prescribed time, as the case
may be; but the period of detention or imprisonment so determined
shall in no case exceed the period laid down in articles 11 and 13,
respectively.
(2) The court may also in its discretion in passing sentence or
at any time thereafter direct that any fine ( ammenda  or  multa ) to
which any person is sentenced, may be paid by instalments in such
amounts and in relation to such recurrent intervals as the court may
deem fit, but so nevertheless that the period over which the whole
amount shall be paid shall in no case exceed three years, and that in
default of payment of any one such instalment the whole of the
amount outstanding shall become and be immediately due and
payable, and all the provisions of this Code applicable to a sentence
of fine ( ammenda ) or of fine ( multa ) and to arrest and detention or
imprisonment, as the case may be, in default of payment thereof,
shall apply to the same accordingly.
Reprimand or 
admonition. 
Repealed by: 
II.1886.4.
and 
re-enacted by: 
XVI.1888.4.
15. (1) The reprimand or admonition shall be made in open
court by the judge or magistrate who tried the offence.
(2) Whosoever shall receive the reprimand or admonition with
overt acts of contempt or want of respect, shall be liable to
detention or to a fine ( ammenda ).
    14               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Sub-title II
G ENERAL  P ROVISIONS  R ESPECTING THE  I NFLICTION AND 
E XECUTION OF  P UNISHMENTS 
Reckoning of 
punishment.
16. Where the punishment is for a term of days, a day of
punishment shall be reckoned at twenty-four hours; where the
punishment is for a term of months, but not more than three
months, each month shall be reckoned at thirty days; where the
punishment is of longer duration, the months and years shall be
reckoned according to the calendar.
Concurrent 
offences and 
punishments. 
Amended by: 
IX.1859.1; 
XI. 1900.6; 
IX.1911.3,4; 
XII.1914.4; 
XXXIII.1972.4; 
XXXVIII.1973.2; 
XLIX. 1981.4,6; 
XVI.1996.6.
17. In the case of concurrent offences and punishments, the
following provisions shall apply:
( a ) a person guilty of more than one crime liable to
punishments restrictive of personal liberty, one of
which is for life, shall be sentenced to this punishment
with the addition of solitary confinement;
( b ) a person guilty of more than one crime liable to
temporary punishments restrictive of personal liberty,
shall be sentenced to the punishment for the graver
crime with an increase varying from one-third to one-
half of the aggregate duration of the other
punishments, provided the period to be awarded shall
not exceed thirty-five years;
( c ) a person guilty of more than one contravention shall be
sentenced to the punishment established for each
contravention:
Provided that if the accused is sentenced to
detention, the aggregate duration of the punishment to
be awarded shall in no case exceed the period of three
months;
( d ) a person guilty of one or more crimes and of one or
more contraventions, shall only be sentenced to the
punishment established for the crime or to the
punishment to which the offender may be liable for the
commission of more crimes according to the rules laid
down in the preceding paragraphs, if the punishment to
be inflicted for the crimes is not less than three
months’ imprisonment. Where the punishment to be
inflicted for the crimes is less than three months’
imprisonment, the punishment established for the
contravention or the punishment to which the offender
may be liable for the commission of more
contraventions according to the rules laid down in the
preceding paragraph, shall also be applied;
( e )  where the law prescribes the punishment of temporary
interdiction, that which is of the longest duration shall
be applied with an increase varying from one-third to
one-half of the aggregate duration of the others:
     Provided that the term awarded shall in no case
exceed twenty years;
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             15
( f ) a person found guilty of more than one offence liable
to pecuniary punishments shall be sentenced to the
punishment of the higher or highest fine ( multa  or
ammenda ), as the case may be, in addition to one-half
of each of the other fines ( multa  or  ammenda );
( g ) in the case of conversion of more than one pecuniary
punishment into a punishment restrictive of personal
liberty, the duration of this punishment shall not
exceed three years, in the case of a fine ( multa ), or six
months in the case of a fine ( ammenda ); and if both
fines ( multa  and  ammenda ) have been awarded, the
conversion shall be made into detention or
imprisonment as the court shall direct;
( h ) when several offences, which taken together do not
constitute an aggravated crime, are designed for the
commission of another offence, whether aggravated or
simple, the punishment for the graver offence shall be
applied.
Continuous 
offence. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.6.
18. Where the several acts committed by the offender, even if
at different times, constitute violations of the same provision of the
law, and are committed in pursuance of the same design, such acts
shall be deemed to be a single offence, called a continuous offence,
but the punishment may be increased by one or two degrees.
Rules respecting 
the award of 
punishments.
19. Every punishment established for any offence shall be
deemed to be so established without prejudice to any higher
punishment prescribed for the offence in any other law, whenever
the circumstances mentioned in such other law concur in the
offence.
Punishment not 
awardable in its 
minimum. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.7; 
IX. 1911.5; 
XLIX. 1981.6.
20. When the law expressly provides that a punishment shall
not be awarded in its minimum, the punishment to be awarded shall
always include at least one-third of the difference between the
minimum and the maximum.
Punishment below 
prescribed 
minimum.  
Added by: 
XII. 1944.2. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.4.
21. Saving the provisions of article 492, the court may, for
special and exceptional reasons to be expressly stated in detail in
the decision, apply in its discretion any lesser punishment which it
deems adequate, notwithstanding that a minimum punishment is
prescribed in the article contemplating the particular offence or
under the provisions of article 20, saving the provisions of article 7.
Computation of 
sentences of 
imprisonment. 
Added by: 
VI. 1947.6.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.8.
22. Except in the case of a sentence of imprisonment for life or
of imprisonment or  detention in default of payment of a fine ( multa
or  ammenda ), any time prior to conviction and sentence during
which the person sentenced is in prison for the offence or  offences
for which he has been so convicted and sentenced, not being time in
prison in execution of a sentence, shall count as part of the term of
imprisonment or detention under his sentence; but where he was
previously subject to a probation order, an order for  conditional
discharge or to a suspended sentence in respect of such offence or
offences, any such period falling before that order was made or
suspended sentence passed shall be disregarded for the purposes of
    16               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
this article:
Provided that where any time prior to conviction as
aforesaid has, by virtue of this article, been counted as part of the
term of imprisonment or detention under the sentence in respect of
that conviction, such time shall not be counted as part of the term
of imprisonment or detention under any other sentence.
Forfeiture of 
corpus delicti. 
Amended by: 
VI. 1947.7.
23. (1) The forfeiture of the  corpus delicti , of the instruments
used or intended to be used in the commission of any crime, and of
anything obtained by such crime, is a consequence of the
punishment for the crime as established by law, even though such
forfeiture be not expressly stated in the law, unless some person
who has not participated in the crime, has a claim to such property.
(2) In case of contraventions, such forfeiture shall only take
place in cases in which it is expressly stated in the law.
(3) In the case of things the manufacture, use, carrying,
keeping or sale whereof constitutes an offence, the forfeiture
thereof may be ordered by the court even though there has not been
a conviction and although such things do not belong to the accused.
Freezing of 
property of person 
accused.
Added by:
III. 2002.9.
23A. (1) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
"relevant offence" means any crime not being one of an
involuntary nature other than a crime under the Ordinances or
under the Act, liable to the punishment of imprisonment for a term
of more than one year;
Cap. 373. "the Act" means the Prevention of Money Laundering Act;
Cap. 101.
Cap. 31.
"the Ordinances" means the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance and the
Medical and Kindred Professions Ordinance.
(2) Where a person is charged with a relevant offence the
provisions of article 5 of the Act shall apply  mutatis mutandis  and
the same provisions shall apply to any order made by the Court by
virtue of this article as if it were an order made by the Court under
the said article 5 of the Act.
Forfeiture of 
proceeds.
Added by:
III. 2002.9.
23B. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of article 23 the
court shall, in addition to any punishment to which the person
convicted of a relevant offence may be sentenced and in addition to
any penalty to which a body corporate may become liable under the
provisions of article 121D, order the forfeiture in favour of the
Government of the proceeds of the offence or of such property the
value of which corresponds to the value of such proceeds whether
such proceeds have been received by the person found guilty or by
the body corporate referred to in the said article 121D.
(2) Where the proceeds of the offence have been dissipated or
for any other reason whatsoever it is not possible to identify and
forfeit those proceeds or to order the forteiture of such property the
value of which corresponds to the value of those proceeds the court
shall sentence the person convicted or the body corporate, or the
person convicted and the body corporate  in solidum , as the case
may be, to the payment  of a fine ( multa ) which is the equivalent of
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             17
the amount of the proceeds of the offence.
(3) For the purposes of this article:
"proceeds" means any economic advantage and any property
derived from or obtained, directly or indirectly, through the
commission of the offence and includes any income or other
benefits derived from such property;
"property" means assets of every kind, whether corporeal or
incorporeal, movable or immovable, tangible or intangible, and
legal documents or instruments evidencing title to, or interest in,
such assets;
"relevant offence" has the same meaning assigned to it by article
23A(1).
Liability of person 
having the charge 
of another, in case 
of contravention. 
Added by: 
VIII.1909.2.
24. In the case of any contravention committed by a person
who is under the authority, control or charge of another person, not
only the person committing the contravention but also such other
person shall be liable to punishment, if the contravention is against
some provision the observance of which such other person was
bound to enforce, and if the contravention could have been
prevented by the exercise of diligence on the part of such other
person.
Abolition of 
disabilities arising 
out of 
punishments. 
Amended by: 
VI.1871.2; 
XXI. 1971.5.
25. All disabilities arising, under the provisions of any law
whatsoever, out of any punishment, are abolished.
Right of civil 
action unaffected. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.3.
26. (1) Any sentence to a punishment established by law shall
always be deemed to have been awarded without prejudice to the
right of civil action.
(2) A pardon commuting or remitting a punishment lawfully
awarded shall not operate so as to bar the civil action.
Difference 
between 
punishment at the 
time of the offence 
and that at the time 
of trial.
27. If the punishment provided by the law in force at the time
of the trial is different from that provided by the law in force at the
time when the offence was committed, the less severe kind of
punishment shall be awarded.
Rules as to the 
serving of 
punishments. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1914.5.
28. (1) When more punishments of the same kind are awarded
at the same time against the same offender, they shall be undergone
one after the termination of the other; if they are of different kinds,
the heavier punishment shall be undergone first, and immediately
on its termination, the less severe punishment shall commence.
(2) If any person, while actually undergoing one punishment,
shall be sentenced to another punishment either of the same or of a
less severe kind, he shall continue to undergo the first punishment,
and immediately on its termination, he shall undergo the second
punishment.
(3) If the second punishment be heavier than the first, the
person sentenced shall at once be subjected to the second
punishment, and on its termination, he shall immediately revert to
    18               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
the first punishment and undergo the remainder thereof.
(4) The punishment of interdiction shall take effect from the
date of the sentence awarding such punishment.
Suspended 
sentence of 
imprisonment.
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.3.
Amended by:
III. 2002.10.
28A. (1) Subject to subarticles (2) to (7) and to articles 28B to
28I, a court which passes a sentence of imprisonment for a term of
not more than two years for an offence may order that the sentence
shall not take effect unless, during a period specified in the order,
being not less than one year or more than four years from the date
of the order, the offender commits another offence punishable with
imprisonment and thereafter a court competent to do so orders
under article 28B that the original sentence shall take effect; and in
this article and whenever it occurs in articles 28B to 28G and in
article 28I "operational period", in relation to a suspended
sentence, means the period so specified.
(2) A court shall not deal with an offender by means of a
suspended sentence unless the case appears to the court to be one in
which a sentence of imprisonment would have been appropriate in
the absence of any power to suspend such a sentence by an order
under subarticle (1).
Cap. 446.
(3) A court which passes a suspended sentence on any person
for an offence shall not make in his case a probation order, as
provided in the Probation Act, in respect of another offence of
which he is convicted by or before the court or for which he is dealt
with by the court.
(4) On passing a suspended sentence the court shall explain to
the offender in ordinary language his liability under article 28B if
during the operational period he commits an offence punishable
with imprisonment.
(5) A suspended sentence which has not taken effect shall for
all intents and purposes of law be deemed, except as provided in
subarticle (1), to be a sentence awarding punishment and nothing in
this article shall be deemed to effect - 
( a )  the applicability of any other punishment which may
be awarded, or any suspension, cancellation,
disqualification, forfeiture, loss or removal which may
be ordered, together with the punishment of
imprisonment so suspended; and
( b ) the operation of articles 383, 384, 385, 386, 387 and
533.
(5A) Without prejudice to the provisions of article 28F, the
punishment awarded under a suspended sentence when that
sentence has not taken effect shall, for the purposes of article 50, be
deemed to have expired on the expiration of the original
operational period referred to in subarticle (1) or of the operational
period substituted therefore as provided in article 28B(2)( b ).
(6) The provisions of subarticle (1) shall not apply to any
imprisonment awarded in default of payment of a fine ( multa ) or of
costs.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             19
(7) An order under subarticle (1) shall not be made in any of
the following cases - 
( a ) where the person sentenced is already serving a
sentence of imprisonment; 
( b ) where the person sentenced is a recidivist within the
terms of article 50;
Cap. 446.
( c ) where the offence has been committed during a period
of probation or of conditional discharge under the
Probation Act.
(8) The registrar shall keep a special register of offenders dealt
with by means of a suspended sentence.
Commission of an 
offence during the 
operational period. 
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.3.
28B. (1) Where an offender is convicted of an offence
punishable with imprisonment committed during the operational
period of a suspended sentence and either he is so convicted by or
before a court competent under article 28C to deal with him in
respect of the suspended sentence or he subsequently appears or is
brought before such a court, then, unless the sentence has already
taken effect, that court shall order that the suspended sentence shall
take effect.
(2) If the further offence committed during the operational
period is of an involuntary nature or if, in the case of any other kind
of offence, the court is of opinion, in view of all the circumstances
including the facts of such further offence, that it would be unjust
to make an order under subarticle (1), it may deal with the offender
by one of the following methods - 
( a ) it may abstain from making an order under subarticle
(1) and the operational period shall then remain in
force; or
( b ) it may by order vary the original order under article
28A(1) by substituting for the operational period
specified therein a period expiring not later than four
years from the date of the variation:
Provided that if it does not make an order under subarticle
(1) the court shall state its reasons.
(3) In proceedings for dealing with an offender in respect of a
suspended sentence which take place before the Criminal Court any
question whether the offender has been convicted of an offence
punishable with imprisonment committed during the operational
period of the suspended sentence shall, notwithstanding the
provisions of article 436(2) and of article 467, be determined by the
court and not by the verdict of a jury.
(4) Where a court deals with an offender under this article in
respect of a suspended sentence passed by another court the
registrar shall, by means of a copy, notify forthwith the court which
passed the sentence of the method adopted.
(5) Where a court deals with an offender under this article the
registrar shall make the necessary annotations in the special
register mentioned in article 28A(8).
    20               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Competent court 
for dealing with 
suspended 
sentence. 
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.3. 
Amended by:
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.11.
28C. (1) An offender may be dealt with in respect of a
suspended sentence by the Court of Criminal Appeal, by the
Criminal Court or, where the sentence was passed by the Court of
Magistrates, by such court.
(2) Where an offender is convicted by the Court of Magistrates
of an offence punishable with imprisonment and the court is
satisfied that the offence was committed during the operational
period of a suspended sentence passed by the Criminal Court, that
court shall commit the offender in custody or on bail before the
Criminal Court for the purpose of being dealt with in respect of the
suspended sentence:
Provided that where the Court of Magistrates is of the
opinion that the appropriate punishment for the further offence is
imprisonment, the provisions of article 28E(3) shall apply.
(3) For the purposes of this article and of articles 28D and
28E-
( a ) a suspended sentence passed on an offender on appeal
shall be deemed to have been passed by the court from
which the appeal was made;
( b ) the Juvenile Court shall be deemed to be a Court of
Magistrates (Malta) or a Court of Magistrates (Gozo),
as the case may be.
Suspended 
sentence not dealt 
with on conviction 
of further offence.     
Added by: 
XXIX.1990.3. 
Amended by:
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.12.
28D. (1) If it appears to the Court of Criminal Appeal, to the
Criminal Court or to the Court of Magistrates that an offender has
been convicted of an offence punishable with imprisonment
committed during the operational period of a suspended sentence
and that he has not been dealt with in respect of the suspended
sentence, that court shall, either  ex officio  or on the application of
the Attorney General or of the Executive Police, as the case may
require, issue a summons ordering the offender to appear before it
on a date and at a time specified therein, or a warrant for his arrest.
(2) A summons or warrant issued under this article shall direct
the offender to appear or to be brought before the court in order to
be dealt with in respect of the suspended sentence.
Concurrent 
offences and 
punishments in 
relation to 
suspended 
sentence.  
Added by: 
XXIX.1990.3. 
Amended by:
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.13.
28E. (1) Where an offender is sentenced for more than one
crime in accordance with the provisions of article 17( b ), an order
under article 28A(1) may be made if the single term of
imprisonment deemed appropriate and fixed by the court in the
sentence so suspended does not exceed two years and if the other
conditions for a suspended sentence to be passed apply.
(2) Deleted by: III. 2002.13.
(3) Where the Court of Magistrates convicts an offender of an
offence punishable with imprisonment committed during the
operational period of a suspended sentence passed by the Criminal
Court, it shall, after making the declaration of guilt of the offender
in respect of such offence and stating its conclusion, where it is so
satisfied, that the appropriate punishment for that offence is
imprisonment, refer the case for the determination of the
punishment to the Criminal Court by committing the offender to
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             21
that court as provided in article 28C(2) without pronouncing the
term of imprisonment for the further offence:
Provided that if the Criminal Court does not make an order
under article 28B(1), it shall determine the term of imprisonment
for the further offence only.
(4) Deleted by: III. 2002.13.
(5) No court dealing with an offender as provided in article
28C and in this article may vary the term of imprisonment awarded
in the suspended sentence by reducing such term, except in so far
as may be necessary for the purpose of compliance with the
provisions of article 17( b ).
Recidivists. 
Added by: 
XXIX.1990.3.
28F. In dealing with an offender for an offence punishable with
imprisonment committed during the operational period of a
suspended sentence the court shall consider him a recidivist within
the meaning of article 49 for the purpose of assessing any
punishment to which he is liable for such further offence, but the
punishment awarded under the suspended sentence shall not be
taken into account for the purposes of article 50 unless such
sentence has taken effect and until the expiration or remission of
such punishment.
Suspended 
sentence 
supervision order. 
Added by:
XXIX. 1990.3.
Amended by:
III. 2002.14.
28G. (1) Where a sentence of more than six months
imprisonment is suspended in accordance with the provisions of
article 28A(1), the court may in addition make a suspended
sentence supervision order (hereinafter referred to as "a supervision
order") placing the offender under the supervision of a supervising
officer for a period specified in the order, being a period not
exceeding the operational period.
Cap. 446.
(2) A supervision order shall specify the name, address and
other identification particulars of the offender, and the supervising
officer shall be a probation officer appointed under the Probation
Act and named in the supervision order; and the supervision order
may moreover require the offender to comply, during the whole or
any part of the period of supervision, with such requirements as
may be imposed by the court under the provisions of article 7 of the
said Act.
(3) An offender in respect of whom a supervision order is in
force shall keep in touch with the supervising officer in accordance
with such instructions as he may from time to time be given by that
officer and shall notify him of any change of address.
(4) The court by which a supervision order is made shall cause
a copy of the order to be served forthwith on the supervising
officer.
(5) A supervision order shall cease to have effect if before the
end of a period specified in it - 
( a ) a court orders that the suspended sentence passed in
the proceedings in which the supervision order was
made shall have effect; or
( b ) the order is discharged or replaced in accordance with
    22               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
the following provisions of this article.
(6) A supervision order may be discharged on the application
of the supervising officer or the offender by the court which made
the order. If such order was made on appeal, the court from which
the appeal was made shall be deemed to be the court which made
the order.
(7) The court which made the supervision order may replace it
by an order extending its duration in accordance with any variation
of the operational period of the suspended sentence made under
article 28B(2).
(8) On making or replacing a supervision order the court shall
explain its effect in ordinary language to the offender.
(9) If at any time while the supervision order is in force it
appears to the court that made the order, on the written report of the
supervising officer, that the offender has failed to comply with any
of the requirements of subarticles (2) and (3), the court shall cause
the offender to be brought before it on an appointed day and at an
appointed time, and if the court, after hearing the offender, is
satisfied that such failure has occurred, it may either in serious or
repeated cases order that the suspended sentence passed in the
proceedings in which the supervision order was made shall have
effect or, without prejudice to the continuation of the order, impose
on him a fine ( ammenda ) not exceeding one hundred liri.
Court direction for 
restitution or 
compensation. 
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.3.
28H. (1) When making an order for suspended sentence under
subarticle (1) of article 28A, the court may enter in such order a
direction obliging the offender to make restitution to the injured
party of anything stolen or knowingly received or obtained by fraud
or other unlawful gain by the offender to the detriment of such
party by or through the offence to which the suspended sentence
relates, or to pay to such party such sum of money as may be
determined by the court in that direction as compensation for any
such loss as aforesaid or for any damages or other injury or harm
caused to such party by or through the offence; and any such order
may include both a direction to make restitution and, in default, to
pay as aforesaid.
(2) In any case in which it enters such a direction in its order
under article 28A(1) the court shall, in that direction, fix the time-
limit, not being longer than six months from the date of the
direction, within which the restitution or payment of compensation
specified in the direction shall be made by the offender.
(3) The court shall determine the amount of any compensation
directed to be paid under this article after summarily hearing the
parties, if they so wish, and any other evidence, including that of
experts, it may deem relevant, but the amount of compensation so
determined shall be without prejudice to the rights of either of the
parties, or any other person interested, ensuing from the final
liquidation of the amount due, if any, as may be subsequently
agreed or adjudicated upon in a civil action or in any other manner
permitted by law.
(4) If the offender fails to comply with a direction entered
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             23
under this article within the time fixed by the court in that
direction, the court shall on the sworn application of the party to
whom such restitution or compensation is due, to be served on the
offender, appoint a date and time not later than seven days from the
date of service of the application, for hearing the parties.
(5) If the court, after such hearing, is satisfied that the offender
has failed to comply with its direction under this article, it shall
order that the suspended sentence shall take effect. The court may,
however, for reasonable cause, grant to the offender a further
peremptory period not exceeding one month, for complying with
the direction.
(6) The court shall abstain from taking cognizance of an
application as is mentioned in subarticle (4) if such application is
filed after the lapse of three months from the expiration of the time-
limit fixed by the court for compliance with such direction.
(7) On entering a direction under this article the court shall
explain to the offender in ordinary language his liability under this
article if he fails to comply with that direction.
Appeals. 
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.3.
28I. (1) For the purposes of any right of appeal an order made
by a court under article 28B(1) or article 28H(5) that a suspended
sentence shall take effect shall be treated as a sentence passed on
the offender by that court for the offence for which the suspended
sentence was passed.
(2) Nothing in this article shall affect the right of appeal of any
person against conviction or sentence provided for in this Code but
no appeal shall be permitted on any of the following matters: 
( a ) the length of the operational period fixed under article
28A(1);
( b ) any variation of the operational period made under
article 28B(2)( b );
( c ) any direction entered under article 28H for the making
of restitution or the payment of compensation, the
length of the time-limit fixed for the making of such
restitution or the payment of such compensation under
subarticle (2) of that article, or the determination of
the amount of compensation payable under subarticle
(3) of that article.
Procedure in 
default of payment 
of fine ( ammenda  
or  multa ). 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.2; 
II.1886.5; 
XVI.1888.5; 
XII. 1914.6; 
XXII. 1934.5;
I. 1939.2;
III. 2002.15.
29. (1) Any person sentenced to the payment of a fine
( ammenda  or  multa ) and who is granted the benefit of time by order
of the court according to the provisions of article 14(2), and who
does not pay such fine in accordance with the conditions laid down
in the same order, shall be liable to be arrested and brought before
the court; and the court, upon ascertaining the identity of the person
sentenced and that payment has not been paid according to the
conditons of the order, shall commit such person to undergo the
detention or imprisonment prescribed in substitution for the fine
( ammenda  or  multa ), or in substitution of the balance of the fine
( ammenda  or  multa ) still unpaid, as the case may be. The arrest
shall take place upon a warrant  to be issued by the court.
    24               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
(2) The aforesaid warrant shall be issued within four days from
the date of any breach of the conditions laid down by the court in
its order or from the date of the expiration of the period prescribed
for payment under article 14:
Provided that no plea in favour of the person sentenced
shall be admissible by reason of the fact that the issue of such
warrant was, for any reason whatsoever, delayed beyond the said
period of four days.
(3) The court may, on the application of the Police and on
reasonable cause being shown, upon hearing the person sentenced,
determine the period prescribed under article 14 at any time during
the course of such period and commit the person sentenced to
undergo the punishment prescribed in substitution for the fine
( ammenda  or  multa ).
(4) A person sentenced may at any time obtain his release from
the substituted punishment by paying the fine ( ammenda  or  multa )
with the deduction of such amount thereof as corresponds to the
portion of the punishment undergone at the rates laid down in
articles 11 and 13 respectively, and also at similar rates may obtain
his release from any unexpired period of detention or imprisonment
awarded to him under the provisions of subarticle (1).
Disqualifications 
in case of 
convictions. 
Added by: 
XXIV. 1938.2. 
Substituted by: 
V. 1956.6.
Amended by:
III. 2002.16.
30. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of any other law
imposing or authorising the suspension or cancellation of, or
disqualification from holding or obtaining, any warrant, licence,
permit or other authority held from the Government or any other
public authority, where any person is convicted, whether as a
principal or an accomplice, of a criminal offence which has been
committed - 
( a ) in or in connection with the exercise of any profession,
art, trade, calling or other occupation for which a
warrant, licence, permit or authority has been or may
be issued to him by the Government or any other
public authority; or
( b ) in the use or by means of any instrument, vehicle,
substance or other thing whatsoever for the carrying,
keeping or using of which a licence, permit or
authority has been or may be issued to him,
the court may, in addition to sentencing the person convicted as
aforesaid to any punishment provided by law for the offence, order
such person to be disqualified from holding or obtaining, for such
time as the court deems fit, such warrant, licence, permit or
authority.
(2) Where, by virtue of a conviction under this Code or any
other law, any person has a warrant, licence, permit or authority
suspended, or is disqualified from holding or obtaining any
warrant, licence, permit or authority, the court may, on the
application of such person, as it thinks expedient, having regard to
his character, to his conduct subsequent to the conviction, to the
nature of the offence and  to any other circumstances of the case,
and after hearing the Police in the case of an application before the
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             25
Court of Magistrates or the Attorney General in the case of an
application before any other court, either remove the suspension or
disqualification as from such date as it may specify or refuse the
application:
Provided that, where an application under this subarticle is
refused, a further application thereunder shall not be entertained if
made within three months after the date of the refusal.
Sub-title III
O F THE  A SCENT AND  D ESCENT FROM ONE  P UNISHMENT TO 
ANOTHER
Scale of 
punishments. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.3,4,5; 
V.1868.2, 3; 
VI.1871.3; 
II.1886.6; 
XVI. 1888.6; 
XI.1900.9; 
IX.1911.6; 
XXI. 1971.6; 
XLIX. 1981.4; 
XVI.1996.6.
 31. (1) The ascent or descent from one degree of punishment
to another shall be as follows:
( a ) subject to any special provision contained in this
Code, from the punishment of imprisonment for life
the descent shall be in accordance with the scale of
punishments of imprisonment as specified in
paragraph ( b );
( b ) subject to any special provision contained in this
Code, the following shall be the scale of punishments
of imprisonment: 
(i)  from eight years to thirty years, 
(ii)  from seven to twenty years, 
(iii)  from six to twelve years,
(iv)  from five to nine years,
(v)  from four to six years, 
(vi)  from three to five years, 
(vii)  from two to four years,
(viii)  from eighteen months to three years, 
(ix)  from thirteen months to two years,
(x)  from nine to eighteen months,
(xi)  from seven months to one year, 
(xii)  from five to nine months,
(xiii)  from two to six months, 
(xiv)  from one to three months;
( c ) the descent from the fourteenth degree shall be to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding twenty days, or
to detention or to a fine ( ammenda );
( d ) in the ascent from one degree to another, the order
shall be inverted, commencing from the fourteenth
degree;
    26               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
( e ) in default of an express provision to the contrary, the
ascent from the first degree shall be made by adding to
the punishment of imprisonment the punishment of
solitary confinement for not more than twelve terms,
or by adding other aggravations of punishment
established by the prison regulations;
( f ) the ascent from the punishment of a fine ( multa ) shall
be to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months, and the descent shall be to the punishments
established for contraventions;
( g ) the ascent from the punishments established for
contraventions shall be to the punishment of a fine
( multa ) or imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months.
(2) The law establishing in general terms a descent from one
punishment to another, shall not be deemed to include cases of
contraventions or of crimes liable to the punishments for
contraventions.
Gradation in the 
scale of 
punishments. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.9.
32. (1) Where the punishment includes a latitude of more
degrees, the ascent or descent shall be made by raising or lowering
the maximum and the minimum to the nearest degree respectively.
(2) When the punishment of solitary confinement is added to
another punishment, the ascent or descent shall be reckoned on
such other punishment:
Provided that in cases of descent, the court may restrict the
punishment of solitary confinement to any smaller number of terms
or omit such punishment altogether.
TITLE II
O F THE  W ILL AND  A GE OF THE  O FFENDER
Defect of will. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.10; 
V.1956.7; 
XVIII. 1976.52.
33. Every person is exempt from criminal responsibility if at
the time of the act or omission complained of, such person -
( a ) was in a state of insanity; or
( b ) was constrained thereto by an external force which he
could not resist.
Intoxication. 
Added by:
XIII. 1935.2. 
Amended by:
V. 1956.8.
34. (1) Save as provided in this article, intoxication shall not
constitute a defence to any criminal charge.
(2) Intoxication shall be a defence to any criminal charge if -
( a ) by reason thereof the person charged at the time of the
act or omission complained of was incapable of
understanding or volition and the state of intoxication
was caused without his consent by the malicious or
negligent act of another person; or
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             27
 ( b ) the person charged was by reason of the intoxication
insane, temporarily or otherwise, at the time of such
act or omission.
(3) Where the defence under subarticle (2) is established, then,
in a case falling under paragraph ( a ) thereof, the person charged
shall be discharged, and, in a case falling under paragraph ( b ), the
provisions of articles 620 to 623 and 625 to 628 shall apply.
(4) Intoxication shall be taken into account for the purpose of
determining whether the person charged had formed any intention
specific or otherwise, in the absence of which he would not be
guilty of the offence.
(5) For the purposes of this article "intoxication" shall be
deemed to include a state produced by narcotics or drugs.
Minors under nine 
years. 
Amended by: 
III.1899.10; 
XI.1900.11; 
XII.1913.1. 
Substituted by: 
V.1956.9. 
Amended by: 
XVIII.1980.15; 
XIII. 1983.5; 
XXIX. 1990.4.
35. (1) Minors under nine years of age shall be exempt from
criminal responsibility for any act or omission.
Minors under 
fourteen years 
acting without 
discretion.
(2) Minors under fourteen years of age shall likewise be
exempt from criminal responsibility for any act or omission done
without mischievous discretion.
Powers of court.
(1) and (2), the court may, on the application of the Police, require
the parent or other person charged with the upbringing of the minor
to appear before it, and, if the fact alleged to have been committed
by the minor is proved and is contemplated by the law as an
offence, the court may bind over the parent or other person to
watch over the conduct of the minor under penalty for non-
compliance of a sum of not less than five and not exceeding one
hundred liri, regard being had to the means of the person bound
over and to the gravity of the fact.
(4) If the fact committed by the minor is contemplated by the
law as an offence punishable with a fine ( ammenda ), the court may,
in lieu of applying the provisions of subarticle (3), award the
punishment against the parent or other person charged with the
upbringing of the minor, if the fact could have been avoided by his
diligence.
(5) For the purpose of the application of the provisions of the
preceding subarticles of this article, the parent or other person
charged with the upbringing of the minor as aforesaid, shall be
required to appear, by summons, in accordance with the provisions
contained in Book Second of this Code.
    28               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Minors under 
fourteen but over 
nine years acting 
with discretion. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.6,7; 
VI. 1871.4; 
II.1886.7; 
XVI. 1888.7; 
XI.1900.12. 
Substituted by: 
V.1956.10. 
Amended by: 
XVIII. 1980.15.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.17.
36. Saving the powers of the Minister under the Children and
Young Persons (Care Orders) Act, minors under the age of fourteen
but over nine who, acting with a mischievous discretion, shall
commit an offence, shall be liable on conviction to the punishments
established for contraventions:
Provided that the court may instead of sentencing the
minor to a punishment apply the provisions of article 35(3) or (4):
Provided also that where the court is of the opinion that,
when it takes into account the age of the offender, his previous
conduct, the gravity of the fact of which he has been convicted and
the degree of mischievous discretion shown by the offender as it
appears  from his conduct by which the offence was committed and
from all the other circumstances of the offence, the punishments
established for contraventions would not be appropriate, the court
may sentence the person convicted to the punishment laid down for
the offence decreased by three degrees provided that in no case
may the punishment exceed four years imprisonment.
Minors under 
eighteen but over 
fourteen years. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.12. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1913.2. 
Substituted by: 
V.1956.11. 
Amended by: 
XVIII.1980.15.
37. If the offender has attained the age of fourteen but is under
the age of eighteen years, the punishment applicable to the offence
shall be diminished by one or two degrees.
Definition of 
"Approved 
Institution". 
Amended by: 
XII. 1913.3. 
Substituted by: 
V. 1956.12. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 4 of 1963; 
XXXI.1966.2. 
38. Repealed by: XVIII. 1980.15.
Rules concerning 
deaf-mutes. 
Added by: 
III.1899.13. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.13.
* 39. (1) Deaf-mutes, who at the time of the offence have not
attained the age of fourteen years, shall be exempted from any
punishment established by law:
Provided that the provisions contained in article 35(3), (4)
and (5) may be applied to such persons.
(2) Deaf-mutes, who at the time of the offence have attained
the age of fourteen years and who have acted without a mis-
chievous discretion, shall likewise be exempted from punishment:
Provided that the provisions contained in article 35(3), (4)
and (5) may be applied to such persons. 
*The references, in this article, to subarticle (6) of article 35 and to “Industrial
School” and “House of Correction” have been omitted in view of the repeal of the said
subarticle (6) of article 35 and of article 38, by Act XVIII. 1980.15. 
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             29
Other rules 
concerning deaf- 
mutes. 
Added by: 
III.1899.13.  
Amended by: 
XI.1900.13; 
XXI.1971.7; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
40. The following rules shall be observed in the case of deaf-
mutes who have acted with a mischievous discretion:
( a ) if at the time of the offence they have attained the age
of fourteen but not the age of eighteen years, the
provisions contained in articles 36 and 37 shall apply;
( b ) if at the time of the offence they have attained the age
of eighteen years - 
(i) in the case of a crime liable to the punishment of
imprisonment for life, they shall be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding twenty
years;
(ii) in the case of any other crime, they shall be
liable to the punishment established by law
diminished by one-third;
(iii) in the case of contraventions, they shall be liable
to the punishments established for
contraventions.
TITLE III
O F  A TTEMPTED  O FFENCE
Attempted crime.
manifested such intent by overt acts which are followed by a
commencement of the execution of the crime, shall, save as
otherwise expressly provided, be liable on conviction -
( a ) if the crime was not completed in consequence of
some accidental cause independent of the will of the
offender, to the punishment established for the
completed crime with a decrease of one or two
degrees;
( b ) if the crime was not completed in consequence of the
voluntary determination of the offender not to
complete the crime, to the punishment established for
the acts committed, if such acts constitute a crime
according to law.
Attempted 
contravention.
(2) An attempt to commit a contravention is not liable to
punishment, except in the cases expressly provided for by law.
TITLE IV
O F  A CCOMPLICES
Complicity in 
crime.  
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.4 .
42. A person shall be deemed to be an accomplice in a crime
if he -
( a ) commands another to commit the crime; or
    30               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
( b ) instigates the commission of the crime by means of
bribes, promises, threats, machinations, or culpable
devices, or by abuse of authority or power, or gives
instructions for the commission of the crime; or
( c ) procures the weapons, instruments or other means used
in the commission of the crime, knowing that they are
to be so used; or
( d ) not being one of the persons mentioned in paragraphs
( a ), ( b ) and ( c ), in any way whatsoever knowingly aids
or abets the perpetrator or perpetrators of the crime in
the acts by means of which the crime is prepared or
completed; or
( e ) incites or strengthens the determination of another to
commit the crime, or promises to give assistance, aid
or reward after the fact.
Punishment for 
complicity.
43. Unless otherwise provided by law, an accomplice in a
crime shall be liable to the punishment established for the
principal.
Personal 
circumstances not 
communicable.
44. Where two or more persons take part in the commission of
a crime, the circumstances which refer solely to the person of any
one of them individually, whether he be a principal or an
accomplice, and which may exclude, aggravate, or mitigate the
punishment in regard to him, shall not operate either in favour of,
or against the other persons concerned in the same crime.
Real circumstances 
when 
communicable.
45. Where two or more persons take part in the commission of a
crime, any act committed by any of such persons, whether he be a
principal or an accomplice, which may aggravate the crime, shall
only be imputable - 
( a ) to the person who commits the act;
( b ) to the person with whose previous knowledge the act is
committed; and
( c ) to the person who, being aware of the act at the
moment of its commission, and having the power to
prevent it, does not do so.
Accomplice liable 
to punishment 
independently of 
the principal.
46. Where the actual commission of a crime is established, an
accomplice shall be liable to be punished, independently of the
principal, notwithstanding that such principal shall die or escape or
be pardoned or otherwise delivered before conviction, or
notwithstanding that the principal is not known.
Constraint to 
commit offence, 
etc. 
Added by: 
V. 1956.13.
47. Any person who - 
( a ) constrains another person by an external force which
such other person could not resist, to commit an
offence; or
( b ) participates by any of the acts specified in article 42 in
an offence committed by any other person who is
according to law exempt from criminal responsibility,
shall himself be guilty of that offence as a principal offender.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             31
Complicity in 
contraventions.
48. The provisions contained in this Title shall also apply to
contraventions.
Added by:
III. 2002.18.
TITLE IV BIS
OF CONSPIRACY
Conspiracy.
Added by:
III. 2002.18.
Cap. 248.
48A. (1) Whosoever in Malta conspires with one or more
persons in Malta or outside Malta for the purpose of committing
any crime in Malta liable to the punishment of imprisonment, not
being a crime in Malta under the Press Act, shall be guilty of the
offence of conspiracy to commit that offence.
(2) The conspiracy referred to in subarticle (1) shall subsist
from the moment in which any mode of action whatsoever is
planned or agreed upon between such persons.
(3) Any person found guilty of conspiracy under this article
shall be liable to the punishment for the completed offence object
of the conspiracy with a decrease of two or three degrees.
(4) For the purposes of subarticle (3), in the determination of
the punishment for the completed offence object of the conspiracy
account shall be had of any circumstances aggravating that offence.
TITLE V
  O F  R ECIDIVISTS
Definition of 
recidivist.  
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.8; 
XI. 1900.14.
49. A person is deemed to be a recidivist, if, after being
sentenced for any offence by a judgment which has become
absolute, he commits another offence.
Effect of previous 
conviction for 
crime. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.14.
50. Where a person sentenced for a crime shall, within ten
years from the date of the expiration or remission of the
punishment, if the term of such punishment be over five years, or
within five years, in all other cases, commit another crime, he may
be sentenced to a punishment higher by one degree than the
punishment established for such other crime.
Solitary 
confinement in the 
case of relapsers 
serving a life 
sentence. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.14.
51. Where, however, a person, while undergoing a punishment
for life and restrictive of personal liberty, commits another crime
subject to a lesser punishment, he shall be liable to one or more
terms of solitary confinement.
Exceptions. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.14.
52. For the purposes of the provisions contained in the
foregoing articles of this Title, any sentence in respect of any crime
committed through imprudence or negligence, or through
unskilfulness in the exercise of any art or profession, or through
non-observance of regulations, shall not be taken into account in
awarding punishment for any other crime, and vice versa.
    32               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Effect of previous 
conviction for 
contravention. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.14;
IX. 1911.7; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
53. Where a person sentenced for a contravention shall, within
three months from the date of the expiration or remission of the
punishment, commit another contravention, he may be sentenced to
detention for a term not exceeding two months, or to a fine ( multa ),
or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month.
Effect of pardon in 
respect of 
recidivists. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.14.
54. A person sentenced shall continue to be considered as such
for the purpose of the provisions concerning recidivists
notwithstanding any pardon commuting the punishment lawfully
awarded to him.
PART II
O F  C RIMES AND  P UNISHMENTS 
Title I
OF GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
 AND WAR CRIMES
General.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54A. (1) It is a crime for a person to commit genocide, a crime
again s t humanity or a war crime.
(2) In this Title -
''the ICC Treaty'' means the Statute of the International Criminal
Court, done at Rome on 17th July, 1988;
''the ICC'' means the International Criminal Court established by
the ICC Treaty;
''genocide'' means an act of genocide as defined in article 54B;
''crime against humanity'' means a crime against humanity as
defined in article 54C;
''war crime'' means a war crime as defined in article 54D;
''Minister'' means the Minister responsible for Justice.
(3) In interpreting and applying the provisions of this Title the
court shall take into account the original text of the ICC Treaty and
of any treaty and convention referred to in the ICC Treaty.
(4) In interpreting and applying the provisions of articles 54B,
54C and 54D, hereinafter, in this Title, referred to as ''the relevant
articles'', the court shall take into account -
( a ) any relevant Elements of Crimes adopted in
accordance with article 9 of the ICC Treaty, and
( b ) until such time as Elements of Crimes are adopted
under that article, any relevant Elements of Crimes
contained in the report of the Preparatory Commission
for the International Criminal Court adopted on 30th
June, 2000.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             33
(5) The Minister may set out in regulations the text of the
Elements of Crimes referred to in subarticle (2), as amended from
time to time.
(6) The relevant articles shall for the purposes of this Title be
construed subject to and in accordance with any relevant
reservation or declaration made by Malta when ratifying any treaty
or agreement relevant to the interpretation of those articles.
(7) The Minister may by regulations set out the terms of any
reservation or declaration referred to in subarticle (5) and where
any such reservation or declaration is withdrawn in whole or in part
may revoke or amend any regulations as aforesaid which contain
the terms of that reservation or declaration.
(8) In interpreting and applying the provisions of the relevant
articles the court shall take into account any relevant judgment or
decision of the ICC and may also take into account any other
relevant international jurisprudence.
Genocide.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54B. (1) Genocide is committed where any of the following
acts is committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such -
( a ) killing members of the group;
( b ) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of
the group;
( c ) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in
whole or in part;
( d ) imposing measures intended to prevent births within
the group;
( e ) forcibly transferring children of the group to another
group.
(2) Whosoever directly and publicly incites others to commit
genocide shall be guilty of a crime.
Crimes against 
humanity.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54C. (1) A crime against humanity is committed where any of
the following acts is committed as part of a widespread or
systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with
knowledge of the attack:
( a ) murder;
( b ) extermination;
( c ) enslavement;
( d ) deportation or forcible transfer of population;
( e ) imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical
liberty in violation of fundamental rules of
international law;
( f ) torture;
( g ) rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced
pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of
sexual violence of comparable gravity;
    34               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
( h ) persecution against any identifiable group or
collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic,
cultural, religious, gender as defined in subarticle (3),
or other grounds that are universally recognized as
impermissible under international law, in connection
with any act referred to in this sub-article or any crime
under article 54A;
( i ) enforced disappearance of persons;
( j ) the crime of apartheid;
( k ) other inhumane acts of a similar character
intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury
to body or to mental or physical health.
(2) For the purpose of subarticle (1) -
( a ) ''attack directed against any civilian population'' means
a course of conduct involving the multiple commission
of acts referred to in subarticle (1) against any civilian
population, pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or
organizational policy to commit such attack;
( b ) ''extermination'' includes the intentional infliction of
conditions of life,  inter alia  the deprivation of access
to food and medicine, calculated to bring about the
destruction of part of a population;
( c ) ''enslavement'' means the exercise of any or all of the
powers attaching to the right of ownership over a
person and includes the exercise of such power in the
course of trafficking in persons, in particular women
and children;
( d ) ''deportation or forcible transfer of population'' means
forced displacement of the persons concerned by
expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which
they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted
under international law;
( e ) ''torture'' means the intentional infliction of severe
pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, upon a
person in the custody or under the control of the
accused; except that torture shall not include pain or
suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental
to, lawful sanctions;
( f ) ''forced pregnancy'' means the unlawful confinement
of a woman forcibly made pregnant, with the intent of
affecting the ethnic composition of any population or
carrying out other grave violations of international
law. This definition shall not in any way be interpreted
as affecting national laws relating to pregnancy;
( g ) ''persecution'' means the intentional and severe
deprivation of fundamental rights contrary to
international law by reason of the identity of the group
or collectivity;
( h ) ''the crime of apartheid'' means inhumane acts of a
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             35
character similar to those referred to in subarticle (1),
committed in the context of an institutionalized regime
of systematic oppression and domination by one racial
group over any other racial group or groups and
committed with the intention of maintaining that
regime;
( i ) ''enforced disappearance of persons'' means the arrest,
detention or abduction of persons by, or with the
authorization, support or acquiescence of, a State or a
political organization, followed by a refusal to
acknowledge that deprivation of freedom or to give
information on the fate or whereabouts of those
persons, with the intention of removing them from the
protection of the law for a prolonged period of time.
(3) For the purpose of this Title, it is understood that the term
''gender'' refers to the two sexes, male and female, within the
context of society. The term ''gender'' does not indicate any
meaning different from the above.
War crimes.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54D. A war crime is committed where any of the following acts
is committed:
( a ) grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12
August 1949, namely, any of the following acts against
persons or property protected under the provisions of
the relevant Geneva Convention:
(i) wilful killing;
(ii) torture or inhuman treatment, including
biological experiments;
(iii) wilfully causing great suffering, or serious
injury to body or health;
(iv) extensive destruction and appropriation of
property, not justified by military necessity and
carried out unlawfully and wantonly;
(v) compelling a prisoner of war or other protected
person to serve in the forces of a hostile Power;
(vi) wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or other
protected person of the rights of fair and regular
trial;
(vii) unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful
confinement;
(viii) taking of hostages;
( b ) other serious violations of the laws and customs
applicable in international armed conflict, within the
established framework of international law, namely,
any of the following acts:
(i) intentionally directing attacks against the
civilian population as such or against individual
civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;
(ii) intentionally directing attacks against civilian
objects, that is, objects which are not military
    36               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
objectives;
(iii) intentionally directing attacks against personnel,
installations, material, units or vehicles involved
in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping
mission in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations, as long as they are entitled to
the protection given to civilians or civilian
objects under the international law of armed
conflict;
(iv) intentionally launching an attack in the
knowledge that such attack will cause incidental
loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to
civilian objects or widespread, long-term and
severe damage to the natural environment which
would be clearly excessive in relation to the
concrete and direct overall military advantage
anticipated;
(v) attacking or bombarding, by whatever means,
towns, villages, dwellings or buildings which are
undefended and which are not military
objectives;
(vi) killing or wounding a combatant who, having
laid down his arms or having no longer means of
defence, has surrendered at discretion;
(vii) making improper use of a flag of truce, of the
flag or of the military insignia and uniform of
the enemy or of the United Nations, as well as of
the distinctive emblems of the Geneva
Conventions, resulting in death or serious
personal injury;
(viii) the transfer, directly or indirectly, by the
Occupying Power of parts of its own civilian
population into the territory it occupies, or the
deportation or transfer of all or parts of the
population of the occupied territory within or
outside this territory;
(ix) intentionally directing attacks against buildings
dedicated to religion, education, art, science or
charitable purposes, historic monuments,
hospitals and places where the sick and wounded
are collected, provided they are not military
objectives;
(x) subjecting persons who are in the power of an
adverse party to physical mutilation or to
medical or scientific experiments of any kind
which are neither justified by the medical, dental
or hospital treatment of the person concerned
nor carried out in his or her interest, and which
cause death to or seriously endanger the health
of such person or persons;
(xi) killing or wounding treacherously individuals
belonging to the hostile nation or army;
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             37
(xii) declaring that no quarter will be given;
(xiii) destroying or seizing the enemy’s property
unless such destruction or seizure be
imperatively demanded by the necessities of
war;
(xiv) declaring abolished, suspended or inadmissible
in a court of law the rights and actions of the
nationals of the hostile party;
(xv) compelling the nationals of the hostile party to
take part in the operations of war directed
against their own country, even if they were in
the belligerent’s service before the
commencement of the war;
(xvi) pillaging a town or place, even when taken by
assault;
(xvii) employing poison or poisoned weapons;
(xviii) employing asphyxiating, poisonous or other
gases, and all analogous liquids, materials or
devices;
(xix) employing bullets which expand or flatten easily
in the human body, such as bullets with a hard
envelope which does not entirely cover the core
or is pierced with incisions;
......  omissis  .......
(xxi) committing outrages upon personal dignity, in
particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
(xxii) committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced
prostitution, forced pregnancy, as defined in
article 54C(2)( f ), enforced sterilization, or any
other form of sexual violence also constituting a
grave breach of the Geneva Conventions;
(xxiii) utilizing the presence of a civilian or other
protected person to render certain points, areas
or military forces immune from military
operations;
(xxiv) intentionally directing attacks against buildings,
material, medical units and transport, and
personnel using the distinctive emblems of the
Geneva Conventions in conformity with
international law;
(xxv) intentionally using starvation of civilians as a
method of warfare by depriving them of objects
indispensable to their survival, including
wilfully impeding relief supplies as provided for
under the Geneva Conventions;
(xxvi) conscripting or enlisting children under the age
of fifteen years into the national armed forces or
using them to participate actively in hostilities;
( c ) in the case of an armed conflict not of an international
character, serious violations of article 3 common to the
    38               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely,
any of the following acts committed against persons
taking no active part in the hostilities, including
members of armed forces who have laid down their
arms and those placed  hors de combat  by sickness,
wounds, detention or any other cause:
(i) violence to life and person, in particular murder
of all kind, mutilation, cruel treatment and
torture;
(ii) committing outrages upon personal dignity, in
particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
(iii) taking of hostages;
(iv) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of
executions without previous judgement
pronounced by a regularly constituted court,
affording all judicial guarantees which are
generally recognized as indispensable;
( d ) paragraph ( c ) applies to armed conflicts not of an
international character and thus does not apply to
situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such
as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other
acts of a similar nature;
( e ) other serious violations of the laws and customs
applicable in armed conflicts not of an international
character, within the established framework of
international law, namely, any of the following acts:
(i) intentionally directing attacks against the
civilian population as such or against individual
civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;
(ii) intentionally directing attacks against buildings,
material, medical units and transport, and
personnel using the distinctive emblems of the
Geneva Conventions in conformity with
international law;
(iii) intentionally directing attacks against personnel,
installations, material, units or vehicles involved
in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping
mission in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations, as long as they are entitled to
the protection given to civilians or civilian
objects under the international law of armed
conflict;
(iv)  intentionally directing attacks against buildings
dedicated to religion, education, art, science or
charitable purposes, historic monuments,
hospitals and places where the sick and wounded
are collected, provided they are not military
objectives;
(v) pillaging a town or place, even when taken by
assault;
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             39
(vi) committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced
prostitution, forced pregnancy, as defined in
article 54C(2)( f ), enforced sterilization, and any
other form of sexual violence also constituting a
serious violation of article 3 common to the four
Geneva Conventions;
(vii) conscripting or enlisting children under the age
of fifteen years into armed forces or groups or
using them to participate actively in hostilities;
(viii) ordering the displacement of the civilian
population for reasons related to the conflict,
unless the security of the civilians involved or
imperative military reasons so demand;
(ix) killing or wounding treacherously a combatant
adversary;
(x) declaring that no quarter will be given;
(xi) subjecting persons who are in the power of
another party to the conflict to physical
mutilation or to medical or scientific
experiments of any kind which are neither
justified by the medical, dental or hospital
treatment of the person concerned nor carried
out in his or her interest, and which cause death
to or seriously endanger the health of such
person or persons;
(xii) destroying or seizing the property of an
adversary unless such destruction or seizure be
imperatively demanded by the necessities of the
conflict;
( f ) paragraph ( e ) applies to armed conflicts not of an
international character and thus does not apply to
situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such
as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other
acts of a similar nature. It applies to armed conflicts
that take place in the territory of a State when there is
protracted armed conflict between governmental
authorities and organized armed groups or between
such groups.
Responsibility of 
commanders and 
other superiors.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54E. (1) This article applies in relation to offences under this
Part.
(2) A military commander, or a person effectively acting as a
military commander, is responsible for offences committed by
forces under his effective command and control, or (as the case
may be) his effective authority and control, as a result of his failure
to exercise control properly over such forces where -
( a ) he either knew, or owing to the circumstances at the
time, should have known that the forces were
committing or about to commit such offences, and
( b ) he failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures
within his power to prevent or repress their
    40               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
commission or to submit the matter to the competent
authorities for investigation and prosecution.
(3) With respect to superior and subordinate relationships not
described in subarticle (2), a superior is responsible for offences
committed by subordinates under his effective authority and
control, as a result of his failure to exercise control properly over
such subordinates where -
( a ) he either knew, or consciously disregarded
information which clearly indicated, that the
subordinates were committing or about to commit such
offences,
( b ) the offences concerned activities that were within his
effective responsibility and control, and
( c ) he failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures
within his power to prevent or repress their
commission or to submit the matter to the competent
authorities for investigation and prosecution.
(4) A person responsible under this article for an offence is
regarded as an accomplice in the commission of the offence.
(5) In interpreting and applying the provisions of this article
(which corresponds to article 28 of the ICC Treaty) the court shall
take into account any relevant judgment or decision of the ICC and
account may also be taken of any other relevant international
jurisprudence.
(6) Nothing in this article shall be read as restricting or
excluding -
( a ) any liability of the commander or superior apart from
this article, or
( b ) the liability of persons other than the commander or
superior.
Mental element.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54F. (1) References in this Part to a person committing -
( a ) genocide,
( b ) a crime against humanity, or
( c ) a war crime,
shall be construed in accordance with this article.
(2) Unless otherwise provided by -
( a ) the articles mentioned in the definition in article
54A(1) of the crimes specified in subarticle (1)( a ) to
( c ) of this article, or in any relevant Elements of
Crimes referred to in article 54A(3),
( b ) article 54E,
a person is regarded as committing a crime referred to in subarticle
(1) only if the material elements of the crime are committed with
intent and knowledge.
(3) For this purpose -
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             41
( a ) a person has intent -
(i) in relation to conduct, where he means to engage
in the conduct, and
(ii) in relation to a consequence, where he means to
cause the consequence or is aware that it will
occur in the ordinary course of events, and
( b ) ''knowledge'' means awareness that a circumstance
exists or a consequence will occur in the ordinary
course of events.
(4) In interpreting and applying the provisions of this article
(which corresponds to article 30 of the ICC Treaty) the court shall
take into account any relevant judgment or decision of the ICC and
may also take into account any other relevant international
jurisprudence.
Jurisdiction.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54G. Without prejudice to the provisions of article 5, a criminal
action for an offence under this Title may also be prosecuted in
Malta -
Cap. 220.
( a ) against any person subject to military law in terms of
articles 178, 179 and 180 of the Malta Armed Forces
Act even if the offence was committed outside Malta;
or
( b ) against any citizen of Malta or permanent resident in
Malta who outside Malta conspires to commit any
offence under this Title even if the offence is to be
committed outside Malta.
Protection of 
victims and 
witnesses.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54H. The provisions of any law which make provision for the
protection of victims and witnesses of certain offences shall apply
mutatis mutandis  to any victim or witness of an offence under this
Title.
Supplementary 
provisions for 
offences under this 
Title.
Added by:
XXIV. 2002.13.
54I. (1) The following provisions apply in relation to offences
under this Title.
(2) Proceedings for an offence shall not be instituted except by
or with the consent of the Attorney General.
(3) A person convicted of an offence involving murder shall be
deal t  with as for an offence consisting in the killing of a person in
such circumstances as would, if committed in Malta, constitute
wilful homicide.
(4) In any other case a person convicted of an offence is liable
to imprisonment for a term not exceeding thirty years.
(5) The provisions of Title VI of Part III of Book Second of
this Code do not apply.
    42               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Title I Bis
OF CRIMES AGAINST THE SAFETY OF THE GOVERNMENT
Attempts against 
the President of 
Malta. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.8. 
Substituted by: 
XXVII.1975.3. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
55. Whosoever shall take away the life or the liberty of the
President of Malta, or shall endanger his life by bodily harm, shall,
on conviction, be liable to the punishment of imprisonment for life.
Insurrection or 
coup d’état. 
Substituted by: 
XXI.1971.9. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.4; 
XLIX.1981.4.
56. (1) Whosoever shall subvert or attempt to subvert the
Government of Malta by committing any of the acts hereunder
mentioned, shall, on conviction, be liable to the punishment of
imprisonment for life:
( a ) taking up arms against the Government of Malta for
the purpose of subverting it;
( b ) bearing arms in the service of any foreign Power
against the Republic of Malta;
( c ) aiding the enemies of the Republic of Malta in any
other manner whatsoever against the said Republic; 
( d ) usurping or unlawfully assuming any of the executive
powers of the Government of Malta, for the purpose of
subverting it;
( e ) taking up arms for the purpose of compelling the
Government of Malta to change its measures or
counsels, or of obstructing the exercise of its lawful
authority.
Extenuating 
circumstances.
(2) The punishment, however, shall be diminished by one or
two degrees, where the crime is not carried into effect, in
consequence of the voluntary determination of the offender not to
complete the crime.
Conspiracy against 
the State.
Amended by: 
V. 1868.4; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
57. (1) Whosoever shall take part in a conspiracy having for
its object any of the crimes referred to in the last preceding two
articles, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term
from three to six years.
Aggravating 
circumstance.
(2) Where, besides the mere conspiracy, preparatory measures
for carrying the crime into effect shall also have been taken, the
punishment shall be of imprisonment for a term from five to nine
years.
Commencement of 
conspiracy.
58. A conspiracy shall subsist from the moment in which any
mode of action whatsoever is planned or agreed upon between two
or more persons.
Provocation to 
perpetrate crimes 
against the safety 
of the Government.
59. (1) Whosoever, by any speech delivered in any public
place or at any public meeting, shall directly provoke the
perpetration of any of the crimes referred to in this Title, shall, on
conviction, be liable to the punishment for the crime provoked by
him, diminished by one degree.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             43
(2) If the provocation shall produce no effect, the punishment
shall be decreased from one to three degrees.
Exemption from 
punishment.
60. In the crimes referred to in the preceding articles of this
Title, any of the offenders who shall, before the commission of the
crime or before any attempt to commit the crime, and prior to the
commencement of any proceedings, give information thereof to the
Government or to the authorities of the Government, shall be
exempted from punishment.
Failure to disclose.
the preceding articles of this Title is about to be committed, shall
not, within twenty-four hours, disclose to the Government or to the
authorities of the Government, the circumstances which may have
come to his knowledge, shall, for the mere omission, be liable, on
conviction, to imprisonment for a term from nine to eighteen
months.
Exemptions.
to the husband or wife, the ascendants or descendants, the brother
or sister, the father-in-law or mother-in-law, the son-in-law or
daughter-in-law, the uncle or aunt, the nephew or niece, and the
brother-in-law or sister-in-law of a principal or an accomplice in
the crime so not disclosed.
TITLE II
O F  C RIMES AGAINST THE  P UBLIC  P EACE
When offence is 
deemed to be 
accompanied with 
public violence. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.2.
63. Any offence committed by three or more persons
assembled with intent to commit an offence, and two of whom
carry arms proper, shall be deemed to be accompanied with public
violence.
Definition of "arms 
proper" and "arms 
improper". 
Amended by:
XI.1900.15.
64. (1) Arms proper are all fire-arms and all other weapons,
instruments and utensils which are mainly intended for defensive or
offensive purposes.
(2) All other weapons, instruments or utensils are not
considered as arms, except when they are actually made use of for
any offensive or defensive purpose, in which case they are called
arms improper.
Punishment for 
offences 
accompanied with 
public violence. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.3.
65. (1) The punishment for an offence accompanied with
public violence, shall be higher by one degree than the punishment
provided for the same offence when not accompanied with public
violence.
(2) In no case shall the punishment be less than that provided in
article 66.
Assembly under 
arms.  
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.4.
66. The persons assembled as provided in article 63 shall, for
the mere fact of having so assembled, be liable to imprisonment for
a term from one to three months.
Conspiracy.
    44               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
article 63, shall, for the purposes of punishment, be considered as
being accompanied with public violence if in the commission of the
crime such persons shall have acted in pursuance of a common
design.
Unlawful 
assembly. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.5;
VIII. 1909.5.
68. (1) Whosoever shall incite an assembly of persons, who
when so incited shall be ten or more in number, for the purpose of
committing an offence, shall, for the mere fact of the incitement, be
liable, on conviction, to imprisonment for a term from one to three
months or to a fine ( multa ).
(2) Whosoever shall take an active part in an assembly of ten or
more persons for the purpose of committing an offence, although
the said assembly may not have been incited by any one in
particular, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a
term from three days to three months or to a fine ( multa ).
(3) Where the offence which such assembly of persons
intended to commit is committed, then, if the punishment
established for the offence is less than the punishments aforesaid,
these punishments shall be applied with an increase of one degree;
if, however, the punishment established for the offence is greater
than, or equal to, the punishments aforesaid, then that punishment
shall be applied with an increase of one degree.
Instigation to 
commit an offence.  
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
69. Whosoever shall publicly instigate any other person to
commit an offence, shall, for the mere fact of the instigation, be
liable, on conviction, to - 
( a ) imprisonment for a term from two to five years, in the
case of a crime liable to a punishment higher than the
punishment of imprisonment for a term of three years;
or
( b ) imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, in
the case of a crime liable to the punishment of
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years; or
( c ) a fine ( multa ) or detention, in the case of any other
offence.
Incitement to 
disobey the law.
70. Whosoever shall publicly incite any other person to
disobey the law, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for
a term not exceeding three months or to a fine ( multa ), or, in minor
cases, to detention or to a fine ( ammenda ).
Unlawful 
endeavour to 
compel 
Government to 
alter measures or 
counsels. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.10; 
XXVII. 1975.5.
71. Whosoever shall, by any unlawful means not amounting to
the crime referred to in article 56, endeavour to compel the
President of Malta or the Government of Malta, to change his or
their measures or counsels, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from six months to two years.
Contempt of the 
President.  
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.6.
72. Whosoever shall use any defamatory, insulting, or
disparaging words, acts or gestures in contempt of the person of the
President of Malta, or shall censure or disrespectfully mention or
represent the said President, by words, signs, or visible
representations, or by any other means not provided for in the law
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             45
relating to the Press, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment
for a term from one to three months or to a fine ( multa ).
Unlawful assembly 
with seditious 
intent. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.11; 
XXVII. 1975.7; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
73. If three or more persons shall unlawfully assemble, or
being unlawfully assembled, shall continue so together, with intent,
by public speeches, exhibition of flags, inscriptions, or other means
or devices whatsoever, to excite hatred or contempt towards the
person of the President of Malta or towards the Government of
Malta, or to excite other persons to attempt to alter any matter
established by law, otherwise than by lawful means, every person
so offending shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a
term from six to eighteen months.
Seditious 
conspiracy. 
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.8; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
74. If two or more persons shall conspire to excite hatred or
contempt towards the person of the President of Malta or towards
the Government of Malta, or to incite other persons to attempt the
alteration of any matter established by law, otherwise than by
lawful means, every person so offending shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from six to eighteen months.
False imputation of 
misconduct in the 
administration of 
the Government. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.9.
75. Whosoever, by speeches delivered in any public place or at
any public meeting, shall falsely impute misconduct in
administering the Government of Malta to a person employed or
concerned in the administration of the Government of Malta, shall,
on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one to
three months or to a fine ( multa ).
Administering 
unlawful oath.
  76. (1) Whosoever shall administer, or cause to be
administered or taken, any oath or engagement intended to bind the
person taking the same to engage in any mutinous or seditious
purpose, or to disturb the public peace, or to be of any association,
society or confederacy formed for any such purpose, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from seven months
to two years.
(2) The punishment established in subarticle (1) shall also
apply, where the oath or engagement is intended to bind the person
taking the same in any of the modes following:
( a )  to obey the orders of any committee or body of men
not lawfully constituted, or of any leader or other
person not having authority by law for that purpose;
( b )  not to inform or give evidence against any associate or
other person, or not to reveal or discover any illegal
act done, attempted, or intended to be done by such
person or any other.
Person taking 
unlawful oath. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1982.2.
77. The punishment established in the last preceding article
shall apply to any person who shall take any such oath or
engagement as provided in that article, unless he shall have been
compelled thereto:
Provided that compulsion shall not justify or excuse any
person taking such oath or engagement, unless he shall, within four
days after such compulsion shall cease, report the fact to the public
authorities.
    46               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Inciting to sedition 
or to mutiny. 
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.10; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
78. Whosoever shall endeavour to seduce any person serving
in the Armed Forces of Malta from his duty and allegiance to the
Republic of Malta, or to incite or stir up any such person to commit
any act of mutiny, or to make or endeavour to make any mutinous
assembly, or to commit any traitorous or mutinous practice
whatsoever, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a
term from nine months to three years.
Tumultuous 
assembly. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.10; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
79. (1) If three or more persons shall assemble or shall
continue together, for any purpose whatsoever, in such manner and
under such circumstances of violence, threats, tumults, numbers,
display of arms or otherwise, as are calculated to create terror and
alarm among persons in Malta, every such assembly shall be
deemed unlawful, and every person forming part of such assembly
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from four
to twelve months.
Aggravating 
circumstance.
(2) Where the unlawful assembly shall proceed, either wholly
or in part, to execute their common design, or shall attempt so to
do, any person so assembling shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from six to eighteen months.
Disobedience of 
order for dispersal.
80. If twelve or more persons being unlawfully assembled
together to the disturbance of the public peace, and being formally
warned or required by any competent authority to disperse
themselves and peaceably to depart to their habitations or to their
lawful business, shall, to the number of twelve or more, unlawfully
remain or continue together for the space of one hour after such
public warning shall have been given, every such offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from nine months
to three years.
Assembly when 
not unlawful. 
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.12.
81. There shall not be deemed to be an unlawful assembly
under the provisions of the preceding articles, where three or more
persons shall assemble for the common purpose of assisting in the
defence of the possession of the dwelling-house or other property
of any one of them or in the defence of the person of any one of
them although they may execute or endeavour to execute such
purpose, or otherwise conduct themselves violently and
tumultuously, or in such manner and under such circumstances as
are calculated to create terror and alarm among persons in Malta.
Spreading of false 
news. 
Added by: 
VI. 1933.2.
82. Whosoever shall maliciously spread false news which is
likely to alarm public opinion or disturb public good order or the
public peace or to create a commotion among the public or among
certain classes of the public, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from one to three months.
Incitement to racial 
hatred, etc.
Added by:
III. 2002.19.
82A. (1) Whosoever uses any threatening, abusive or insulting
words or behaviour, or displays any written or printed material
which is threatening, abusive or insulting, or otherwise conducts
himself in such a manner, with intent thereby to stir up racial hatred
or whereby racial hatred is likely, having regard to all the
circumstances, to be stirred up shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from six to eighteen months.
(2) For the purposes of the foregoing subarticle "racial hatred"
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             47
means hatred against a group of persons in Malta defined by
reference to colour, race, nationality (including citizenship) or
ethnic or national origins.
Promotion of 
political object by 
use or display of 
physical force. 
Added by: 
XV.1959.2. 
Substituted by: 
XV. 1973.2. 
Amended by: 
XIII.1983.5.
83. Any person who establishes, maintains or belongs to any
association of persons who are organised and trained or organised
and equipped for the purpose of enabling them to be employed for
the use or display of physical force in promoting any political
object shall be guilty of an offence and liable, on conviction, to a
fine ( multa ) not exceeding one hundred liri or to imprisonment for
a term not exceeding six months, or to both such fine and
imprisonment.
Promoting, etc., an 
organization of two 
or more persons 
with a view to 
commit criminal 
offences.
Added by:
III. 2002.20.
83A. (1) Any person who promotes, constitutes, organises or
finances an organisation of two or more persons with a view to
commit criminal offences liable to the punishment of imprisonment
for a term of four years or more shall be liable to the punishment of
imprisonment for a term from three to seven years.
(2) Any person who belongs to an organisation referred to in
subarticle (1) shall for that mere fact be liable to the punishment of
imprisonment for a term from one to five years.
(3) Where the number of persons in the organisation is ten or
more the punishment in the preceding subarticles shall be increased
form one to two degrees.
(4) Where the person found guilty of an offence under this title
is the director, manager, secretary or other principal officer of a
body corporate or is a person having a power of representation of
such a body or having an authority to take decisions on behalf of
that body or having authority to exercise control within that body
and the offence of which that person was found guilty was
committed for the benefit, in part or in whole, of that body
corporate, the said person shall for the purposes of this title be
deemed to be vested with the legal representation of the same body
corporate which shall be liable as follows:
( a ) where the offence of which the person was found
guilty is the offence in subarticle (1), to the payment
of a fine ( multa ) of not less than 15,000 liri and not
more than 50,000 liri;
( b ) where the offence of which the person was found
guilty is the offence in subarticle (2), to the payment
of a fine ( multa ) of not less than 10,000 liri and not
more than 30,000 liri;
( c ) where the offence of which the person was found
guilty is punishable as provided in subarticle (3) of
this article -
(i) where the offence is that provided in subarticle
(1), to the punishment of a fine ( multa ) of not
less than 20,000 liri and not more than 500,000
liri;
(ii) where the offence is that provided in subarticle
(1), to the punishment of a fine ( multa ) of not
    48               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
less than 15,000 liri and not more than 50,000
liri.
(5) The criminal action for an offence against the provisions of
this article may be prosecuted in Malta notwithstanding that the
organization of persons is based or pursues its criminal activities
outside Malta.
TITLE III
O F  C RIMES AGAINST THE  A DMINISTRATION OF  J USTICE 
AND OTHER  P UBLIC  A DMINISTRATIONS
Sub-title I
O F THE  U SURPATION OF  P UBLIC AUTHORITY AND OF 
THE  P OWERS THEREOF
§  O F THE  U SURPATION OF  F UNCTIONS
Unlawful exercise 
of public functions.
84. Whosoever shall assume any public function, whether civil
or military, without being entitled thereto, and shall perform any
act thereof, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a
term from four months to one year.
§   O F THE  U NLAWFUL  A SSUMPTION BY  P RIVATE  P ERSONS OF 
P OWERS BELONGING TO  P UBLIC  A UTHORITY
Arbitrary exercise 
of pretended rights.
85. Whosoever, without intent to steal or to cause any
wrongful damage, but only in the exercise of a pretended right,
shall, of his own authority, compel another person to pay a debt, or
to fulfil any obligation whatsoever, or shall disturb the possession
of anything enjoyed by another person, or demolish buildings, or
divert or take possession of any water-course, or in any other
manner unlawfully interfere with the property of another person,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one
to three months:
Provided that the court may, at its discretion, in lieu of the
above punishment, award a fine ( multa ).
Illegal arrest, 
detention or 
confinement. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
86. Whosoever, without a lawful order from the competent
authorities, and saving the cases where the law authorizes private
individuals to apprehend offenders, arrests, detains or confines any
person against the will of the same, or provides a place for carrying
out such arrest, detention or confinement, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from seven months to two years:
Provided that the court may, in minor cases, award
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             49
imprisonment for a term from one to three months or a fine ( multa ).
Aggravating 
circumstances. 
Amended by: 
XLIX.1981.4;
IV.1994.2; 
XVII.1996.19.
87. (1) The punishment for the crime referred to in the last
preceding article, shall be imprisonment for a term from thirteen
months to three years in each of the following cases:
( a ) if the detention or confinement continues for more
than twenty days;
( b ) if the arrest is effected with the unauthorized use of a
uniform, or under an assumed name, or under a
warrant falsely purporting to be issued by a public
authority;
( c ) if the individual arrested, detained or confined, is
subjected to any bodily harm, or is threatened with
death;
( d ) if the detention or confinement is continued by the
offender notwithstanding his knowledge that a writ or
warrant for the release or delivery of the person
detained or confined has been issued by the competent
authority;
( e ) if the crime is committed with the object of extorting
money or effects, or of compelling any other person to
agree to any transfer of property belonging to such
person;
( f ) if the crime is committed for the purpose of forcing
another person to do or to omit an act, which, if
voluntarily done or omitted, would be a crime;
( g ) if the crime is committed as a means of compelling a
person to do an act or to submit to treatment injurious
to the modesty of that person’s sex.
(2) Where a person who commits the crime referred to in the
last preceding article threatens to kill, to injure or to continue to
detain or confine the person arrested, detained or confined, with the
object of compelling a state, an international governmental
organisation or person to do or to abstain from doing an act he shall
be liable to the punishment of imprisonment for life.
Punishment for 
illegal arrest, etc., 
accompanied with 
bodily harm.  
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
88. Where the bodily harm referred to in paragraph ( c ) of the
last preceding article is liable to a punishment higher than the
punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years, or is
committed or accompanied with any kind of torture, the
punishment shall be imprisonment for a term from four to six years.
Extenuating 
circumstance.
89. The punishment for the illegal arrest, detention or
confinement of a person, without the concurrence of any of the
circumstances mentioned in article 87( b ),   ( c ),   ( d ),   ( e ),   ( f ) and ( g ),
and in the last preceding article, shall be imprisonment for a term
from seven months to one year, where the offender, before the
commencement of any proceedings at law, restores to liberty the
person arrested, detained or confined, within twenty-four hours
after the arrest, detention or confinement, provided that during this
interval the offender has not attained the object for which such
person has been arrested, detained or confined.
    50               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Unlawful removal 
of persons to a 
foreign country or 
unlawful 
confinement 
therein.  
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.13.
90. Whosoever unlawfully and forcibly removes any person to
any other country, or wrongfully detains, arrests or confines any
citizen of Malta in any other country, shall, on conviction, be liable
to the punishment laid down in article 87.
Sub-title II
O F  O UTRAGE AND  V IOLENCE AGAINST  P UBLIC  O FFICERS
Violence and 
threats against 
public officers.
91. Whosoever by violence or threats compels a public officer
to do or not to do any act appertaining to his office, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from four months
to three years.
Definition of 
"public officer".
92. The general expression "public officer", includes not only
the constituted authorities, civil and military, but also all such
persons as are lawfully appointed to administer any part of the
executive power of the Government, or to perform any other public
service imposed by law, whether it be judicial, administrative or
mixed.
Reviling or 
threatening judge, 
Attorney General, 
magistrate or juror.
Amended by: 
VI.1871.6; 
XI.1900.16; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
93. (1) Whosoever reviles or threatens a judge, or the
Attorney General, or a magistrate or a juror, while in the exercise
of his functions or because of his having exercised his functions, or
with intent to intimidate or unlawfully influence him in the exercise
of his functions, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for
a term from one to three months and to a fine ( multa ).
Aggravating 
circumstance.
(2) If the object of the vilification is that of damaging or
diminishing the reputation of the person against whom it is
directed, the punishment shall be imprisonment for a term from
three months to one year.
(3) Where the threat is of a crime, the punishment shall be
imprisonment for a term from seven to eighteen months, and if the
threat be made by means of any writing, whether anonymous or
signed in one’s own name or in a fictitious name, the punishment
shall be increased by one degree, and in either case, the offender
may be required to enter into a recognizance as provided in articles
383, 384 and 385, with or without surety, according to
circumstances.
Bodily harm 
caused to judge, 
Attorney General, 
magistrate or juror. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.6; 
XI.1900.I7; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
94. (1) Whosoever shall cause a bodily harm to any of the
persons mentioned in the last preceding article, while in the
exercise of his functions or because of his having exercised his
functions, or with intent to intimidate or unduly influence him in
the exercise of his functions, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from two to five years.
(2) Where the bodily harm is of such a nature that, if caused to
any person other than those mentioned in the last preceding article,
it would render the offender liable to a higher punishment, such
higher punishment shall be awarded, with an increase of one
degree.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             51
Vilification, threats 
or bodily harm 
against other 
public officers. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.10; 
XI. 1900.18, 19; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
95. (1) Whosoever, in any other case not included in the last
preceding two articles, shall revile, or threaten, or cause a bodily
harm to any person lawfully charged with a public duty, while in
the act of discharging his duty or because of his having discharged
such duty, or with intent to intimidate or unduly influence him in
the discharge of such duty, shall, on conviction, be liable to the
punishment established for the vilification, threat, or bodily harm,
when not accompanied with the circumstances mentioned in this
article, increased by one degree.
(2) No increase, however, shall be made when the punishment
is that established for contraventions.
(3) Nor shall an increase be made when the punishment is that
of imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months: in such
case, however, the court may, in addition, award a fine ( multa ).
Assault or 
resistance. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
96. Whosoever shall assault or resist by violence or active
force not amounting to public violence, any person lawfully
charged with a public duty when in the execution of the law or of a
lawful order issued by a competent authority, shall, on conviction,
be liable - 
( a ) where the assault or resistance is committed by one or
two persons, to imprisonment for a term from four
months to one year;
( b ) where the assault or resistance is committed by three
or more persons, to imprisonment for a term from
seven months to two years.
Aggravating 
circumstance. 
Amended by: 
IX.1859.7; 
V.1956.14; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
97. If any of the offenders mentioned in the last preceding
article shall use any arm proper in the act of the assault or
resistance, or shall have previously provided himself with any such
arm with the design of aiding such assault or resistance, and shall,
on apprehension, be found in possession of any such arm, he shall
be liable to imprisonment for a term from nine months to three
years.
Assault or 
resistance 
accompanied with 
public violence. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
98. Where any of the crimes referred to in article 96 be
accompanied with public violence, the punishment shall be
imprisonment for a term from two to five years.
Exemption from 
punishment in case 
of desistance.
99. No punishment shall be awarded for the mere act of the
assault or resistance mentioned in articles 96 and 98 against any
person who, although he shall have attempted to commence or shall
have actually commenced to act, shall, at the first warning given by
the person assaulted or to whom resistance is offered, or by any
public authority, desist from the further commission of the crime.
    52               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Sub-title III
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.11.
O F  C ALUMNIOUS  A CCUSATIONS, OF  P ERJURY AND OF  F ALSE 
S WEARING
Interpretation.  
Added by: 
XXI. 1971.13.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.21.
Cap. 220.
100. In this sub-title "criminal proceedings" includes the inquiry
referred to in Sub-title II of Title II of Part I of Book Second of this
Code and any proceedings under the Malta Armed Forces Act.
Calumnious 
accusations. 
Amended by: 
IX.1859.8; 
V.1956.15; 
XLIX.1981.4.
101.  (1) Whosoever, with intent to harm any person, shall
accuse such person before a competent authority with an offence of
which he knows such person to be innocent, shall, for the mere fact
of having made the accusation, on conviction, be liable -
( a ) to imprisonment for a term from thirteen to eighteen
months, if the false accusation be in respect of a crime
liable to a punishment higher than the punishment of
imprisonment for a term of two years;
( b ) to imprisonment for a term from six to nine months, if
the false accusation be in respect of a crime liable to a
punishment not higher than the punishment of
imprisonment for a term of two years, but not liable to
the punishments established for contraventions;
( c ) to imprisonment for a term from three days to three
months, if the false accusation be in respect of any
other offence.
Aggravating 
circumstances.
(2) Where the crime is committed with intent to extort money
or other effects, the punishment shall be increased by one degree.
Subornation or 
attempted 
subornation of 
witness, referee or 
interpreter.  
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.20;
III. 2002.22.
102.   Whosoever, in any civil or criminal proceedings, suborns
a witness, a referee, or an interpreter, to give false evidence or to
make a false report or a false interpretation, shall, on conviction, be
liable - 
( a ) where the false evidence, report or interpretation has
been given or made, to the punishment to which a
person giving false evidence would be liable;
( b ) where there has only been an attempt of subornation of
a witness, a referee, or an interpreter, to the same
punishment decreased by one or two degrees.
Preparation or 
production of false 
documents.
103. Whosoever, in any civil or criminal proceedings, shall
cause a false document to be prepared or shall knowingly produce a
false document, shall be liable to the same punishment as the forger
thereof.
Perjury in certain 
criminal trials. 
Amended by: 
VIII.1909.6; 
XXI. 1971.12; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
XIV. 1983.2;
III. 2002.23.
104. (1) Whosoever shall give false evidence in any criminal
proceedings for a crime liable to a punishment higher than the
punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years, either against
or in favour of the person charged or accused, shall, on conviction,
be liable to imprisonment for a term from two to five years.
(2) Where, however, the person accused shall have been
sentenced to a punishment higher than that of imprisonment for a
term of five years, the witness who shall have given false evidence
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             53
against such person in the trial, or of whose evidence use shall have
been made against such person in the trial, shall be liable to such
higher punishment:
Provided that if such higher punishment is death, the false
witness shall be liable to imprisonment for life.
Perjury in other 
criminal trials. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.9; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.24.
105. Whosoever shall give false evidence in any criminal
proceedings for an offence not referred to in the last preceding
article, either against or in favour of the person charged or accused,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from nine
months to two years.
Perjury in civil 
proceedings. 
Amended by: 
XII.1914.7; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.25.
106. (1) Whosoever shall give false evidence in civil matters,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from
seven months to two years.
(2) The provisions of subarticle (1) shall apply to any person
who, being a party to a civil action, shall make a false oath.
(3) Whosoever shall make a false affidavit, whether in Malta or
outside Malta, knowing that such affidavit is required or intended
for any civil proceedings in Malta, shall, on conviction, be liable to
the punishment mentioned in subarticle (1).
Perjury by referee 
or interpreter.
107. (1) Any referee who, in any civil or criminal proceedings,
shall knowingly certify false facts, or maliciously give a false
opinion, shall, on conviction, be liable to the punishment to which a
false witness is liable under the preceding articles of this sub-title.
(2) The same punishment shall apply to any person who, when
acting as interpreter in any judicial proceedings and upon oath,
shall knowingly make a false interpretation.
False swearing. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.21,22; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.26.
108.  (1)  Whosoever, in any other case not referred to in the
preceding articles of this sub-title, shall make a false oath before a
judge, magistrate or any other officer authorized by law to
administer oaths, shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) to imprisonment for a term from four months to one
year, if the oath be required by law, or ordered by a
judgment or decree of any court in Malta;
( b ) to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months, if the oath be not so required or ordered.
(2) The provisions of this article shall not apply to promissory
oaths.
Interdiction in 
sentences for 
calumnious 
accusations, 
perjury and false 
swearing.
109. (1) The court shall, in passing sentence against the
offender for any crime referred to in this sub-title, expressly award
the punishment of general interdiction, as well as interdiction from
acting as witness, except in a court of law, or from acting as referee
in any case whatsoever.
(2) Such interdiction shall be for a term from five to ten years
in the cases referred to in the last preceding article, and for a term
from ten to twenty years in any other case referred to in the other
preceding articles of this sub-title.
    54               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Fabrication of false 
evidence. 
Amended by: 
IX.1911.9; 
XLIX.1981.4.
110. (1) Whosoever shall fraudulently cause any fact or
circumstance to exist, or to appear to exist, in order that such fact
or circumstance may afterwards be proved in evidence against
another person, with intent to procure such other person to be
unjustly charged with, or convicted of, any offence, shall, on
conviction, be liable to the punishment established for a false
witness, in terms of the preceding articles of this sub-title.
Simulation of 
offence.
(2) Whosoever shall lay before the Executive Police an
information regarding an offence knowing that such offence has not
been committed, or shall falsely devise the traces of an offence in
such a manner that criminal proceedings may be instituted for the
ascertainment of such offence, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.
Hindering person 
from giving 
necessary 
information or 
evidence. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.7; 
XLIX. 1981.4; 
XIII. 1983.5.
111. (1) Whosoever shall hinder any person from giving the
necessary information or evidence in any civil or criminal
proceedings, or to or before any competent authority, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from four months
to one year or to a fine ( multa ).
Suppression, 
destruction or 
alteration of traces 
of crime.
(2) Whosoever, in any case not otherwise provided for in this
Code, shall knowingly suppress, or in any other manner destroy or
alter the traces of, or any circumstantial evidence relating to an
offence, shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) if the offence is a crime liable to a punishment not less
than that of imprisonment for a term of one year, to the
punishment laid down in subarticle (1);
( b ) in the case of any other offence, to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding three months or to detention or to a
fine ( ammenda ) of not less than one lira.
Sub-title IV
O F  A BUSE OF  P UBLIC  A UTHORITY 
§  O F  U NLAWFUL  E XACTION, OF  E XTORTION AND OF  B RIBERY
Unlawful exaction.  
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
112.  Any officer or person employed in any public
administration, or any person employed by or under the
Government, whether authorized or not to receive moneys or
effects, either by way of salary for his own services, or on account
of the Government, or of any public establishment, who shall,
under colour of his office, exact that which is not allowed by law,
or more than is allowed by law, or before it is due according to law,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from
three months to one year.
Extortion.  
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
113.  Where the unlawful exaction referred to in the last
preceding article, is committed by means of threats or abuse of
authority, it shall be deemed to be an extortion, and the offender
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             55
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from
thirteen months to three years.
Aggravating 
circumstances.
114.   Where the crimes referred to in the last two preceding
articles are accompanied with circumstances which render such
crimes liable also to other punishments, the higher punishment
shall be applied with an increase of one degree.
Bribery. 
Amended by:
XII. 1914.8, 9; 
IV.1974.2; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.27.
115.  Any public officer or servant who, in connection with his
office or employment, requests, receives or accepts for himself or
for any other person, any reward or promise or offer of any reward
in money or other valuable consideration or of any other advantage
to which he is not entitled, shall, on conviction, be liable to
punishment as follows:
( a ) where the object of the reward, promise or offer, be to
induce the officer or servant to do what he is in duty
bound to do, the punishment shall be imprisonment for
a term from three to thirteen months;
( b ) where the object be to induce the officer or servant to
forbear from doing what he is in duty bound to do, the
punishment shall, for the mere acceptance of the
reward, promise or offer, be imprisonment for a term
from four to eighteen months;
( c ) where, besides accepting the reward, promise, or offer,
the officer or servant actually fails to do what he is in
duty bound to do, the punishment shall be
imprisonment for a term from six months to three
years.
Where failure of 
duty consists in 
passing sentence 
on defendant or 
person accused. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.14; 
IV. 1974.3; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
X.2000.11.
116. (1) Where the crime referred to in paragraph   ( c ) of the
last preceding article consists in sentencing a defendant or person
accused, the punishment shall be imprisonment for a term from one
year to four years:
Provided that in no case shall the punishment be lower than
that to which the defendant or person accused has been sentenced.
(2) Where the punishment to which the defendant or person
accused is sentenced is higher than the punishment of
imprisonment for four years, such higher punishment shall be
applied.
Where failure of 
duty consists in 
releasing a person 
charged or in 
discharging a 
defendant or 
person accused. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1974.4; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
117.  Where the crime referred to in article 115( c ) consists in
the release of a person charged with an offence, or in the discharge
of a defendant or person accused, the punishment shall be as
follows:
( a ) where the charge, complaint, or indictment be in
respect of a crime liable to a punishment higher than
that of imprisonment for a term of two years, the
punishment shall be imprisonment for a term from
eighteen months to three years;
( b ) where it be in respect of an offence liable to a
punishment not higher than that of imprisonment for a
term of two years, but not falling in the class of
    56               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
contraventions, the punishment shall be imprisonment
for a term from nine months to two years;
( c ) where it be in respect of a contravention, the
punishment shall be imprisonment for a term from four
to twelve months.
Bribery of member 
of House of 
Representatives. 
Added by:
IV.1974.5. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4;
XIII. 2002.10.
118.  Any member of the House of Representatives who
requests, receives or accepts, for himself or for any other person,
any reward or promise or offer of any reward in money or other
valuable consideration or of any other advantage given or made
with the object of influencing him in his conduct as a member of
the House shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term
from six months to three years.
Cases in which 
punishment of 
general interdiction 
is applied. 
Amended by: 
XLIX.1981.4.
119.  The punishment of perpetual general interdiction shall be
added to the punishments established in the preceding articles of
this sub-title when the maximum of such punishments exceeds two
years’ imprisonment; when the maximum of the said punishments
does not exceed two years’ imprisonment, then the punishment of
temporary general interdiction shall be added.
Punishment for 
persons bribing 
public officers or 
servants. 
Added by: 
I.1903.3. 
Substituted by: 
IV.1974.6. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
120. (1) In the cases referred to in articles 115, 116, 117 and
118, the person who bribes the public officer or servant or the
member of the House of Representatives, as the case may be, shall
be deemed to be an accomplice.
(2) Where the public officer or servant does not commit the
crime, the person who attempts to induce such officer or servant to
commit the crime shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment
for a term from three to eighteen months.
(3) Where the member of the House of Representatives does
not commit the crime, the person who attempts to induce such
member to commit the crime shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from three months to two years.
Embracery and 
corruption of other 
persons. 
Amended by:
VI. 1871.7.
Substituted by:
IV. 1974.7.
Amended by:
III. 2002.28;
XIII. 2002.10.
121. (1) The provisions of this sub-title shall apply to and in
relation to any person who is entrusted with or has functions
relating to the administration of a statutory or other corporate body
having a distinct legal personality, or who is employed with such a
body, as they apply to or in relation to an officer or person referred
to in article 112 or a public officer or servant referred to in article
115.
(2) Articles 115 to 117, article 119 and article 120(1) and (2)
shall apply to and in relation to jurors as they apply to or in relation
to a public officer or servant referred to in article 115.
(3) The provisions of this sub-title in relation to an officer or
person referred to in article 112 or a public officer or servant
referred to in article 115 shall also apply to and in relation to any
employee or other person when directing or working in any
capacity for or on behalf of a natural or legal person operating in
the private sector who knowingly, in the course of his business
activities, directly or through an intermediary and in breach of his
duties, conducts himself in any manner provided for in those
articles:
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             57
Provided that for the purposes of this subarticle the
expression "breach of duty" includes any disloyal behaviour
constituting a breach of a statutory duty, or, as the case may be, a
breach of professional regulations or instructions, which apply
within the business in question.
(4) The provisions of this sub-title shall also apply to any
conduct falling within the descriptions set out in the provisions of
this sub-title and in which is involved:
( a ) a public officer or servant of any foreign State
including any member of a domestic assembly of any
foreign State which exercises legislative or
administrative powers; or
( b ) any officer or servant, or any other contracted
employee, of any international or supranational
organization or body or of any of its institutions or
bodies, or any other person carrying out functions
corresponding to those performed by any said officer,
servant or contracted employee; or
( c ) any member of a parliamentary assembly of any
international or supranational organisation; or
( d ) any holder of judicial office or any official of any
international court; or
( e ) any member, officer or servant of a Local Council; or
( f ) any person mentioned in the preceding paragraphs and
the offence was committed outside Malta by a Maltese
citizen or by a permanent resident in Malta;
For the purposes of this paragraph, the phrase
"permanent resident" shall have the same meaning
assigned to it by article 5(1)( d ); or
( g ) as the person who committed the offence, any person
mentioned in paragraph ( b ) and the organisation,
institution or body in question has its headquarters in
Malta.
Trading in 
influence.
Added by:
III. 2002.29.
121A.  (1) Any person who promises, gives or offers, directly or
indirectly, any undue advantage to any other person who asserts or
confirms that he or she is able to exert an improper influence over
the decision-making of any person referred to in the preceding
articles of this sub-title, in order to induce such other person to
exercise such influence, whether such undue advantage is for such
other person or anyone else, shall on conviction be liable to the
punishment of imprisonment for a term from three months to one
year. 
(2) Any person who receives or accepts any offer or promise of
any undue advantage for himself or for anyone else with the object
of  exercising any improper influence as is referred to in subarticle
(1) shall on conviction be liable to the punishment laid down in that
subarticle.
(3) The offences referred to in subarticles (1) and (2) shall be
complete whether or not the alleged ability to exert an improper
    58               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
influence existed, whether or not the influence is exerted and
whether or not the supposed influence leads to the intended result.
Accounting 
offences.
Added by:
III. 2002.29. 
121B.  Whosoever, with intent to commit, conceal or disguise any
offence under the preceding articles of this sub-title, creates or uses
an invoice or any other accounting document or record containing
false or incomplete information or unlawfully omits to make a
record of payment, shall on conviction be liable to the punishment
of imprisonment from three months to one year without prejudice
to any other punishment to which he may be liable under any other
provision of this Code or of any other law.
Jurisdiction.
Added by:
III. 2002.29.
Amended by:
XIII. 2002.10.
121C.  Without prejudice to the provisions of article 5, the
Maltese courts shall also have jurisdiction over the offences laid
down in this sub-title where:
( a ) only part of the action giving execution to the offence
took place in Malta; or
( b ) the offender is a Maltese national or permanent
resident in Malta, a public officer or servant of Malta
or a member of the House of Representatives or of a
Local Council; or
( c ) the offence involves a public officer or servant of
Malta or is a member of the House of Representatives
or of a Local Council; or
( d ) the offence involves any of those persons to whom
reference is made in article 121( b ), ( c ) or ( d ) and that
person is at the same time a citizen or permanent
resident in Malta within the meaning of article 5(1)( d ).
Corporate liability 
for offences under 
this title.
Added by:
III. 2002.29.
121D.  Where the person found guilty of an offence under this
title is the director, manager, secretary or other principal officer of
a body corporate or is a person having a power of representation of
such a body or having an authority to take decisions on behalf of
that body or having authority to exercise control within that body
and the offence of which that person was found guilty was
committed for the benefit, in part or in whole, of that body
corporate, the said person shall for the purposes of this title be
deemed to be vested with the legal representation of the same body
corporate which shall be liable to the payment of a fine ( multa ) of
not less than 500 liri and not more than 500,000 liri.
§  O F  A BUSES COMMITTED BY  A DVOCATES AND  L EGAL 
P ROCURATORS
Prevarication by 
advocate or legal 
procurator.
122.  Any advocate or legal procurator who, having already
commenced to act on behalf of one party, shall, in the same lawsuit,
or in any other involving the same matter and interest, in opposition
to such party or to any person claiming under him, change over,
without the consent of such party or person, and act on behalf of the
opposite party, shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine ( multa ), and
to temporary interdiction from the exercise of his profession for a
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             59
term from four months to one year.
Betrayal of 
interests of client. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
123.  Any advocate or legal procurator who shall betray the
interests of his client in such a manner that, in consequence of his
betrayal or deceitful omission, the client shall lose the cause, or any
right whatsoever shall be barred to his prejudice, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from seven to
eighteen months, and to perpetual interdiction from the exercise of
his profession.
§  O F  M ALVERSATION BY  P UBLIC  O FFICERS AND  S ERVANTS
Private interest in 
adjudications, etc.
124.  Any public officer or servant who shall overtly or covertly
or through another person take any private interest in any
adjudication, contract, or administration, whether he holds wholly
or in part the direction or superintendence thereof, or held such
direction or superintendence at the time when such adjudication,
contract, or administration commenced, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from one to six months and to
perpetual interdiction from his public office or employment.
Private interest in 
the issuing of 
orders, etc.
125.  Any public officer or servant who takes any private
interest in any matter in respect of which he is entrusted with the
issuing of orders, the winding up of accounts, the making of
arrangements or payments of any sort, shall, on conviction, be
liable to the punishments laid down in the last preceding article.
Aggravating 
circumstance. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
126.   Whenever, in the cases referred to in the last two
preceding articles, any loss is fraudulently caused to the
administration to which the matter belongs, the punishment shall be
imprisonment for a term from eighteen months to three years, with
interdiction as provided in those articles.
Embezzlement.  
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
127.  Any public officer or servant who for his own private gain,
misapplies or purloins any money, whether belonging to the
Government or to private parties, credit securities or documents,
bonds, instruments, or movable property, entrusted to him by virtue
of his office or employment, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from two to six years, and to perpetual
general interdiction.
§  O F  A BUSES RELATING TO  P RISONS
Turnkey or gaoler 
taking person in 
custody without 
warrant.
128.  Any turnkey or gaoler who shall take any prisoner in
custody without a lawful warrant or order from a person authorized
by law to issue such warrant or order, shall, on conviction, be liable
to imprisonment for a term from one to three months.
Arbitrary acts or 
restrictions by 
turnkeys or 
gaolers. 
129. (1) Any turnkey or gaoler who shall subject any person
under his custody to any arbitrary act or restriction not allowed by
the prison regulations, shall, on conviction, be liable to the
punishment established in the last preceding article.
Aggravating 
circumstance.
(2) Where the restriction or arbitrary act aforesaid of itself
constitutes a crime liable to an equal or a higher punishment, such
    60               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
punishment shall be applied with an increase of one degree.
Detention of 
persons under 
arrest in place 
other than a public 
prison.
130.  Any public officer or servant who, without authority or
necessity, detains or causes to be detained, any person under arrest,
in any place other than a place appointed as a public prison, shall,
on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one to
three months or to a fine ( multa ).
§  O F THE  R EFUSAL OF A  S ERVICE LAWFULLY DUE
Refusal to perform 
a lawful duty.
131.  Any public officer or servant who has under his orders the
civil police force and who, on a lawful request made by any
competent authority, fails to afford the assistance of such force,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from four
to six months.
Allegation of false 
excuse by juror, 
witness or referee.
132.  Any juror, witness or referee who, with the object of not
affording assistance to the competent authority lawfully requiring
such assistance, or of explaining his non-appearance before such
authority, alleges an excuse which is shown to be false, shall, in
addition to the punishment established for his non-appearance, be
liable, on conviction, to imprisonment for a term from one to three
months.
Amended by: 
VI. 1899.3.
§  O F  A BUSE OF  A UTHORITY, AND OF  B REACH OF  D UTIES 
PERTAINING TO A  P UBLIC  O FFICE
Disclosing official 
secrets. 
Added by:
VI. 1899.4. 
Amended by: 
I. 1903.4.
133.  Any public officer or servant who communicates or
publishes any document or fact, entrusted or known to him by
reason of his office, and which is to be kept secret, or who in any
manner facilitates the knowledge thereof, shall, where the act does
not constitute a more serious offence, be liable, on conviction, to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to a fine
( multa ).
Unlawful 
continuance in 
office or 
employment.
134.  Any public officer or servant who, having been dismissed,
interdicted, or suspended, and having had due notice thereof,
continues in the exercise of his office or employment, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one to six
months.
Obstruction of 
execution of law 
by public 
functionaries. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
135.   Any person vested with public authority who, by any
unlawful measures devised with other persons, hinders the
execution of the law, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from eighteen months to three years.
Unlawful 
domiciliary entry 
by public officials. 
Amended by: 
VI. 1871.8.
136. (1) Any public officer or servant who, under colour of his
office, shall, in cases other than those allowed by law, or without
the formalities prescribed by law, enter any house, or other
building or enclosure belonging to any person, shall, on conviction,
be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or
to a fine ( multa  or  ammenda ).
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             61
Aggravating 
circumstances.
(2) Where it is proved that the entry has taken place for an
unlawful purpose or for a private advantage, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one to twelve
months.
Failure or refusal 
of magistrates or 
Police to perform 
certain duties.
137.  Any magistrate who, in a matter within his powers, fails or
refuses to attend to a lawful complaint touching an unlawful
detention, and any officer of the Executive Police, who, on a
similar complaint made to him, fails to prove that he reported the
same to his superior authorities within twenty-four hours, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one to six
months.
Malicious violation 
of official duties. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.5; 
VI. 1871.9; 
I.1903.5.
138. Any public officer or servant who shall maliciously, in
violation of his duty, do or omit to do any act not provided for in
the preceding articles of this Title, to the oppression or injury of
any other person, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment
for a term not exceeding three months or to a fine ( multa ):
Provided that the court may, in minor offences, award any
of the punishments established for contraventions.
Aggravating 
circumstance.
139.  Where the injurious or oppressive act is one of those
mentioned in articles 86, 87, 88 and 89, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to the punishment laid down in those articles
respectively, increased by one degree.
Torture and other 
cruel, inhuman or 
degrading 
treatment or 
punishment. 
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.5.
139A.  Any public officer or servant or any other person acting
in an official capacity who intentionally inflicts on a person severe
pain or suffering, whether physical or mental - 
( a ) for the purpose of obtaining from him or a third person
information or a confession; or
( b ) for the purpose of punishing him for an act he or a
third person has committed or is suspected of having
committed; or
( c ) for the purpose of intimidating him or a third person or
of coercing him or a third person to do, or to omit to
do, any act; or 
( d ) for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, 
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from five
to nine years:
Provided that no offence is committed where pain or
suffering arises only from, or is inherent in or incidental to, lawful
sanctions or measures:
Provided further that nothing in this article shall affect the
applicability of other provisions of this Code or of any other law
providing for a higher punishment.
Additional 
punishment of 
interdiction.
140.  In the cases referred to in articles 133 to 139 inclusively,
the court may, in addition to the punishment therein laid down,
award the punishment of temporary or perpetual general
interdiction.
    62               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Substituted by:
III. 2002.30.
G E N E R A L   P R O V I S I O N  A P P L I C A B L E  T O  P U B L I C   O F F I C E R S
General provision.  
Amended by:
IX. 1859.10.
141.   Saving the cases where the law specifically prescribes the
punishment to which offences committed by public officers or
servants are subject, any public officer or servant who shall be
guilty of any other offence over which it was his duty to watch or
which by virtue of his office he was bound to repress, shall, on
conviction, be liable to the punishment laid down for such offence,
increased by one degree.
Sub-title V
O F THE  V IOLATION OF  P UBLIC  A RCHIVES,  P UBLIC  O FFICES, 
P UBLIC  P LACES OF  C ONFINEMENT, AND  P UBLIC  M ONUMENTS
§  O F THE  B REAKING OF  S EALS, AND OF THE  P URLOINING OF 
D OCUMENTS OR  D EPOSITS FROM THE  P UBLIC  A RCHIVES OR 
OTHER  P UBLIC  O FFICES
Breaking of seals. 142. (1) Whosoever shall be guilty of breaking any seal
affixed by order of a public authority, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from one to three months.
Negligence of 
person in charge.
(2) Where there has been negligence on the part of the person
in charge, such person shall, for the mere negligence, be liable to
the same punishment laid down in subarticle (1).
(3) In either case, the court may, in lieu of the said punishment,
award a fine ( multa ).
Theft aggravated 
by "breaking".
143.  Every theft committed by means of the breaking of any
seal affixed by order of a public authority shall be deemed to be a
theft aggravated by "breaking".
Embezzlement, 
etc., of documents, 
etc., from places of 
public deposit. 
Amended by: 
XLIX.1981.4.
144. (1) In cases of embezzlement, destruction, mutilation or
purloining of documents, records or other papers, registers, acts or
any effects whatsoever existing in the public archives, or in any
other public offices, or delivered to any public depositary or
functionary whatsoever in virtue of his office, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from thirteen
months to three years.
Negligence of 
functionaries.
(2) Where there has been negligence on the part of the
archivist, registrar, recording officer, notary, or other functionary,
such archivist, registrar, recording officer, notary or other
functionary shall, for the mere negligence, be liable, on conviction,
to imprisonment for a term from four to six months or to a fine
( multa ).
Aggravating 
circumstance of 
"violence". 
Amended by: 
XLIX.1981.4.
145.  Where any of the crimes referred to in the preceding
articles of this sub-title is committed with violence against the
person, the offender shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment
for a term from two to six years.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             63
Fraudulent 
withdrawal of 
letters or packets. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
146.    Repealed by: XVII.1996.19.
Fraudulent 
retention, etc., of 
postal packets or 
parcels. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.6; 
XVI.1900.136; 
XLIX.1981.4.
147.    Repealed by: XVII.1996.19.
Unlawful opening 
of letters, etc., by 
post office 
officials. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
148.   Repealed by: XVII.1996.19.
Suppression of 
letters, etc., by post 
office officials. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
149.   Repealed by: XVII.1996.19.
Aggravation of 
punishment in the 
case of public 
officers.
150.  Saving the cases of negligence referred to in articles 142
and 144, any public officer or servant who shall, in the execution of
his office, commits or connives at any of the crimes mentioned in
the preceding articles of this sub-title, shall, on conviction, be
liable to the punishment established for the crime, increased by one
degree, and to the punishment of perpetual general interdiction.
§  O F THE  V IOLATION OF  P UBLIC  P LACES OF  C ONFINEMENT, OF 
THE  E SCAPE OF  P ERSONS IN  C USTODY OR  S USPECTED OR 
S ENTENCED, AND OF THE  H ARBOURING OF  O FFENDERS
Simple escape of a 
person sentenced.
Substituted by:
VII. 1999.6.
151.  Any person under sentence and any other prisoner who
shall be guilty of simple escape or who escapes from the custody of
the person or persons charged with his custody, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six
months but not more than one year.
In this article ''prisoner'' means any person who is confined
in prison and includes a prisoner while he is being moved to or
from a prison or from one prison to another or while he is under
treatment or observation in any hospital. 
Prison breaking.
Substituted by:
VII. 1999.6.
152.  Any prisoner who shall be guilty of escape from any place
of confinement or of punishment, or from a hospital where he is
under treatment or observation, or from the custody of the person
or persons charged with his custody, shall, when the escape has
been effected by violence on the person, or with breaching the
places mentioned, be liable, on conviction, to imprisonment for a
term from two years to four years saving any other punishment to
which he may be subject under any other provision of this Code or
any other law.
In this article ''prisoner'' has the same meaning assigned to
    64               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
it in article 151.
Negligence or 
imprudence of 
person charged 
with the custody, 
etc., of person 
escaping. 
Amended by: 
XXI.1971.15; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
153. Where the escape of any person under arrest or sentence
is effected in consequence of the negligence or imprudence of the
person charged with his custody, care or conveyance, the person so
charged shall, on conviction, be liable -
( a ) if the party escaping is accused of, or sentenced for
any crime liable to a punishment not exceeding two
years’ imprisonment, or if he is in lawful custody for
any cause other than a crime, to imprisonment for a
term from one to three months;
( b ) if the party escaping is accused of, or sentenced for
any crime liable to a punishment exceeding two years
but not exceeding five years’ imprisonment, to
imprisonment for a term from four to six months;
( c ) if the party escaping is accused of, or sentenced for
any crime liable to a punishment exceeding five years’
imprisonment, to imprisonment for a term from seven
months to one year.
Connivance, etc., 
of person charged 
with the custody, 
etc., of person 
escaping.  Amended 
by: XXI.1971.16; 
XLIX. 1981.4,
154.   Where the escape of any person under arrest or sentence is
effected with the connivance of or by bribing the person charged
with his custody, care, or conveyance, the person so charged shall,
in the cases referred to in paragraphs ( a ),   ( b )   and   ( c )   of the last
preceding article, be liable, on conviction, to imprisonment for the
term as respectively fixed in the said paragraphs, increased by one
degree and to the punishment of perpetual general interdiction.
Aggravating 
circumstances.
155.   The punishment laid down in the last two preceding
articles shall be increased by one degree, where the escape is
effected by any of the means mentioned in article 152, or by
conveying into the place of confinement or of punishment any
instrument or weapon to facilitate the escape.
Aiding and 
abetting on the part 
of person not 
charged with the 
custody, etc., of 
person escaping. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1982.2.
156.  Whosoever, not being charged with the custody, care, or
conveyance of any person under arrest or sentence, shall facilitate
or be an accomplice in the escape of such person, shall, on
conviction, be liable to the punishment established for the person
so charged and conniving, decreased by one degree:
Provided that in the cases referred to in the last preceding
article, the offender shall be liable to the same punishment
established for the person so charged and conniving.
Assisting criminals 
to escape from 
Malta. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.17; 
II. 1973.2; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
157.  Whosoever shall knowingly provide the means for
effecting an escape from Malta, whether of a person accused of a
crime or of a person under arrest or sentence for a crime, or of a
person under warrant of arrest for a crime, or of a person who has
committed a crime although not yet sentenced nor under arrest or
warrant of arrest, shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) where the said crime as regards the fugitive is not
liable to a punishment exceeding two years’
imprisonment, to imprisonment for a term from one to
three months;
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             65
( b ) where the said crime as regards the fugitive is liable to
a punishment exceeding two years’ but not five years’
imprisonment, to imprisonment for a term from four to
six months;
( c ) where the said crime as regards the fugitive is liable to
a punishment exceeding five years’ imprisonment, to
imprisonment for a term from seven months to one
year.
Harbouring of 
criminals. 
Amended by: 
VIII.1857.1; 
XXI.1971.18; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
158.  Whosoever shall knowingly harbour or cause to be
harboured any person against whom there is a warrant of arrest for
any offence liable to imprisonment for a term exceeding three
months, or for whom the Executive Police is searching for the
purpose of arresting him for any such offence, or who has escaped
from arrest for any such offence, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from three days to three months.
Exemptions.
descendant, the brother or sister, the father-in-law, or mother-in-
law, the son-in-law or daughter-in-law, the uncle or aunt, the
nephew or niece and the brother-in-law or sister-in-law of any
fugitive or person so harboured, shall be exempted from the
punishments laid down in the last two preceding articles.
Escape from places 
of custody. 
Added by: 
I. 1903.6.
160.    The provisions of articles 151 to 159 inclusively shall
apply in the case of escape of any person lawfully confined from
any place appointed for his custody.
§  O F THE  V IOLATION OF  P UBLIC  M ONUMENTS
Damage to 
monuments, etc.
Amended by:
III. 2002.31.
161. Whosoever shall destroy, throw down, deface, or otherwise
damage any monument, statue, or other object of art, destined for
public utility or public embellishment, and erected by, or with the
permission of the public authority, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from one month to one year or to a fine
( multa ) not exceeding one thousand liri:
Provided that the court may, in minor cases, apply any of
the punishments established for contraventions.
Violation of tombs.
Amended by:
III. 2002.32.
162.  Whosoever shall violate any tomb or burial place, publicly
acknowledged as such, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from one to eighteen months or to a fine
( multa ) not exceeding five hundred liri.
    66               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Title IV
Added by: 
XXVIII. 1933.1.
O F  C RIMES AGAINST THE  R ELIGIOUS  S ENTIMENT
Vilification of the 
Roman Catholic 
Apostolic 
Religion. 
Added by: 
XXVIII. 1933.2.
163.  Whosoever by words, gestures, written matter, whether
printed or not, or pictures or by some other visible means, publicly
vilifies the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion which is the
religion of Malta, or gives offence to the Roman Catholic Apostolic
Religion by vilifying those who profess such religion or its
ministers, or anything which forms the object of, or is consecrated
to, or is necessarily destined for Roman Catholic worship, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one to six
months.
Vilification of 
other cults 
tolerated by law. 
Added by:
XXVIII. 1933.2.
164.  Whosoever commits any of the acts referred to in the last
preceding article against any cult tolerated by law, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one to three
months.
Obstruction of 
religious services.
Added by: 
XXVIII. 1933.2.
165. (1) Whosoever impedes or disturbs the performance of
any function, ceremony or religious service of the Roman Catholic
Apostolic Religion or of any other religion tolerated by law, which
is carried out with the assistance of a minister of religion or in any
place of worship or in any public place or place open to the public
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding one year.
(2) If any act amounting to threat or violence against the person
is committed, the punishment shall be imprisonment for a term
from six months to two years.
Title V
O F  C RIMES AFFECTING  P UBLIC  T RUST 
Sub-title I
O F  F ORGERY OF  P APERS,  S TAMPS AND  S EALS
Forgery of 
Government 
debentures. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1913.4; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
166. (1) Whosoever shall forge any Government debenture for
sums advanced on loan to the Government, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from three to five years, with or
without solitary confinement.
(2) The same punishment shall apply where the forgery
consists in opening a credit relative to such loan in the books of the
Government Treasury.
(3) Where the forgery consists in the endorsement of a genuine
Government debenture, the offender shall, on conviction, be liable
to imprisonment for a term from thirteen months to four years, with
or without solitary confinement.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             67
Forgery of 
documents. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1913.5; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
167. (1) Whosoever shall forge any schedule, ticket, order or
other document whatsoever, upon the presentation of which any
payment may be obtained, or any delivery of goods effected, or a
deposit or pledge withdrawn from any public office or from any
bank or other public institution established by the Government, or
recognized by any public act of the Government, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from thirteen
months to four years, with or without solitary confinement.
(2) The same punishment shall apply where the crime consists
in the forgery of any entry in the books of any such office, bank or
other institution, relating to any such payment, goods, deposit, or
pledge.
(3) Where the forgery consists only in the endorsement of a
genuine schedule, ticket, order, or document, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from nine months
to three years, with or without solitary confinement.
Forgery of 
Government 
debentures and 
documents by 
public officers.  
Amended by: 
IV. 1882.1.
168. (1) Any public officer or servant who, by abuse of his
office or employment, becomes guilty of any of the crimes referred
to in the last two preceding articles, shall, on conviction, be liable
to the punishment therein prescribed for any such crime, increased
by one degree.
(2) The same punishment shall apply to any public officer or
servant who shall knowingly re-issue any order for payment of
money or any of the documents mentioned in the last preceding
article, after the payment or the delivery of the goods obtainable
upon the presentation of such order or document has been effected.
Use of forged 
debentures or 
documents.
169.  Whosoever shall knowingly make use of any of the
instruments specified in articles 166, 167 and 168 shall, on
conviction, be liable to the same punishment as the principal
offender.
Forgery of 
Government, 
judicial or official 
acts. 
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.14; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
170. (1) Whosoever shall forge any act containing an order or
resolution of the Government of Malta, and whosoever shall forge
any judgment, decree, or order of any court, judge, magistrate, or
public officer, whereby any obligation is imposed or terminated, or
any claim allowed or disallowed, or whereby any person is
acquitted or convicted on any criminal charge, shall, on conviction,
be liable to imprisonment for a term from two to four years, with or
without solitary confinement.
Making use of 
forged acts.
(2) Whosoever shall knowingly make use of any such forged
act, judgment, decree or order, shall, on conviction, be liable to the
same punishment as the principal offender.
Forgery of acts or 
use of forged acts 
by public officer or 
servant.
(3) Where the person guilty of any of the crimes referred to in
this article is a public officer or servant specially charged with the
drawing up, registration, or custody of any such act, judgment,
decree or order, the punishment shall be increased by one degree.
    68               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Counterfeiting the 
Public Seal of 
Malta.
Amended by: 
XV. 1937.3; 
XXVII. 1975.15; 
XLIX.1981.4.
171.  Whosoever shall counterfeit the Public Seal of Malta, or
shall knowingly make use of such counterfeited seal, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from three to five
years, with or without solitary confinement.
Counterfeiting of 
seals, stamps, or 
other Government 
marks. 
Amended by:
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.33.
172. (1) Whosoever, except in the cases referred to in the last
preceding article, shall counterfeit any seal, stamp, or other mark,
used for sealing, stamping, marking, authenticating or certifying, in
the name of the Government or of any of the authorities thereof,
documents or effects, whether public or private property, or which
are under the public guarantee, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from thirteen months to three years, with
or without solitary confinement.
Making use of 
counterfeited seal, 
stamp, or mark. 
(2) Whosoever shall knowingly make use of any such seal,
stamp, or mark and whosoever shall knowingly and without lawful
authority be in possession of the said objects, shall be liable to the
same punishment.
Counterfeiting 
postage stamps, 
and making use of 
same. 
Added by: 
XVI. 1900.137. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
173.  Whosoever shall counterfeit postage stamps, or shall
knowingly make use of counterfeited postage stamps, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two
years, with or without solitary confinement.
Possessing 
counterfeited 
postage stamps, 
dies, etc. 
Added by. 
XVI.1900.137.
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.16.
174. (1) Whosoever, without the special permission of the
Government, shall knowingly keep in his possession counterfeited
postage stamps, dies, machines or instruments intended for the
manufacture of postage stamps, shall, on conviction, be liable to
the punishment established in the last preceding article.
(2) The provisions contained in this and in the last preceding
article shall also apply in regard to any stamp denoting a rate of
postage of any foreign country.
Purchasing or 
having in 
possession certain 
paper before it has 
been duly stamped 
and issued. 
Added by: 
XVI.1900.137. 
Amended by: 
VIII.1909.9.
175.  The same punishment established in article 173 shall apply
to any person who, without lawful authority or excuse, (the proof
whereof shall lie on the person accused), knowingly purchases or
receives, or takes or has in his custody or possession any paper
exclusively manufactured or provided by or under the authority of
the Government of Malta, for use as envelopes, wrappers or
postage stamps, and for receiving the impression of stamp dies,
plates or other instruments provided, made or used by or under the
authority of the Government for postal purposes, before such paper
has received such impression and has been issued for public use.
Act of 
counterfeiting 
Public Seal of 
Malta, stamps, etc., 
defined.
176.  There shall be forgery within the meaning of articles 171
and 172, not only if a false instrument is made or affixed but also if
the genuine instrument is fraudulently affixed.
Punishment for 
counterfeiting 
Public Seal of 
Malta, stamps, etc., 
when committed 
by public officers.
177.  Where the person guilty of any of the crimes referred to in
articles 171, 172 and 176 is a public officer or servant charged with
the direction, custody, or proper application of the seals, stamps, or
other instruments, the punishment shall be increased by one degree.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             69
Exemption from 
punishment. 
Substituted by: 
IX. 1982.2.
178.  Any person guilty of any of the crimes referred to in
articles 166 to 177 inclusively, shall be exempted from punishment
if, before the completion of such crime and previously to any
proceedings, he shall have given the first information thereof and
revealed the offenders to the competent authorities.
Sub-title II
O F  F ORGERY OF OTHER  P UBLIC OR  P RIVATE  W RITINGS
Forgery of acts by 
public officer. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
179.  Saving the cases referred to in the preceding sub-title, any
public officer or servant who shall, in the exercise of his functions,
commit forgery by any false signature, or by the alteration of any
act, writing, or signature, or by inserting the name of any
supposititious person, or by any writing made or entered in any
register or other public act, when already formed or completed,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from two
to four years, with or without solitary confinement.
Fraudulent 
alteration of acts 
by public officer. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
180.  Any public officer or servant who, in drawing up any act
within the scope of his duties, shall fraudulently alter the substance
or the circumstances thereof, whether by inserting any stipulation
different from that dictated or drawn up by the parties, or by
declaring as true what is false, or as an acknowledged fact a fact
which is not acknowledged as such, shall, on conviction, be liable
to the punishment established in the last preceding article or to
imprisonment for a term from eighteen months to three years, with
or without solitary confinement.
Delivery of 
writings falsely 
purporting to be 
copies of public 
acts which do not 
exist.  
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
181.  Any public officer or servant who shall give out any
writing in a legal form, representing it to be a copy of a public act
when such act does not exist, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from thirteen months to two years, with or
without solitary confinement.
Delivery of copies 
of acts differing 
from the original.
182. (1) The punishment laid down in the last preceding
article shall be applied where the forgery is committed by the
public officer or servant on a legal and authentic copy, by giving
out the same in virtue of his office, in a manner contrary to or
different from the original, without this being altered or
suppressed.
Penalty in case of 
negligence.
(2) Where such copy is so given out by the mere negligence of
the public officer or servant, he shall, on conviction, be liable to a
fine ( multa ).
Forgery of public, 
commercial or 
private bank 
documents by 
person not being a 
public officer. 
Amended by: 
VI.1871.10; 
XLIX.1981.4.
183.  Any other person who shall commit forgery of any
authentic and public instrument or of any commercial document or
private bank document, by counterfeiting or altering the writing or
signature, by feigning any fictitious agreement, disposition,
obligation or discharge, or by the insertion of any such agreement,
disposition, obligation or discharge in any of the said instruments
or documents after the formation thereof, or by any addition to or
    70               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
alteration of any clause, declaration or fact which such instruments
or documents were intended to contain or prove, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from thirteen
months to four years, with or without solitary confinement.
Malicious use of 
false documents.
184.   Any person who shall knowingly make use of any of the
false acts, writings, instruments or documents mentioned in the
preceding articles of this sub-title, shall, on conviction, be liable to
the punishment established for the forger.
Issue of false 
declarations or 
certificates. 
Amended by: 
VI.1871.11; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
185. (1) Saving the cases referred to in the preceding articles
of this Title, where any public officer or servant who, by reason of
his office, is bound to make or issue any declaration or certificate,
shall falsely make or issue such declaration or certificate, he shall,
on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from nine
months to three years.
(2) Where the falsification is committed by any person, other
than a public officer or servant acting with abuse of authority, the
punishment shall be imprisonment for a term from seven months to
two years.
Malicious use of 
false declarations 
or certificates.
186.  Whosoever shall knowingly make use of any of the
documents mentioned in the last preceding article, shall, on
conviction, be liable to the same punishment established for the
author thereof.
Forgery of private 
writings. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
187. (1) Whosoever shall, by any of the means specified in
article 179, commit forgery of any private writing tending to cause
injury to any person or to procure gain, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from seven months to three years,
with or without solitary confinement.
Malicious use of 
forged private 
writings.
(2) Whosoever shall knowingly make use thereof, shall be
liable to the same punishment.
False declarations 
or information to a 
public authority. 
Added by:
XIII. 1980.4.
188.  Whosoever, in order to gain any advantage or benefit for
himself or others, shall, in any document intended for any public
authority, knowingly make a false declaration or statement, or give
false information, shall, on conviction, be liable to the punishment
of imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to a fine
( multa ):
Provided that nothing in this article shall affect the
applicability of any other law providing for a higher punishment.
G ENERAL  P ROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THIS  T ITLE
Other kinds of 
forgery and use of 
forged documents. 
Amended by:
IX.1911.10. 
Substituted by: 
V.1956.16.
189.  Whosoever shall commit any other kind of forgery, or
shall knowingly make use of any other forged document, not
provided for in the preceding articles of this Title, shall be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, and if he is a
public officer or servant acting with abuse of his office or
employment, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term
from seven months to one year.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             71
Definition of docu-
ment, etc.
Added by:
III. 2002.34.
189A.  For the purposes of this Title, "document", "instrument",
"writing" and "book" include any card, disc, tape, soundtrack or
other device on or in which information is or may be recorded or
stored by mechanical, electronic or other means.
Additional 
punishment of 
perpetual general 
interdiction.
190.  In all crimes of forgery when committed by public officers
or servants, the punishment of perpetual general interdiction shall
always be added to the punishment laid down for the crime.
Title VI
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.23 .
O F  C RIMES AGAINST  P UBLIC  T RADE 
O F  B ANKRUPTCY  O FFENCES
Fraudulent 
bankruptcy. 
Amended by: 
IX.1859.12; 
VI. 1871.12; 
XI. 1900.23; XLIX. 
1981.4.
191.  A bankrupt trader shall be declared guilty of fraudulent
bankruptcy and shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term
from eighteen months to three years, in each of the cases following:
( a ) if he conceals or falsifies his books;
( b ) if he misapplies, conceals or dissembles any part of his
assets;
( c ) if he simulates fictitious debts;
( d ) if in his books or in any public or private writing he
fraudulently acknowledges himself debtor of any sum
which is not due.
Circumstances 
which give rise to 
simple bankruptcy. 
Amended by: 
IX. I859.13; 
VI. 1871.12; 
XI. 1900.23.
192. A bankrupt trader shall be declared guilty of simple
bankruptcy and shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term
from seven months to one year, in each of the cases following:
( a ) if his personal expenses or those of his family have
been excessive, having regard to his means;
( b ) if he has spent a considerable part of his estate in
purely hazardous or obviously rash transactions;
( c ) if, with the object of delaying his bankruptcy, he has
purchased goods with the intention of re-selling them
below the market value and has actually so re-sold
them, or if he has had recourse to loans, to
indorsement of mercantile documents or to other
ruinous means for the purpose of obtaining funds;
( d ) if, after having stopped payments, he has continued to
carry on business;
( e ) if, after having stopped payments, he has paid or given
any undue preference to any creditor to the prejudice
of the general body of creditors:
Provided that the court may, according to circumstances,
decrease the punishment laid down in this article, from one to three
degrees.
    72               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Bankruptcy of 
broker. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.23.
193.  Any broker who, in the course of the habitual exercise of
his trade, becomes a bankrupt, shall be liable to the punishment laid
down in the last preceding article.
Circumstances 
which may give 
rise to simple 
bankruptcy. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.23.
194.  A bankrupt trader can be declared guilty of simple
bankruptcy and be liable to the punishment laid down in article
192, in each of the cases following:
( a ) if he has not kept the books prescribed by law, or has
irregularly kept such books, or if such books do not
show his true financial position, (debit and credit);
( b ) if, being lawfully summoned for examination before
the competent authority and not being lawfully
prevented, he fails to attend within the period fixed for
his appearance.
Complicity in 
bankruptcy.  
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.23.
195. Complicity in bankruptcy shall be restricted solely to those
persons who collude with the bankrupt to defraud his creditors:
Provided that no charge of complicity shall lie against
any person - 
( a ) who, having simulated claims against the bankrupt,
shall not have made such claims in the bankruptcy
proceedings, either in his own name or through an
intermediary;
( b ) who, having colluded with the bankrupt for
misapplying, concealing, or dissembling any part of
his assets, shall first disclose the fact to the competent
authority and shall furnish or indicate the means by
which the things misapplied, concealed, or dissembled
may be recovered.
Title VII
O F  C RIMES AFFECTING THE  G OOD  O RDER OF  F AMILIES
 Sub-title I
O F  C RIMES RELATING TO THE  R ECIPROCAL  D UTIES OF THE 
M EMBERS OF A  F AMILY
Bigamy.  
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
196.  A husband or wife who, during the subsistence of a lawful
marriage, contracts a second marriage, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from thirteen months to four
years.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             73
Prostituting of 
descendant under 
age by ascendant. 
Amended by:
VIII.1909.10; 
XIV.1918.2; 
XLVI.1973.108; 
XLIX.1981.4; 
IV.1994.3.
197. (1) Any ascendant by consanguinity or affinity who, by
the use of violence or by threats, compels, or, by deceit, induces
any descendant under age to prostitution, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from three to six years, with or
without solitary confinement.
Prostituting of 
spouse under age 
or of minor by 
husband or wife or 
tutor.
(2) The same punishment shall be applied to any husband or
wife or tutor who, by the use of violence or by threats, compels, or,
by deceit, induces to prostitution his or her spouse under age or the
minor under his or her tutorship.
Prostituting of 
descendant or 
spouse of age, by 
ascendant or 
husband or wife.
(3) If the ascendant or the husband or wife, by the use of
violence or by threats, compels, or, by deceit, induces the
descendant or his or her spouse, of age, to prostitution, he or she
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment of a term from one
to four years, with or without solitary confinement.
Consequences of 
conviction.
(4) A conviction under this article shall entail the forfeiture of
every authority and right granted to the offender over the person or
property of the husband or wife or of the descendant to whose
prejudice the offence shall have been committed, and, in the case of
the tutor, his removal from the tutorship and his perpetual disability
from holding the office of tutor.
Sub-title II
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.24.
O F  C RIMES AGAINST THE  P EACE AND  H ONOUR OF  F AMILIES, 
AND AGAINST  M ORALS
Rape or carnal 
knowledge with 
violence. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.26; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
198.  Whosoever shall, by violence, have carnal knowledge of a
person of either sex, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment
for a term from three to nine years, with or without solitary
confinement.
Abduction. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
199. (1) Whosoever shall, by violence, abduct any person,
with intent to abuse or marry such person, shall, on conviction, be
liable, in the first case, to imprisonment for a term from eighteen
months to three years, with or without solitary confinement, and, in
the second case, to imprisonment for a term from nine to eighteen
months.
(2) The punishments laid down in subarticle (1) shall apply to
any person who shall, by fraud or seduction, abduct any person
under the age of eighteen years, who is under the authority of a
parent or tutor, or under the care of another person, or in an
educational establishment.
Where offender 
restores person 
abducted. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.15; 
IV. 1994.4.
200. (1) If the offender under the last preceding article shall
within twenty-four hours voluntarily release the person abducted
without having abused such person, and shall restore such person to
the family, or to his or her place of custody, or shall convey such
person to any other place of safety, the punishment shall be
    74               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
imprisonment for a term from one to three months.
Where offender 
marries person 
abducted.
(2) In such case, if the offender, after abducting a person, shall
marry such person, he shall not be liable to prosecution, except on
the complaint of the party whose consent, according to the civil
laws, would be required for the marriage; and if the marriage takes
place after the conviction, the penal consequences thereof shall
cease and the party convicted shall, upon his application, be
forthwith released by order of the court.
Presumption of 
violence in cases of 
carnal knowledge 
and indecent 
assault. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.27.
201.  Unlawful carnal knowledge and any other indecent
assault, shall be presumed to be accompanied with violence - 
( a ) when it is committed on any person under twelve years
of age;
( b ) when the person abused was unable to offer resistance
owing to physical or mental infirmity, or for any other
cause independent of the act of the offender, or in
consequence of any fraudulent device used by the
offender.
Aggravating 
circumstances. 
Amended by. 
XI.1900.28.
202.    The punishment prescribed for any of the crimes referred
to in the preceding articles of this sub-title, shall be increased by
one degree in each of the following cases:
( a ) when the offender has availed himself of his capacity
of public officer, or when the offender is a servant of
the injured party, with salary or other remuneration;
( b ) when the crime is committed by any ascendant, tutor,
or institutor on any person under eighteen years of age;
( c ) when the crime is committed on any prisoner by the
person charged with the custody or conveyance of
such prisoner;
( d ) when the offender has, in the commission of the crime,
been aided by one or more persons;
( e ) when the offender has, in the commission of the crime,
made use of any arms proper;
( f ) when the person on whom the crime is committed, or
any other person who has come to the assistance of
that person, has sustained any bodily harm;
( g ) when the person carnally known has not completed the
age of nine years.
Defilement of 
minors.  
Amended by:
III. I885.1;
VIII. 1909.16; 
XIV. 1918.3;
II. 1973.4;
XLIX. 1981.4; 
IV. 1994.5.
203. (1) Whosoever, by lewd acts, defiles a minor of either
sex, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three years, with or without solitary confinement:
Aggravating 
circumstances.
Provided that the offence shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term from three to six years, with or without
solitary confinement, in each of the following cases:
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             75
( a ) if the offence is committed on a person who has not
completed the age of twelve years, or with violence; 
( b ) if the offence is committed by means of threats or
deceit;
( c ) if the offence is committed by any ascendant by
consanguinity or affinity, or by the adoptive father or
mother, or by the tutor of the minor, or by any other
person charged, even though temporarily, with the
care, education, instruction, control or custody of the
minor.
Applicability of 
article 197 (4).
(2) The provisions of article 197(4) shall also apply in the case
of an offence under this article, when the offence is committed by
any ascendant or tutor.
Complaint of 
injured party.
(3) No proceedings shall be instituted in respect of any offence
under this article except on the complaint of the injured party: 
Inadmissibility of 
complaint.
Provided that where the offence is not accompanied by any
of the circumstances as to fact or person mentioned in subarticle
(1)( a ) ,  ( b ) ,  and ( c ), the complaint shall not be admissible after the
lapse of one year from the day on which the act was committed or
knowledge thereof was obtained by the person entitled to lodge the
complaint in lieu of the injured party:
Proceedings  ex 
officio.
Provided further that proceedings shall be instituted  ex
officio -
( a ) in any of the cases referred to in the proviso to article
544;
( b ) when the act is committed with abuse of parental
authority or of tutorship.
Instigation, etc., of 
defilement of 
minors.
Added by:
III. 2002.35.
203A.  Whosoever, by any means other than those mentioned in
article 203(1), instigates, encourages or facilitates the defilement of
a minor of either sex, shall, on conviction be liable to imprisonment
for a term not exceeding two years and the provisions of article
203(2) and (3) shall,  mutatis mutandis , apply to an offence under
this article: 
Provided that the offence shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term not exceeding four years in any of the
cases referred to in the proviso to article 203(1).
Inducing, etc., 
persons under age 
to prostitution. 
Added by:
XIV. 1918.4. 
Amended by:
IX. 1935.2;
XLIX. 1981.4; 
XXIX. 1990.6; 
IV. 1994.6.
204. (1) Whosoever in order to gratify the lust of any other
person induces a person under age to practise prostitution, or
instigates the defilement of such person, or encourages or
facilitates the prostitution or defilement of such person, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from eighteen
months to four years, with or without solitary confinement:
Aggravating 
circumstances.
Provided that the offence shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term from two to six years, with or without
solitary confinement, in each of the following cases:
( a ) if the offence is committed to the prejudice of a person
    76               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
who has not completed the age of twelve years;
( b ) if the offence is committed by deceit;
( c ) if the offence is committed by any ascendant by
consanguinity or affinity, by the adoptive father or
mother, by the husband or wife or tutor of the minor,
or by any other person charged, even though
temporarily, with the care, eduction, instruction,
control or custody of the minor;
( d ) if the offence is committed habitually or for gain.
(2) The provisions of article 197(4) shall also apply in the case
of any offence under this article, when the offence is committed by
the husband or the wife, by an ascendant or by the tutor.
Compelling or 
inducing person of 
age to prostitution. 
Added by:
XIV. 1918.4. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4. 
Substituted by: 
IV. 1994.7.
205.  Whosoever in order to gratify the lust of any other person,
by the use of violence, compels or, by deceit, induces a person of
age, to practise prostitution, shall, where the act committed does
not constitute a more serious offence, be liable, on conviction, to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, with or without
solitary confinement:
Provided that the offence shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term from one to four years, if it is committed- 
( a ) with abuse of authority, of trust or of domestic
relations; or
( b ) habitually or for gain.
Proof of carnal 
connection. 
Substituted by:
II. 1973.6.
206. The crimes referred to in this Title to constitute which
there must be a carnal connection shall be deemed to be complete
by the commencement of the connection, and it shall not be
necessary to prove any further acts.
Violent indecent 
assault. 
Amended by:
VI. 1871.13; 
XI.1900.30; 
VIII. 1909.17; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
207.  Whosoever shall be guilty of any violent indecent assault
which does not, in itself, constitute any of the crimes, either
completed or attempted, referred to in the preceding articles of this
sub-title, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term
from three months to one year:
Provided that in the cases referred to in article 202, the
punishment shall be increased by one degree.
Offences relating 
to pornographic or 
obscene articles. 
Added by: 
XXVII. 1975.17. 
Amended by: 
XIII. 1983.5.
208. (1) Whosoever, for gain, or for distribution, or for display
in a public place or in a place accessible to the public,
manufactures, prints or otherwise makes, or introduces into Malta,
or acquires, keeps, puts in circulation or exports, any pornographic
or obscene print, painting, photograph, film, book, card or writing,
or any other pornographic or obscene article whatsoever, whether
similar to the above or not, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine
( multa ) not exceeding two hundred liri, or to both such
imprisonment and fine.
(2) Whosoever trades in any article mentioned in subarticle (1),
even if such trade is clandestine, or distributes any such article or
displays any such article in public or in a place accessible to the
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             77
public, shall, on conviction, be liable to the punishment prescribed
in subarticle (1).
(3) For the purposes of this article an article shall be regarded
as pornographic or obscene if it is so described or defined by
regulations made under subarticle (4) or is otherwise to be so
regarded in accordance with any regulation made as aforesaid.
(4) The Minister responsible for justice shall, in consultation
with the committee established under subarticle (5), make
regulations for the purpose of describing or defining or otherwise
establishing what is to be regarded as pornographic or obscene for
the purposes of this article and may by such regulations make
provision regarding the criteria to be followed for that purpose and
may make different provision for different circumstances and
different purposes.
(5) There shall be a committee whose functions shall be to
advise the Minister responsible for justice in making regulations
under this article. The committee shall consist of the said Minister,
who shall be the chairman, and four members of the House of
Representatives appointed by the Prime Minister after he has
consulted the Leader of the Opposition.
(6) Without prejudice to any other right competent to him, any
member of the committee may request that any regulation made
under this article with which he disagrees be discussed in the House
of Representatives; and upon receipt of any such request in writing,
the Minister responsible for justice shall ensure that the matter is
discussed in the House as early as practicable.
Indecent photo-
graphs, films, etc., 
of persons under 
age.
Added by:
III. 2002.36.
208A.  (1) Any citizen or permanent resident of Malta, whether
in Malta or outside Malta, as well as any person in Malta, who
takes or permits to be taken any indecent photograph, film, video
recording or electronic image of a minor, or distributes or shows
such indecent photograph, film, video recording or electronic
image, or is in possession of such indecent photograph, film, or
video recording or electronic image, shall, on conviction, be liable
to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine
( multa ) not exceeding two hundred liri, or to both such
imprisonment and fine:
Provided that for the purposes of this article the expression
"permanent resident" shall have the same meaning assigned to it by
article 5(1)( d ).
(2) A photograph, film, video recording or electronic image
shall, if it shows a person under age and is indecent, be treated for
all purposes of this article as an indecent photograph, film, video
recording or electronic image.
(3) Where the offence referred to in subarticle (1) is committed
by any ascendant by consanguinity or affinity, or by the adoptive
father or mother, or by the tutor, or by any other person charged,
even though temporarily, with the care, education, instruction,
control or custody of the person under age shown in the
photograph, film, video recording or electronic image, or where
such person under age has not completed the age of nine years, the
    78               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
punishment shall be of imprisonment for a term from seven months
to one year, with or without solitary confinement, and the
provisions of article 197(4) shall also apply.
(4) Where a person is charged with distributing or showing, or
with being in possession of, any indecent photograph, film, video
recording or electronic image under subarticle (1), it shall be a
defence for him to prove that he had a legitimate reason for
distributing or showing, or for having in his possession, such
photograph, film, video recording or electronic image, or that he
had not himself seen the photograph, film, video recording or
electronic image, and neither knew nor had any reason to suspect
them to be indecent.
(5) For the purposes of article 635(1)( a ), the person under age
shown in any such photograph, film, video recording or electronic
image shall be deemed to be the person against whom the offence is
committed.
(6) In this article references to a photograph includes the
negative as well as the positive version.
Offences against 
decency or morals 
committed in 
public.
209.  Whosoever, except in the cases referred to in the
preceding articles of this sub-title or in any other provision of law,
shall commit an offence against decency or morals, by any act
committed in a public place or in a place exposed to the public,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three months and to a fine ( multa ).
Sub-title III
O F  C RIMES TENDING TO  P REVENT OR  D ESTROY THE  P ROOF OF 
THE  S TATUS OF A  C HILD
Kidnapping or 
concealing an 
infant, etc. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
210.  Any person found guilty of kidnapping, or concealing, an
infant, or of suppressing its birth, or of substituting one infant for
another, or of suppositiously representing an infant to have been
born of a woman who had not been delivered of a child, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from eighteen
months to three years.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             79
Title VIII
O F  C RIMES AGAINST THE  P ERSON
Sub-title I
O F  W ILFUL  H OMICIDE
Wilful homicide. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.7; 
XXI.1971.19; 
XLIX.1981.4.
211. (1) Whosoever shall be guilty of wilful homicide shall be
punished with imprisonment for life.
Definition of 
"wilful homicide".
(2) A person shall be guilty of wilful homicide if, maliciously,
with intent to kill another person or to put the life of such other
person in manifest jeopardy, he causes the death of such other
person.
Death outside the 
jurisdiction, of a 
person stricken 
within the 
jurisdiction.
(3) Where the offender gives cause to the death of a person
within the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of Malta, the
homicide shall be deemed to be wholly completed within the limits
of the said jurisdiction, notwithstanding that the death of such
person occurs outside such limits.
Where the offender 
did not intend to 
cause the death of 
any person in 
particular, or 
where the offender 
kills a person other 
than the intended 
victim.
212.  The provisions contained in the last preceding article shall
also apply even though the offender did not intend to cause the
death of any particular person, or, by mistake or accident, shall
have killed some person other than the person whom he intended to
kill.
Inciting or helping 
others to commit 
suicide. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.31. 
Amended by: 
XLIX.1981.4.
213.  Whosoever shall prevail on any person to commit suicide
or shall give him any assistance, shall, if the suicide takes place, be
liable, on conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
twelve years.
Sub-title II
O F  W ILFUL  O FFENCES AGAINST THE  P ERSON
Bodily harm. 
Amended by:
XI. 1900.32.
214.   Whosoever, without intent to kill or to put the life of any
person in manifest jeopardy, shall cause harm to the body or health
of another person, or shall cause to such other person a mental
derangement, shall be guilty of bodily harm.
Grievous or slight 
bodily harm.
215.   A bodily harm may be either grievous or slight.
    80               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Grievous bodily 
harm. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.8; 
VI.1871.14; 
XI. 1900.32; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
216.  (1) A bodily harm is deemed to be grievous and is
punishable with imprisonment for a term from three months to
three years - 
( a ) if it can give rise to danger of - 
(i)  loss of life; or
(ii)  any permanent debility of the health or
permanent functional debility of any organ of
the body; or
(iii) any permanent defect in any part of the physical
structure of the body; or
(iv)  any permanent mental infirmity;
( b )  if it causes any deformity or disfigurement in the face,
neck, or either of the hands of the person injured;
( c ) if it is caused by any wound which penetrates into one
of the cavities of the body, without producing any of
the effects mentioned in article 218;
( d ) if it causes any mental or physical infirmity lasting for
a period of thirty days or more; or if the party injured
is incapacitated, for a like period, from attending to his
occupation;
( e ) if, being committed on a woman with child, it hastens
delivery.
(2) Where the person injured shall have recovered without ever
having been, during the illness, in actual danger of life or of the
effects mentioned in subarticle (1)( a ), it shall be deemed that the
harm could have given rise to such danger only where the danger
was probable in view of the nature or the natural consequences of
the harm.
Grievous bodily 
harm with arms 
proper, etc. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.2; 
VI.1871.14; 
XI.1900.32; 
XLIX. 1981.4; 
XIV. 1983.3.  
Cap. 446.
217.  A grievous bodily harm is punishable with imprisonment
for a term from five months to four years if it is committed with
arms proper, or with a cutting or pointed instrument, or by means of
any explosive, or any burning or corrosive fluid or substance:
Provided that where the offence is committed by means of
any explosive fluid or substance the minimum punishment shall be
imprisonment for two years and the provisions of the Probation Act
shall not be applicable.
Other cases of 
grievous bodily 
harm.
Amended by: 
IX.1859.14; 
V. 1868.9; 
XI. 1900.32; 
XLIX. 1981.4; 
XIV. 1983.4.
218. (1) A grievous bodily harm is punishable with
imprisonment for a term from nine months to nine years - 
( a )  if it causes any permanent debility of the health or any
permanent functional debility of any organ of the
body, or any permanent defect in any part of the
physical structure of the body, or any permanent
mental infirmity;
( b ) if it causes any serious and permanent disfigurement
of the face, neck, or either of the hands of the person
injured;
( c )  if, being committed on a woman with child, it causes
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             81
miscarriage.
(2) Any debility of the health or any functional debility of any
organ of the body, and any mental infirmity, serious disfigurement,
or defect shall be deemed to be permanent even when it is probably
so.
(3) The punishment for the offences referred to in subarticle (1)
shall be that established in article 312(2) if the bodily harm is
committed by means of any explosive fluid or substance.
Decrease of 
punishment in case 
of supervening 
accidental cause. 
Amended by: 
V. 1868.10; 
XI. 1900.32.
219.  The punishments laid down in articles 216 and 218 shall
be decreased by one or two degrees if a supervening accidental
cause has contributed to produce the effects mentioned in the said
articles.
Grievous bodily 
harm from which 
death ensues.
Amended by: 
V.1868.11; 
XI.1900.32; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
220. (1) Whosoever shall be guilty of a grievous bodily harm
from which death shall ensue solely as a result of the nature or the
natural consequences of the harm and not of any supervening
accidental cause, shall be liable - 
( a ) to imprisonment for a term from six to twenty years, if
death shall ensue within forty days to be reckoned
from the midnight immediately preceding the crime;
( b )  to imprisonment for a term from four to twelve years,
if death shall ensue after the said forty days, but within
one year to be reckoned as above.
(2) If death shall ensue as a result of a supervening accidental
cause and not solely as a result of the nature or the natural
consequences of the harm, the offender shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from three to nine years.
(3) If the bodily harm is inflicted within the limits of the
territorial jurisdiction of Malta, the crime shall be held to have
been completed within those limits, even if the death of the person
injured shall occur outside those limits.
Slight bodily harm.
Amended by: 
VIII.1857.3, 5; 
VI.1871.15; 
II.1886.8; 
XI. 1900.32; 
I.1903.7; 
VIII.1909.19;
IX. 1911.12.
221. (1) A bodily harm which does not produce any of the
effects referred to in the preceding articles of this sub-title, shall be
deemed to be slight, and shall be punishable with imprisonment for
a term not exceeding three months, or with a fine ( multa ).
(2) Where the offence is committed by any of the means
referred to in article 217, it shall be punishable with imprisonment
for a term from two months to one year.
Where effect of 
bodily harm is of 
small consequence.
(3) Where the effect, considered both physically and morally,
is of small consequence to the injured party, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to - 
( a ) imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or
a fine ( multa ), if the offence is committed by any of
the means referred to in article 217, or is committed on
any of the persons mentioned in article 222(1)( a ) and
( b );
( b ) the punishments established for contraventions, in any
    82               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
other case.
Complaint by 
injured party.
(4) In the cases referred to in subarticles (1) and (3),
proceedings may not be taken except on the complaint of the
injured party, unless the offence is committed on any of the persons
mentioned in article 222(1)( b ).
Aggravating 
circumstances. 
Amended by:
VIII. 1857.4;ż
XXXII. 1986.2;
III. 2002.37.
222. (1) The punishments established in articles 216, 217, 218
and 220, and in subarticles (1) and (2) of the last preceding article
shall be increased by one degree when the harm is committed -
( a ) on the person of the father, mother, or any other
legitimate and natural ascendant, or on the person of a
legitimate and natural brother or sister, or on the
person of the husband or wife, or on the person of the
natural father or mother;
( b ) on the person of any witness or referee who shall have
given evidence or an opinion in any suit, and on
account of such evidence or opinion, or on the person
of a child under nine years of age;
( c ) on the person of whosoever was a public officer or was
lawfully charged with a public duty or is or was an
officer or employee of a body corporate established by
law and the offence was committed because of that
person having exercised his functions.
No increase of 
punishment in case 
of mistake or 
accident.
(2) Nevertheless, no increase of punishment shall take place
where the offender, without intent to cause harm to any particular
person, or with intent to cause harm to some other person, shall, by
mistake or accident, cause harm to any of the persons referred to in
subarticle (1)( a )   and   ( b ).
Increase of 
punishment in 
certain cases. 
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.7.
Amended by:
III. 2002.38.
222A.   The punishments established in the foregoing provisions
of this sub-title shall be increased by one or two degrees when the
harm is committed on a person who has attained the age of sixty
years or on a person suffering from a degree of physical or mental
infirmity in consequence of which he is unable to defend himself
adequately.
Sub-title III
O F  J USTIFIABLE  H OMICIDE OR  B ODILY  H ARM
Justifiable 
homicide or bodily 
harm.
223.  No offence is committed when a homicide or a bodily
harm is ordered or permitted by law or by a lawful authority, or is
imposed by actual necessity either in lawful self-defence or in the
lawful defence of another person.
Cases of lawful 
defence.
224.  Cases of actual necessity of lawful defence shall include
the following:
( a ) where the homicide or bodily harm is committed in the
act of repelling, during the night-time, the scaling or
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             83
breaking of enclosures, walls, or the entrance doors of
any house or inhabited apartment, or of the
appurtenances thereof having a direct or an indirect
communication with such house or apartment;
( b ) where the homicide or bodily harm is committed in the
act of defence against any person committing theft or
plunder, with violence, or attempting to commit such
theft or plunder;
( c ) where the homicide or bodily harm is imposed by the
actual necessity of the defence of one’s own chastity
or of the chastity of another person.
Sub-title IV
O F  I NVOLUNTARY  H OMICIDE OR  B ODILY  H ARM
Involuntary 
homicide. 
Amended by:
IX. 1859.15; 
VI.1871.16; 
XI. 1900.33;
III. 1971.4;
XIII. 1980.5;
XIII. 1983.5;
III. 2002.39.
225.  Whosoever, through imprudence, carelessness,
unskilfulness in his art or profession, or non-observance of
regulations, causes the death of any person, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding four years or to a
fine ( multa ) not exceeding five thousand liri.
Involuntary bodily 
harm.
Amended by:
VI. 1871.17; 
XI. 1900.33;
VIII. 1909.20;
III. 1971.5; 
XIII. 1980.6; 
XIII. 1983.5;
III. 2002.40.
226. (1) Where from any of the causes referred to in the last
preceding article a bodily harm shall ensue, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable - 
( a ) if the harm is grievous and produces the effects
mentioned in article 218, to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding one year or to a fine ( multa ) not
exceeding two thousand liri;
( b ) if the harm is grievous without the effects mentioned
in article 218, to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding six months or to a fine ( multa ) not
exceeding one thousand liri;
( c ) if the harm is slight, to the punishments established for
contraventions.
(2) In the cases referred to in subarticle (1)( c ), proceedings
may only be taken on the complaint of the injured party.
Involuntary 
homicide or 
involuntary bodily 
harm in the course 
of theft or 
attempted theft. 
Added by:
XXIX.1990.8.
226A.   Where a person gives cause to a death or bodily harm
mentioned in the foregoing provisions of this sub-title in the course
of the execution by him of a theft or in the course of an attempted
theft, or immediately after the commission of such theft or such
attempt while he is fleeing from the place where the theft was
committed or attempted, he shall, without prejudice to any liability
incurred by him in relation to the theft or attempted theft and
saving the provisions of article 17, on conviction, be liable - 
    84               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
( a ) in the case of death, to the punishment of
imprisonment from four to nine years;
( b ) in the case of bodily harm, to the punishments
mentioned in article 226 which shall be increased by
one or two degrees.
Sub-title V
O F  E XCUSES FOR THE  C RIMES REFERRED TO IN THE 
FOREGOING  S UB-TITLES OF THIS  T ITLE
Cases of excusable 
wilful homicide. 
Amended by:
V. 1868.12; 
VIII. 1909.21;
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.41.
227.  Wilful homicide shall be excusable - 
( a )  where it is provoked by a grievous bodily harm, or by
any crime whatsoever against the person, punishable
with more than one year’s imprisonment;
( b )  where it is committed in repelling, during the day-
time, the scaling or breaking of enclosures, walls, or
the entrance of any house or inhabited apartment, or
the appurtenances thereof having a direct or an indirect
communication with such house or apartment;
( c )  where it is committed by any person acting under the
first transport of a sudden passion or mental
excitement in consequence of which he is, in the act of
committing the crime, incapable of reflecting;
      the offender shall be deemed to be incapable of
reflecting whenever the homicide be in fact
attributable to heat of blood and not to a deliberate
intention to kill or to cause a serious injury to the
person, and the cause be such as would, in persons of
ordinary temperament, commonly produce the effect
of rendering them incapable of reflecting on the
consequences of the crime;
( d )  where it is committed by any person who, acting under
the circumstances mentioned in article 223, shall have
exceeded the limits imposed by law, by the authority,
or by necessity:
          Provided, moreover, that any such excess shall not
be liable to punishment if it is due to the person being
taken unawares, or to fear or fright.
Punishment for 
excusable wilful 
homicide. 
Amended by: 
V. 1868.13;
VIII. 1909.22;
III. 2002.42.
228.  (1)  In the case of wilful homicide excusable in terms of
paragraph ( a )   or   ( b ) of the last preceding article, the offender shall,
on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
two years.
(2) In the case of wilful homicide excusable in terms of
paragraph ( c ) of the last preceding article, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from five to twenty
years.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             85
(3) In the case of wilful homicide excusable in terms of
paragraph ( d ) of the last preceding article, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
twelve years.
Cases of 
inadmissibility of 
excuse.
229. The excuse referred to in article 227( c ), shall not be
admissible - 
( a ) where the passion is provoked by the lawful correction
of the person accused;
( b ) where the passion is provoked by the lawful
performance of duty by a public officer;
( c ) where the offender has either sought provocation as a
pretext to kill or to cause a serious injury to the person,
or endeavoured to kill or to cause such serious injury
before any provocation shall have taken place.
Excusable bodily 
harm.  
Amended by: 
V.1868.14; 
VIII. 1909.23.
230.  The crime of wilful bodily harm shall be excusable - 
( a ) in the cases mentioned as excuses for wilful homicide
in article 227( a ) and ( b );
( b ) in the cases mentioned as excuses for wilful homicide
in article 227( c );
( c ) if it is provoked by any crime whatsoever against the
person;
( d ) in the cases mentioned as excuses for wilful homicide
in article 227( d ).
Punishment for 
excusable bodily 
harm referred to in 
paragraph  (a)  of 
s.230, 
Amended by: 
V.1868.15; 
XI. 1900.34; 
XIII.1980.7.
231. (1) In the cases referred to in paragraph ( a ) of the last
preceding article, the offender shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) if death has ensued - 
(i) solely as a result of the nature or the natural
consequences of the harm and not of any
supervening accidental cause, to imprisonment
for a term not exceeding one year;
(ii) as a result of a supervening accidental cause and
not solely as a result of the nature or natural
consequences of the harm, to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding six months;
( b ) if the harm is grievous and produces the effects
mentioned in article 218, to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding six months;
( c ) if the harm is grievous without the effects mentioned
in article 218, to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three months;
( d ) if the harm shall have become grievous owing to a
supervening accidental cause -
(i) to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months, in the case referred to in paragraph ( b );
(ii) to the punishments established for contrav-
entions, in the case referred to in paragraph ( c ).
    86               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
(2) In the cases referred to in subarticle (1), if the harm is
slight, no proceedings shall be instituted.
in paragraphs  (b) 
and  (c)  of s. 230, 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.6,7; 
V. 1868.15;
XI. 1900.34; 
I.1903.8; 
XIII. 1983.5;
XXIX. 1990.9.
232.  In the cases referred to in article 230( b )   and   ( c ) the
offender shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) if the harm is grievous, to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding two-thirds of that established for the crime
when not excusable;
( b ) if the harm is slight and is committed by any of the
means referred to in article 217, or on any of the
persons mentioned in article 222( a ) and ( b ), or on any
of the persons mentioned in article 222A, to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months;
( c ) if the harm is slight, without the aggravating circum-
stances referred to in the last preceding paragraph, to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or
to a fine ( multa ) or to the punishments established for
contraventions:
       Provided that if the punishment established for the
crime when not excusable be that established for
contraventions, the period of detention shall not
exceed twenty days and the amount of the fine
( ammenda ) shall not exceed three liri.
in paragraph  (d)  of 
s. 230. 
Added by: 
VIII. 1909.24.
233.  (1) In the cases referred to in article 230( d ), the offender
shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) in the case of grievous bodily harm, to imprisonment
for a term not exceeding one-third of that established
for the crime when not excusable;
( b ) in the case of slight bodily harm committed by any of
the means referred to in article 217, to imprisonment
for a term not exceeding two months.
(2) In the cases referred to in subarticle (1) if the harm is slight
and is not committed by any of the means referred to in article 217,
no punishment shall be awarded.
Admissibility of 
excuse in case of 
homicide or bodily 
harm caused to 
person other than 
the intended 
victim. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.34.
234. Whosoever shall, by mistake or accident, commit a
homicide or cause a bodily harm on a person other than that against
whom the act was intended, shall have the benefit of any excuse
which would decrease the punishment for the crime if it were
committed to the prejudice of the person against whom the act was
intended.
When provocation 
may be pleaded. 
Amended by: 
V. 1868.14.
235.  The provocations referred to in articles 227 and 230 shall
not benefit the offender, unless they shall have taken place at the
time of the act in excuse whereof they are pleaded.
Homicide or bodily 
harm caused by 
husband on 
adulterous wife 
and adulterer.
236.  Repealed by: XXIX. 1990.10.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             87
Homicide or bodily 
harm in accidental 
affray. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.8; 
VI.1871.18; 
III.1885.2; 
XI. 1900.35; XLIX. 
1981.4.
 237.   Where in an accidental affray a homicide or bodily harm
is committed and it is not known who is the author thereof, each
person who shall have taken an active part against the deceased or
the person injured shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) in the case of homicide, to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three years;
( b ) in the case of a grievous bodily harm producing the
effects mentioned in article 218, to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding one year;
( c ) in the case of a grievous bodily harm without the
effects mentioned in article 218, to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding three months;
( d ) in the case of a slight bodily harm, to the punishments
established for contraventions:
Provided that, in the case of homicide, the person or
persons who shall have inflicted on the party killed a bodily harm
from which death might have ensued, shall, on conviction, be liable
to imprisonment for a term from five to twelve years.
Provoking tumult 
or affray for the 
purpose of 
committing 
homicide or 
causing a bodily 
harm.  
Added by: 
XI. 1900.35.
238.  Whosoever shall provoke a tumult or an affray for the
purpose of committing a homicide or of causing a bodily harm,
shall, on conviction, be liable -
( a ) if any person is killed, to the punishment established
for wilful homicide;
( b ) if any person suffers a bodily harm, to the punishment
established for such bodily harm increased by one
degree. 
Sub-title VI
O F THE  C ONCEALMENT OF  H OMICIDE OR  B ODILY  H ARM, AND 
OF THE  C ONCEALMENT OF  D EAD  B ODIES
Concealing body 
of person killed.
239.   Whosoever shall knowingly conceal the body of a person
whose death has been caused by a crime, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from four to six months.
Concealing birth of 
child. 
Amended by: 
IV.1994.8.
240.  Any person who, immediately after the delivery of a child,
shall, by secretly burying or otherwise disposing of the dead body
of the child, endeavour to conceal the birth thereof, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from four months
to one year. 
    88               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Sub-title VII
Substituted by:
III. 2002.43.
O F  A BORTION, OF THE  A DMINISTRATION OR  S UPPLYING OF 
S UBSTANCES  P OISONOUS OR  I NJURIOUS TO  H EALTH, AND OF 
THE SPREADING OF DISEASE
Procuring 
miscarriage . 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
241. (1) Whosoever, by any food, drink, medicine, or by
violence, or by any other means whatsoever, shall cause the
miscarriage of any woman with child, whether the woman be
consenting or not, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment
for a term from eighteen months to three years.
(2) The same punishment shall be awarded against any woman
who shall procure her own miscarriage, or who shall have
consented to the use of the means by which the miscarriage is
procured.
Death or grievous 
bodily harm caused 
by means used for 
miscarriage.
Amended by:
III. 2002.44.
242.  If the means used shall cause the death of the woman, or
shall cause a serious injury to her person, whether the miscarriage
has taken place or not, the offender shall, on conviction, be liable to
the punishment applicable to wilful homicide or wilful bodily
harm, diminished by one to three degrees.
Where physician, 
etc., prescribes or 
administers means 
for causing 
miscarriage. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
243.  Any physician, surgeon, obstetrician, or apothecary, who
shall have knowingly prescribed or administered the means
whereby the miscarriage is procured, shall, on conviction, be liable
to imprisonment for a term from eighteen months to four years, and
to perpetual interdiction from the exercise of his profession.
Culpable 
miscarriage.
Added by:
III. 2002.45.
243A.  Whosoever, through imprudence, carelessness,
unskilfulness in his art or profession, or non-observance of
regulations, causes the miscarriage of a woman with child, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to a fine ( multa ) not exceeding one thousand liri.
Administering or 
causing others to 
take substances 
injurious to health. 
Amended by: 
XLIX.1981.4.
244.   Whosoever shall, in any manner, maliciously administer
to, or cause to be taken by another person any poisonous or noxious
substance capable of causing any harm or injury to health, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from thirteen
months to two years, provided the offence does not in itself
constitute the offence of homicide, completed or attempted, or a
serious injury to the person.
Transmission, 
communication. 
etc., of disease.
Added by:
III. 2002.46.
244A.  (1) Any person who, knowing that he suffers from, or is
afflicted by, any disease or condition as may be specified in
accordance with subarticle (3), in any manner knowingly transmits,
communicates or passes on such disease or condition to any other
person not otherwise suffering from it or afflicted by it, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from four year to
nine years:
Provided that where the other person dies as a result of such
disease or condition, the offender shall be liable to the punishment
established in article 211(1).
(2) Where any such disease or condition as is referred to in
subarticle (1) is transmitted, communicated or passed on through
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             89
imprudence, carelessness or through non-observance of any
regulation by the person who knew or should have known that he
suffers there from or is afflicted thereby that person shall on
conviction be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to a fine ( multa ) not exceeding one thousand liri:
Provided that where the other person dies as a result of such
disease or condition, the offender shall be liable to the punishments
established in article 225.
(3) The Minister responsible for justice shall, by notice in the
Gazette, specify diseases or conditions to which this article applies.
Sub-title VIII
Amended by: 
VI. 1947.8.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.47.
O F  I NFANTICIDE AND OF THE  A BANDONMENT,
E XPOSURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF  C HILDREN
Infanticide. 
Added by: 
VI. 1947.9.
245.  Where a woman by any wilful act or omission causes the
death of her child, being a child under the age of twelve months,
but at the time of the act or omission the balance of her mind was
disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the
effects of giving birth to the child or by reason of the effects of
lactation consequent upon the birth of the child, then,
notwithstanding that the circumstances were such that but for this
article the offence would have amounted to wilful homicide, she
shall be guilty of infanticide and shall be liable to the punishment
of imprisonment for a term not exceeding twenty years.
Abandoning or 
exposing child 
under seven years. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
246.  Whosoever shall be guilty of abandoning or exposing any
child under the age of seven years shall be liable to imprisonment
for a term from seven months to one year.
If child dies or 
sustains injury. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.I6; 
V. 1868.16;
VI. 1947.10;
III. 2002.48.
247. (1) Saving the provisions of article 245, where, in
consequence of the abandonment or exposure of the child, such
child dies or sustains a bodily injury, the offender shall be deemed,
in the first case, to be guilty of wilful homicide, and, in the second
case, to be guilty of wilful bodily harm, and shall be subject to the
provisions relating to homicide and bodily harm respectively; but
the punishment shall be diminished by one degree.
Abandoning or 
exposing child 
without danger to 
life or limb.
(2) Where the abandonment or the exposure of a child as
provided in this article shall not have taken place under
circumstances of manifest danger either to the life or to the person
of the child so abandoned or exposed, the punishment shall be
diminished by two degrees:
Provided that where the punishment prescribed in
subarticles (1) and (2), be not heavier than the punishment
prescribed in the last preceding article, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable to the punishment prescribed in the latter
article, increased by one degree.
    90               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Ill-treatment or 
neglect of child 
under twelve years.
Added by:
III. 2002.49.
247A.  (1) Whosoever, having the responsibility of any child
under twelve years of age, by means of persistent acts of
commission or omission ill-treats the child or causes or allows the
ill-treatment by similar means of the child shall, unless the fact
constitutes a more serious offence under any other provision of this
Code, be liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding two years.
(2) For the purposes of subarticle (1), ill-treatment includes
neglecting the child’s need for adequate nutrition, clothing, shelter,
and protection from harm, persistently offending the child’s dignity
and self-esteem in a serious manner and persistently imposing upon
the child age-inappropriate tasks or hard physical labour.
(3) The provisions of article 197(4) shall also apply in the case
of an offence under this article, when the offence is committed by
any ascendant or tutor.
Failure to take care 
of foundling or to 
make report 
thereof.
248. Whosoever, having found a newly born child, shall fail to
provide for its immediate safety, or, having assumed the care
thereof, shall not, within twenty-four hours, deliver the same, or
give information thereof, to the Executive Police, shall, on
conviction, be liable, in the first case, to imprisonment for a term
from four to six months, and, in the second case, to imprisonment
for a term from one to three months:
Provided that in either case, the court may, in its discretion,
award a fine ( multa  or  ammenda ) in lieu of imprisonment. 
Added by:
III. 2002.50.
Sub-title VIII BIS
 OF THE TRAFFIC OF PERSONS
Traffic of a person 
of age for the 
purpose of 
exploitation in the 
production of 
goods or provision 
of services.
Added by:
III. 2002.50.
248A.   (1) Whosoever, by any means mentioned in subarticle
(2), trafficks a person of age for the purpose of exploiting that
person in the production of goods or provision of services shall, on
conviction, be liable to the punishment of imprisonment for a term
from two to nine years.
For the purposes of this subarticle exploitation includes
requiring a person to produce goods and provide services under
conditions and in circumstances which infringe labour standards
governing working conditions, salaries and health and safety.
(2) The means referred to in subarticle (1) are the following:
( a ) violence or threats, including abduction;
( b ) deceit or fraud;
( c ) misuse of authority, influence or pressure;
( d ) the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to
achieve the consent of the person having control over
another person.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             91
Traffic of a person 
of age for the 
purpose of 
exploitation in 
prostitution, etc.
Added by:
III. 2002.50. 
248B.  Whosoever, by any means mentioned in article 248A(2),
trafficks a person of age for the purpose of exploiting that person in
prostitution or in pornographic performances or in the production
of pornographic material shall, on conviction, be liable to the
punishment laid down in article 248A(1). 
Traffic of a person 
of age for the 
purpose of 
exploitation in the 
removal of organs.
Added by:
III. 2002.50. 
248C.  Whosoever, by any means mentioned in article 248A(2),
trafficks a person of age for the purpose of exploiting that person in
the removal of any organ of the body shall on conviction be liable
to the punishment of imprisonment for a term from four to twelve
years.
Traffic of a minor 
for any of the 
purposes 
mentioned in 
articles 248A to 
248C.
Added by:
III. 2002.50. 
248D.  Whosoever trafficks a minor for any of the purposes
mentioned in articles 248A to 248C, both inclusive, shall, on
conviction be liable to the same punishment laid down in those
articles, as the case may be, even if none of the means mentioned in
article 248A(2) has been used:
Provided that where any of the means mentioned in article
248A(2) has been used in the commission of the offence under this
article the punishment for the offence shall be increased by one
degree.
General provisions 
applicable to this 
sub-title.
Added by:
III. 2002.50. 
248E.  (1) In this sub-title, the phrase "trafficks a person" or
"trafficks a minor" means the recruitment, transportation or transfer
of a person, or of a minor, as the case may be, including harbouring
and subsequent reception and exchange of control over that person,
or minor, and includes any behaviour which facilitates the entry
into, transit through, residence in or exit from the territory of any
country for any of the purposes mentioned in the preceding articles
of this sub-title, as the case may be.
(2) Where any of the offences in articles 248A to 248D, both
inclusive -
( a ) is accompanied by grievous bodily harm; or
( b ) generates proceeds exceeding five thousand liri; or
( c ) is committed with the involvement of a criminal
organisation within the meaning of article 83A(1),
the punishment otherwise due shall be increased by one degree. 
(3) The provisions of article 121D shall apply  mutatis mutandis
to the offences under this sub-title, so however that the punishment
to which the body corporate shall be liable under this subarticle
shall be the payment of a fine ( multa ) of not less than five thousand
liri and not more than eight hundred thousand liri.
(4) Where the person found guilty of any of the offences under
this sub-title -
( a ) was at the time of the commission of the offence an
employee or otherwise in the service of a body
corporate, and
( b ) the commission of the offence was for the benefit, in
part or in whole, of that body corporate, and
( c ) the commission of the offence was rendered possible
    92               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
because of the lack of supervision or control by a
person referred to in article 121D,
the person found guilty as aforesaid shall be deemed to be vested
with the legal representation of the same body corporate which
shall be liable to the payment of a fine ( multa ) of not less than two
thousand liri and not more than five hundred thousand liri. 
(5) Without prejudice to the provisions of article 5, the Maltese
courts shall also have jurisdiction over the offences laid down in
this sub-title where:
( a ) only part of the action giving execution to the offence
took place in Malta; or
( b ) the offender is a Maltese national or permanent
resident in Malta.
Sub-title IX
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.25.
O F  T HREATS AND OF  P RIVATE  V IOLENCE
Threats by means 
of writings.  
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.17; 
XIV. 1983.5;
III. 2002.51.
249. (1) Whosoever by means of any writing, whether
anonymous or signed in his own or in a fictitious name, shall
threaten the commission of any crime whatsoever, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from one to six
months:
Provided that where the threat concerns the use of nuclear
material to cause death or serious injury to any person or
substantial damage to property or the commission of an offence of
theft of nuclear material in order to compel a natural or legal
person, international organization or State to do or to refrain from
doing any act the punishment for the offence shall be increased by
three degrees; the expression "nuclear material" shall have the
same meaning assigned to it by article 314B(4).
(2) Where the threat, be it even verbal, contains an order, or
imposes a condition, the offender shall, on conviction, be liable to
the punishment prescribed in subarticle (1) and to a fine ( multa ).
(3) Moreover the offender shall be required to find a surety, or
to enter into a recognizance as provided in articles 383, 384 and
385.
Blackmail. 
Amended by:
IX. 1859.18;
VIII. 1909.26;
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.52.
250. (1) Whosoever, with intent to extort money or any other
thing, or to make any gain, or with intent to induce another person
to execute, destroy, alter, or change any will, or written obligation,
title or security, or to do or omit from doing any thing, shall
threaten to accuse or to make a complaint against, or to defame,
that or another person, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from five to eighteen months.
(2) Where by such threat the offender shall have attained his
end, he shall be liable to imprisonment for a term from seven
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             93
months to three years.
Private violence.
another person to do, suffer or omit anything shall, on conviction,
be liable to the punishment laid down in subarticle (1) of the last
preceding article.
(2) Where the offender shall have attained his end, he shall be
liable to the punishment laid down in subarticle (2) of the last
preceding article.
Sub-title X
O F  D EFAMATION, AND OF THE  D ISCLOSING OF  S ECRET 
M ATTERS 
Defamation.  
Amended by: 
XI.1900.36; 
IV. 1916.2.
252. (1) Whosoever, with the object of destroying or
damaging the reputation of any person, shall offend such person by
words, gestures, or by any writing or drawing, or in any other
manner, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding three months, or to a fine ( multa ).
(2) Where the defamation consists in vague expressions or
indeterminate reproaches, or in words or acts which are merely
indecent, the offender shall be liable to the punishments established
for contraventions.
(3) Where the defamation is committed by means of writings,
effigies or drawings, divulged or exhibited to the public, the
offender shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
one year.
(4) Where the defamation is directed against an ascendant, and
the offence is punishable with imprisonment, the offender shall
also be liable to a fine ( multa ).
Evidence of truth 
inadmissible. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.36; 
IV. 1916.3.
253. (1) The party charged with the offence referred to in the
last preceding article shall not be allowed to produce, in his
defence, evidence of the truth or of the notoriety of the fact
attributed to the person aggrieved.
Exceptions.
( a ) if the person aggrieved is a public officer or employee,
and the fact attributed to him refers to the exercise of
his functions, and the defendant, in the preliminary
stage of the cause, assumes responsibility for the
defamation and declares in his defence that he wishes
to prove the truth of the fact attributed by him to the
aggrieved party:
         Provided that this provision shall not apply in the
case of the offences referred to in articles 93 and 95; 
( b ) if the complainant formally requests that the
proceedings shall include an inquiry into the truth or
    94               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
the falsity of the fact attributed to him.
(3) If the truth of the fact be proved, the defendant shall be
exempted from punishment, whenever the court is satisfied that the
proof of the truth has been in the public interest, and the means
used, having regard to the circumstances of time, place and person,
do not in themselves constitute a defamation or any other offence
independently of the proof of the truth of the fact attributed to the
complainant.
(4) Where the defendant, in the case in which he is allowed to
prove the truth of the fact attributed to the complainant, fails in
proof of such truth, the court may, if the defamation is proved,
increase the punishment by one or two degrees, having regard to all
the circumstances of the case.
Extenuating 
circumstances. 
Discretionary 
power of court. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.36.
254.   Where there are extenuating circumstances, the court may
award a punishment lesser than those hereinbefore laid down or
apply the provisions of article 378, according to the circumstances
of the case.
No proceedings 
without complaint 
of aggrieved party.   
Where party 
aggrieved dies 
before complaint 
or where the 
offence is against 
the memory of 
deceased persons. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.36.
255. No proceedings shall be instituted for defamation except
on the complaint of the party aggrieved:
Provided that where the party aggrieved dies before having
made the complaint, or where the offence is committed against the
memory of a deceased person, it shall be lawful for the husband or
wife, the ascendants, descendants, brothers and sisters, and for the
immediate heirs, to make the complaint.
Libel. 
Amended by: 
XIV. 1889.44; 
XI.1900.36; 
XXII.1976.4. 
Cap. 248.
256. (1) In cases of defamation committed by means of printed
matter, the provisions contained in the Press Act shall apply.
(2) Where, according to the said Act, proceedings may only be
instituted on the complaint of the party aggrieved, the provisions
contained in the proviso to the last preceding article shall also
apply.
Disclosing of 
professional 
secrets.
Substituted by: 
XXIV. 1994.15.
Amended by:
II. 1998.7.
257.  If any person, who by reason of his calling, profession or
office, becomes the depositary of any secret confided in him, shall,
except when compelled by law to give information to a public
authority, disclose such secret, he shall on conviction be liable to a
fine ( multa ) not exceeding twenty thousand liri or to imprisonment
for a term not exceeding two years or to both such fine and
imprisonment:
  Provided that, notwithstanding the provisions of any other
law, it shall be a defence to show that the disclosure was made to a
competent public authority in Malta or outside Malta investigating
any act or omission committed in Malta and which constitutes, or if
committed outside Malta would in corresponding circumstances
constitute -
Cap. 101.
( a ) any of the offences referred to in  article  22(2)( a )(1) of
the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance; or
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             95
Cap. 31.
( b ) any of the offences referred to in  article  120A(2)( a )(1)
of the Medical and Kindred Professions Ordinance; or 
Cap. 373.
( c ) any offence of money laundering within the meaning
of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act:
Provided further that the provisions of the first proviso of
this article shall not apply to a person who is a member of the legal
or the medical profession.
Title IX
Amended by: 
XVI. 1901.1; 
I.1903.11.
O F  C RIMES AGAINST  P ROPERTY AND  P UBLIC  S AFETY
Sub-title I 
O F  T HEFT
§  O F  A GGRAVATED  T HEFT 
Theft. Aggravating 
circumstances.
261. The crime of theft may be aggravated -
( a )  by "violence";
( b ) by "means";
( c ) by "amount";
( d ) by "person"; 
( e ) by "place";
( f ) by "time";
( g ) by "the nature of the thing stolen". 
Theft aggravated 
by "violence".
262. (1) A theft is aggravated by "violence" - 
( a ) where it is accompanied with homicide, bodily harm,
or confinement of the person, or with a written or
verbal threat to kill, or to inflict a bodily harm, or to
cause damage to property;
( b ) where the thief presents himself armed, or where the
thieves though unarmed present themselves in a
number of more than two;
( c ) where any person scouring the country-side and
carrying arms proper, or forming part of an assembly
in terms of article 63, shall, by a written or verbal
request, made either directly or through another
person, cause to be delivered to him the property of
another, although the request be not accompanied with
any threat.
    96               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
(2) In order that an act of violence may be deemed to aggravate
the theft, it shall be sufficient that such act be committed
previously to, at the time of, or immediately after the crime, with
the object of facilitating the completion thereof, or of screening the
offender from punishment or from arrest or from the hue and cry
raised by the injured party or by others, or of preventing the
recovery of the stolen property or by way of revenge because of
impediment placed or attempted to be placed in the way of the
theft, or because of the recovery of the stolen property or of the
discovery of the thief.
Theft aggravated 
by "means".
263. Theft is aggravated by "means" -
( a) when it is committed with internal or external
breaking, with false keys, or by scaling;
( b ) when the thief makes use of any painting, mask, or
other covering of the face, or any other disguise of
garment or appearance, or when, in order to commit
the theft, he takes the designation or puts on the dress
of any civil or military officer, or alleges a fictitious
order purporting to be issued by any public authority,
even though such devices shall not have ultimately
contributed to facilitate the theft, or to conceal the
perpetrator thereof.
Definition of 
"breaking". 
Amended by: 
IX.1859.19; 
XVI. 1921.3, 4; 
XXXII. 1986.3.
264.  (1) "Breaking" shall include the throwing down,
breaking, demolishing, burning, wrenching, twisting, or forcing of
any wall, not being a rubble wall enclosing a field, roof, bolt,
padlock, door, or other similar contrivances intended to prevent
entrance into any dwelling-house or other place or enclosure, or to
lock up or secure wares or other articles in boxes, trunks,
cupboards, or other receptacles, and the breaking of any box, trunk,
or other receptacle even though such breaking may not have taken
place on the spot where the theft is committed.
Saving the provisions of article 326, any breaking, twisting,
wrenching, or forcing of the pipes of the public water service or of
the gas service, or of the wires or cables of the electricity service,
or of the meters thereof, or of any seal of any meter, made for the
purpose of effecting an unlawful communication with such pipes,
wires, or cables, or the existence of artificial means as are
mentioned in subarticle (2), shall also be deemed to be "breaking".
Presumptive 
evidence in the 
case of breaking of 
pipes, etc.
(2) In the case of breaking of pipes of the public water service
or of the gas service, or of the wires or cables of the electricity
service, or of the metres thereof, or of any seal of any meter, or in
the case of the existence of artificial means capable of effecting the
unlawful use or consumption of water, gas or electric current, or
capable of preventing or altering the measurement or registration
on the meter of the quantity used or consumed, shall, until the
contrary is proved, be taken as evidence of the knowledge on the
part of the person occupying or having the control of the tenement
in which such breaking or artificial means are found, of the said use
or consumption of water, gas or electric current, as the case may be.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             97
Definition of "false 
key".
265.   Any hook, picklock, skeleton-key, or any key imitated,
counterfeited, or adapted, and any genuine key when procured by
means of theft, fraud or any kind of artifice, and, generally, any
other instrument adapted for opening or removing fastenings of any
kind whatsoever, whether internal or external, shall be deemed a
false key.
Definition of 
"scaling".
266.  (1)  The entry into any of the places mentioned in article
264 by any way other than by the doors ordinarily intended for the
purpose, whether the entry is effected by means of a ladder or rope
or by any other means whatsoever, or by the bodily assistance of
any other person or by clambering in any way whatsoever in order
to mount or descend, as well as the entry by any subterraneous
aperture other than that established as an entrance, shall be deemed
"scaling".
(2) For the purposes of punishment, there shall also be deemed
to be "scaling" when the offender, although he shall have entered
into any of the places aforesaid by any way ordinarily destined for
the purpose, shall get out of the same by any of the means
aforesaid.
Theft aggravated 
by "amount". 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.37; 
III. 1971.6; 
XIII. 1980.8; 
XIII. 1983.5.
267.  Theft is aggravated by "amount", when the value of the
thing stolen exceeds one hundred liri. 
Theft aggravated 
by "person".
268.  Theft is aggravated by "person" -
( a ) when it is committed in any place by a servant to the
prejudice of his master, or to the prejudice of a third
party, if his capacity as servant, whether real or
fictitious, shall have afforded him facilities in the
commission of the theft;
Definition of 
"servant".
      the term "servant" shall include every person
employed at a salary or other remuneration in the
service of another, whether such person lives with his
master or not;
( b ) when it is committed by a guest or by any person of his
family, in the house where he is receiving hospitality,
or, under similar circumstances, by the host or by any
person of his family, to the prejudice of the guest or
his family;
( c ) when it is committed by any hotel-keeper, innkeeper,
driver of a vehicle, boatman, or by any of their agents,
servants or employees, in the hotel, inn, vehicle or
boat wherein such hotel-keeper, innkeeper, driver or
boatman carries on or causes to be carried on any such
trade or calling, or performs or causes to be performed
any such service; and also when it is committed in any
of the above-mentioned places, by any individual who
has taken lodgings or a place, or has entrusted his
property therein;
    98               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
( d ) when it is committed by any apprentice, fellow
workman, journey-man, professor, artist, soldier,
seaman, or any other employee, in the house, shop,
workshop, quarters, ship, or any other place, to which
the offender has access by reason of his trade,
profession, or employment.
Theft aggravated 
by "place".
269. Theft is aggravated by "place", when it is committed -
( a ) in any public place destined for divine worship;
( b ) in the hall where the court sits and during the sitting of
the court;
( c ) on any public road in the country-side outside
inhabited areas;
( d ) in any store or arsenal of the Government, or in any
other place for the deposit of goods or pledges,
destined for the convenience of the public;
( e ) on any ship or vessel lying at anchor;
( f ) in any prison, or other place of custody or punishment; 
( g ) in any dwelling-house or appurtenance thereof.
Theft aggravated 
by "time".
270. Theft is aggravated by "time", when it is committed in the
night, that is to say, between sunset and sunrise.
Theft aggravated 
by "the nature of 
the thing stolen".  
Amended by: 
XIII. 1983.5;
XXXII. 1986.4;
III. 2002.53.
271. Theft is aggravated by "the nature of the thing stolen"-
( a ) when it is committed upon things exposed to danger,
whether by their being cast away or removed for
safety, or by their being abandoned on account of
urgent personal danger arising from fire, the falling of
a building, or from any shipwreck, flood, invasion by
an enemy, or any other grave calamity;
( b ) when it is committed on beehives;
( c ) when it is committed on any kind of cattle, large or
small, in any pasture-ground, farmhouse or stable,
provided the value be not less than one lira;
( d ) when it is committed on any cordage, or other things
essentially required for the navigation or for the safety
of ships or vessels;
( e ) when it is committed on any net or other tackle cast in
the sea, for the purpose of fishing;
( f )  when it is committed on any article of ornament or
clothing which is at the time on the person of any child
under nine years of age;
( g ) when it is committed on any vehicle in a public place
or in a place accessible to the public, or on any part or
accessory of, or anything inside, such vehicle;
( h ) when it is committed on nuclear material as defined in
article 314B(4).
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             99
Punishment for 
theft accompanied 
with wilful 
homicide. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.20; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
272.   Whosoever shall be guilty of theft accompanied with wilful
homicide shall be liable to the punishment of imprisonment for life. 
Punishment for 
theft accompanied 
with attempted 
homicide. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.13; 
VI. 1871.l9; 
XI.1900.38; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
273. Whosoever shall be guilty of theft accompanied with
attempted homicide shall be liable to imprisonment for a term from
six to twenty years.
Punishment for 
theft accompanied 
with bodily harm. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.38; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
274.  Whosoever shall be guilty of theft accompanied with
bodily harm shall be liable -
( a ) if the harm is grievous and produces the effects
mentioned in article 218, to imprisonment for a term
from four to twelve years;
 ( b ) if the harm is grievous without the effects mentioned
in article 218, to imprisonment for a term from three to
nine years;
( c ) if the harm is slight, to imprisonment for a term from
two to five years;
( d ) if the harm is slight and of small consequence, and is
not committed by any of the means mentioned in
article 217, to imprisonment for a term from eighteen
months to three years.
Punishment for 
theft accompanied 
with confinement 
of person. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.17; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
275.  Whosoever shall be guilty of theft accompanied with
confinement of the person shall be liable to imprisonment for a
term from one to four years.
Punishment for 
theft aggravated by 
"violence" not 
accompanied with 
wilful or attempted 
homicide or with 
bodily harm or 
confinement of 
person. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.17; 
XLIX.I981.4.
276.  Whosoever shall be guilty of theft aggravated by
"violence", but not accompanied with any of the circumstances
mentioned in articles 272, 273, 274 and 275, shall be liable to
imprisonment for a term from nine months to three years.
Punishment when 
"violence" is 
directed against 
certain persons. 
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.12.
Amended by:
III. 2002.54.
276A.   The punishment established in articles 273, 274, 275 and
276 shall be increased by one or two degrees when the "violence"
therein mentioned is directed against a person who is under the age
of twelve years or over the age of sixty years or against a person
who is suffering from a degree of physical or mental infirmity in
consequence of which he is unable to offer adequate resistance.
    100               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Punishment for 
theft aggravated by 
"violence" 
accompanied with 
other aggravating 
circumstances. 
Amended by: 
XXIX.1990.13.
277.  When the theft aggravated by "violence" in terms of article
274, 275 or 276, is accompanied with any of the other aggravating
circumstances specified in article 261, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable - 
( a ) where the theft is accompanied with one or more of
such other aggravating circumstances, with the
exception of that of "means", to the punishment
established in article 274, 275, 276 or 276A, which
shall not be awarded in its minimum;
( b )  where the theft is accompanied with the aggravating
circumstance of "means", whether with or without
other aggravating circumstances, to the punishment
established in article 274, 275, 276 or 276A, increased
by one or two degrees.
Punishment for 
theft aggravated by 
"means" only or by 
"means" and other 
aggravating 
circumstances. 
Amended by: 
VI.1871.20; 
XI.1900.39; 
I.1903.12; 
XII.1913.6; 
III.1971.7; 
XIII.1980.9; 
XLIX.1981.4; 
XIII.1983.5.
278.  (1) Whosoever shall be guilty of theft aggravated by
"means" only shall be liable to imprisonment for a term from five
months to three years.
(2) Where the theft, besides being accompanied with the
aggravating circumstance of "means", is also accompanied with
one of the other aggravating circumstances, with the exception of
that of "violence", the said punishment shall not be awarded in its
minimum.
(3) Where the theft, besides being accompanied with the
aggravating circumstance of "means", is also accompanied with
two or more of the other aggravating circumstances, with the
exception of that of "violence", the said punishment shall be
increased by one degree and shall not be awarded in its minimum.
Powers of court. (4) Where, however, the value of the thing stolen does not
exceed ten liri, the court may, without prejudice to the operation
of article 371(2)( c ), apply in each case the punishment of
imprisonment for a term from five to nine months.
Punishment for 
theft aggravated by 
"amount". 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.39; 
XII.1913.7; 
III.1971.8; 
XIII.1980.10; 
XLIX.1981.4; 
XIII.1983.5.
279. Whosoever shall be guilty of theft aggravated by
"amount" only shall be liable - 
( a ) if the value of the thing stolen does not exceed one
thousand liri, to imprisonment for a term from five
months to three years;
( b ) if the value of the thing stolen exceeds one thousand
liri, to imprisonment for a term from thirteen months
to seven years.
Punishment for 
theft aggravated by 
"amount" 
accompanied with 
other aggravating 
circumstances. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.39; 
XII.1913.8; 
XXIX.1990.14.
280.  (1) Where the theft aggravated by "amount" is
accompanied with one or more of the other aggravating
circumstances, with the exception of that of "violence" or "means",
the offender shall be liable, as the case may be, to the punishments
established in the last preceding article, which shall not, however,
be awarded in their minimum.
(2) Where the theft, besides being accompanied with the
aggravating circumstance of "amount", is also accompanied with
the aggravating circumstance of "violence", or with that of
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             101
"means", or with both, the punishment applicable to theft when
accompanied with such aggravating circumstances shall be applied:
Provided that, if such punishment be lower than the
punishments laid down in the last preceding article, the latter
punishments shall be applied with an increase of one degree.
(3) For the purposes of the foregoing subarticle, where the
"violence" is directed against any of the persons mentioned in
article 276A, the punishment applicable to theft when accompanied
with the aggravating circumstance of "violence" shall be the
punishment as increased by that article.
Punishment for 
theft aggravated by 
"person", "place", 
"time" or "nature 
of thing stolen". 
Amended by: 
XLIX.1981.4.
281. Whosoever shall be guilty of theft aggravated only by
"person", "place", "time", or "the nature of the thing stolen", shall
be liable - 
( a ) where the theft is accompanied with one only of these
four aggravating circumstances, to imprisonment for a
term from seven months to two years;
( b ) where the theft is accompanied with two of such
aggravating circumstances, to the same punishment,
which, however, shall in no case be awarded in its
minimum;
( c ) where the theft is accompanied with more than two of
such aggravating circumstances, to the said
punishment, which may, however, be increased to any
term not exceeding three years.
Punishment for 
aggravated theft 
when the value of 
the thing stolen 
does not exceed 
Lm10. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.14; 
V.1868.18; 
VI.1871.21; 
XI.1900.40; 
I.1903.14; 
III.1971.9; 
XLIX.1981.4; 
XIII. 1983.5.
282.  Where in cases of theft accompanied with one or more of
the aggravating circumstances mentioned in article 261, with the
exception of that of "violence" or "means", the value of the thing
stolen does not exceed ten liri, the offender shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months.
Theft of water, gas 
or electric current.  
Added by: 
XVI.1921.5. 
Amended by: 
XIII.1983.5.  
When deemed to 
be completed. 
Punishment when 
value of water, 
etc., does not 
exceed Lm 10.
283.   In the cases set forth in the second paragraph of article
264(1), the theft aggravated by "means" shall be deemed to be
completed when the communication therein mentioned is effected,
and the offender shall be liable to the punishment laid down in
article 278(4), unless it is proved that the value of the water, gas or
electric current stolen exceeds ten liri.
§  O F  S IMPLE  T HEFT
Simple theft.
circumstances specified in article 261, is simple theft.
    102               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Punishment. 
Amended by: 
III.1971.10; 
XLIX.1981.4; 
XIII. 1983.5.
285. Whosoever shall be guilty of simple theft shall be liable to
imprisonment for a term from one to six months:
Provided that if the value of the thing stolen does not
exceed ten liri, the offender shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months.
Possession of 
stolen articles by 
person previously 
convicted of theft 
or of receiving 
stolen articles. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.41; 
I.1903.15.
286.  The punishment established for simple theft according to
the value of the thing stolen shall be applied against any person
who, having been convicted in Malta for theft, or for receiving
stolen articles, is found to have in his possession any stolen article
the lawful possession of which he does not satisfactorily account
for.
Unjustified 
possession of 
moneys, articles, 
etc., by person 
previously 
convicted of theft, 
etc. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.41.
287. Whosoever, having been convicted in Malta for theft, or
for receiving stolen articles, is found to have in his possession
fruits, plants, or other field or garden produce or money or other
articles, not in keeping with his condition, the lawful possession of
which he does not satisfactorily account for, or is found to have in
his possession any adapted or counterfeit keys, or any implements
capable of opening or forcing open any lock, or to have in his
possession any impression of locks, the actual lawful destination of
which he does not satisfactorily account for, shall, on conviction,
be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months.
Theft for mere use 
of thing stolen. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.15; 
VI.1871.22; 
XI.1900.42.
288.  The offender shall be liable to the punishments established
for contraventions, when, in any case of simple theft, the gain
contemplated by the offender is the mere use of the thing, with
intent to restore the same immediately.
G ENERAL  P ROVISION APPLICABLE TO THIS  S UB-TITLE
Punishment in case 
of second or 
subsequent 
conviction for 
theft.
289. (1) In the case of a second or subsequent conviction for
any offence referred to in this sub-title, the punishment may be
increased, in the case of a second conviction, by one or two
degrees, and, in the case of a third or subsequent conviction, by one
to three degrees.
(2) When the increase of punishment cannot otherwise take
place than by the application of solitary confinement, such
punishment may be awarded to the extent of eighteen periods.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             103
Sub-title II
O F  O THER  O FFENCES  R ELATING TO  U NLAWFUL  A CQUISITION 
AND  P OSSESSION OF  P ROPERTY
Unlawful 
possession of 
property of the 
Republic of Malta. 
Amended by:
IV. 1856.16;
XXVI. 1931.3;
XXVII. 1975.19.
290.  Whosoever shall purchase or otherwise receive from any
other person or shall be found to have in his possession any article
bearing any mark or sign denoting such article to be the property of
the Republic of Malta, or any article which the possessor knows to
be the property of the Republic of Malta, for the disposal of which
no written permission shall have been given by the competent
authority, and shall fail to give a satisfactory account as to how he
came by the article or thing found in his possession, shall, on
conviction, be liable to a fine ( multa ) or imprisonment for a term
not exceeding one month.
Destroying or 
obliterating marks 
denoting property 
of the Republic of 
Malta. 
Amended by:
XXII. 1931.3;
XXVII. 1975.20;
XLIX. 1981.4.
291. Whosoever, with intent to conceal any property of the
Republic of Malta, shall destroy or obliterate, in any of the articles
or things mentioned in the last two preceding articles, for the
disposal of which no permission shall have been given, any mark or
sign denoting such article or thing to be the property of the
Republic of Malta, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment
for a term from one to six months.
Unlawful dealings 
in or possession of 
marine or ship’s 
stores.
292.  Whosoever, without a licence from the Government, shall
keep for sale or deal in any articles which are by common repute
considered to come under the denomination of marine or ship’s
stores, and whosoever, without such licence, shall be found in
possession of such articles, without being able to give a satisfactory
account as to how he came by the articles so found, shall, on
conviction, be liable to a fine ( multa ) and to the forfeiture of the
said articles.
Sub-title III 
O F  F RAUD
Misappropriation.
Amended by: 
IV. 1874.3; 
VIII. 1909.28; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.55.
293. Whosoever misapplies, converting to his own benefit or to
the benefit of any other person, anything which has been entrusted
or delivered to him under a title which implies an obligation to
return such thing or to make use thereof for a specific purpose,
shall be liable, on conviction, to imprisonment for a term from
three to eighteen months:
Provided that no criminal proceedings shall be instituted for
such offence, except on the complaint of the injured party.
Aggravating 
circumstances. 
Amended by: 
VIII. I909.29; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.56.
294.   Nevertheless, where the offence referred to in the last
preceding article is committed on things entrusted or delivered to
the offender by reason of his profession, trade, business,
management, office or service or in consequence of a necessary
deposit, criminal proceedings shall be instituted  ex officio  and the
punishment shall be of imprisonment for a term from seven months
to two years.
    104               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Fraud relating to 
insurance. 
Amended by:
VIII. 1857.9;
IV. 1874.4;
VIII. 1909.30;
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.57.
295.  Whosoever, with intent to obtain for himself or for any
other person the payment of any money due under any insurance
against risks, or any other undue benefit, destroys, disperses or
deteriorates, by any means whatsoever, things belonging to him,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from
seven months to two years, and, where he succeeds in his intent,
from nine months to three years.
Barratry. 
Amended by:
IV. 1874.5; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.58.
296.  (1) Any master,  padrone  or boatman or any person
entrusted with the command, use or custody of any lighter, boat,
skiff, caique or other vessel, even if intended to navigate once only
within the limits of Malta, who, for purposes of gain - 
( a ) abandons or damages the vessel or causes the vessel to
sink;
( b )  steals or damages any goods or other things which are
on the vessel;
( c ) falsely represents the loss of or damage to the vessel,
goods or other things;
( d ) sells or otherwise disposes of the vessel against the
will and to the prejudice of the owner,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from five
months to two years.
(2) The said punishment shall also be applied where the
offender is a part-owner of the vessel, goods or things.
Fraudulent breach 
of trust in respect 
of papers signed in 
blank or otherwise. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.59.
297.   Whosoever, making an improper use of any paper signed
in blank entrusted to him, shall, for the purpose of gain, write
thereon anything to the prejudice of another person, or shall, for the
like purpose, add upon any paper not in blank, entrusted to him,
any writing or clause, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from nine months to three years.
Commercial or 
industrial fraud. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1899.106; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
298.  (1) Whosoever - 
( a ) forges or alters, without the consent of the owner, the
name, mark or any other distinctive device of any
intellectual work or any industrial product, or
knowingly makes use of any such name, mark or
device forged or altered, without the consent of the
owner, even though by others;
( b ) forges or alters, without the consent of the owner, any
design or model of manufacture, or knowingly makes
use of any such design or model forged or altered,
without the consent of the owner, even though by
others;
( c ) knowingly makes use of any mark, device, signboard
or emblem bearing an indication calculated to deceive
a purchaser as to the nature of the goods, or sells any
goods with any such mark, device or emblem;
( d ) puts on the market any goods in respect of which a
distinctive trade mark has been registered, after
removing the trade mark without the consent of the
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             105
owner thereof;
( e ) applies a false trade description to any goods, that is to
say, applies to goods any forged or altered figure,
word or mark which according to the custom of the
trade is taken to indicate - 
(i) the number, quantity, measure, gauge or weight
of the goods, 
(ii) the place or country in which the goods are made
or produced,
(iii) the mode of manufacturing or producing the
goods,
(iv) that the goods are the subject of an existing
patent, privilege or industrial copyright;
( f ) knowingly puts into circulation, sells or keeps for sale
or imports for any purpose of trade, any goods bearing
a fraudulent imitation of any mark, device or emblem;
( g ) knowingly makes, keeps or transfers to any person,
any die, block, machine or other instrument for the
purpose of forging, or of being used for forging, a
trade mark,
shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from four
months to one year.
(2) For the purposes of subarticle (1)( e ), any figure, word or
mark which, according to the custom of the trade, is commonly
taken to indicate any of the matters therein referred to, shall be
deemed to be a trade description thereof.
Fraudulent access 
to tele-
communications 
systems. 
Added by: 
XII.1991.41.
298A.  Whoever shall construct, alter, make, be in possession
of, sell or purchase any device whereby such person may
unlawfully connect with any telecommunication system shall, on
conviction, be liable -
( a ) where the offence is committed for gain or by way of
trade, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one
year or to a fine ( multa ) of not more than two thousand
liri or to both such fine and imprisonment; and
( b ) in all other cases, to a fine ( multa ) of not more than
one thousand liri.
Violation of 
copyright. 
Added by: 
XII.1991.41. 
Amended by: 
XIX.1992.2.
298B.  (1) Whosoever, for gain, or by way of trade prints,
manufactures, duplicates or otherwise reproduces or copies, or
sells, distributes or otherwise offers for sale or distribution, any
article or other thing in violation of the rights of copyright enjoyed
by any other person and protected by or under Maltese law, shall,
on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
one year or to a fine ( multa ) not exceeding five thousand liri or to
both such fine and imprisonment.
(2) Proceedings under this article may not be taken except on
the complaint of the injured party.
    106               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Usury.
Added by:
III. 2002.60.
298C.  (1) Whosoever receives from another person or obtains
from another person a promise to give, to himself or to others, in
consideration of  a loan, interests or any other gain under any form
whatsoever in excess of what is allowed by law shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
eighteen months and to the payment of a fine ( multa ) from one
thousand liri to fifteen thousand liri. 
(2) The same punishment laid down in subarticle (1) shall
apply to whosoever receives from another person or obtains from
another person a promise to give, to himself or to others, in
consideration of a service consisting in any other benefit of any
kind, interests or any other gain under any form whatsoever in
excess of what is allowed by law or otherwise grossly
disproportionate to the service given.
(3) The same punishment laid down in subarticle (1) shall also
apply to whosoever, not being an accomplice in the offence in the
same subarticle, intervenes to procure for another person a sum of
money or any other benefit by having a person give or promise to
give, to himself or to others, in respect of the intervention, a
grossly disproportionate compensation.
(4) For the purposes of subarticles (1), (2) and (3), in the
determination of whether the interests are, or any gain or
compensation is, grossly disproportionate account shall be had of
all the circumstances of the fact and of the average rates usually
applicable to operations similar to the one in question.
(5) Where, in the course of criminal proceedings for an offence
under this article, it is proved before the court that the accused has
received from another person an amount of interest, or a
consideration of an amount, in excess of what is allowed by law or
otherwise grossly disproportionate to the service given, the court
shall order the accused to pay to the said other person such amount
as may be determined by the court as being the excess received by
the accused as aforesaid. The said order of the court shall be
without prejudice to any right of such other person to recover by
any other means any greater amount due to him  and the order shall
constitute an executive title enforceable as if it were a final
judgement given in a civil action between the offender and the
person to whom payment is ordered.
(6) The punishment for an offence under this article shall be
decreased by one degree where the accused, before final
judgement, reimburses excess amount received by him to the
person from whom such amount was received.
Tampering, 
removal, etc., of 
chassis or engine 
number.
Added by:
III. 2002.61.
298D.  Any person who, without the prior approval in writing of
the Commissioner of Police, in any manner whatsoever, tampers,
removes, alters or makes a chassis or engine identification number
of, or on, any motor vehicle shall, on conviction be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to a fine ( multa )
of not less than three hundred liri and not more than one thousand
liri or to both such imprisonment and fine.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             107
Presumption of 
malice.
Added by: 
XI.1899.106. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1991.41.
299.  In the cases referred to in article 298(1)( a ),   ( b ) ,  ( c ) and
( d ), criminal intent shall be presumed, unless the accused proves
that he has acted without such intent.
Burden of proof. 
Added by: 
XI. 1899.106.
300.  In the cases referred to in the last part of article 298(1)( a )
and in ( b )   and   ( d ), the burden of proof of the consent of the owner
shall lie on the accused.
False trade 
description.  
Added by: 
XI. 1899.106.
301.  In the cases referred to in article 298(1)( e ), the fact that a
trade description is a trade mark or part of a trade mark shall not
prevent such trade description being a false trade description within
the meaning of the said paragraph.
How presumption 
of malice may be 
rebutted in certain 
cases. 
Added by: 
XI. 1899.106.
302. In the cases referred to in article 298(1)( f ), criminal intent
shall be presumed, unless the accused proves - 
( a ) that, having taken all necessary precaution against
committing the offence referred to in the said
paragraph, he had, at the time of the commission of the
alleged offence, no reason to suspect the genuineness
of the mark or sign; and
( b ) that, on demand made by any member of the Police, he
gave all the information in his power with respect to
the persons from whom he obtained the goods in
question; and
( c ) that otherwise he had acted innocently.
Exemption from 
punishment. 
Added by: 
XI.1899.106.
303. In the cases referred to in article 298(1)( g ), no
punishment shall be awarded if the accused proves - 
( a ) that, in the ordinary course of his business he is
employed, on behalf of other persons, to make dies,
blocks, machines or other instruments for making or
being used in making trade marks, or, as the case may
be, to apply marks, devices or emblems to goods; and
( b ) that, in the case which is the subject of the charge, he
was so employed by some person resident in Malta,
and was not in any manner whatsoever interested in
the goods by way of profit dependent on the sale of the
goods to which any such mark, device or emblem
might have been applied.
Cases in which a 
trade mark, device 
or description is 
deemed to have 
been applied. 
Added by: 
XI. 1899.106.
304.  For the purposes of the preceding articles, every person is
deemed to apply a trade mark or distinctive device or trade
description to goods, who - 
( a ) actually applies it to the goods themselves; or
( b ) applies it to any covering, label, reel or other thing in
or with which the goods are sold or exposed or had in
possession for any purpose of sale, trade or
manufacture; or
( c ) places, encloses or annexes any goods which are sold
or exposed or had in possession for any purpose of
sale, in, with or to any covering, label, reel or other
    108               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
thing, in respect of which a trade mark has been
registered or to which a trade description has been
applied; or
( d ) uses a trade mark, device or trade description in any
manner calculated to lead to the belief that the goods
in connection with which it is used are truly designated
by that trade mark, device or trade description.
Definition of 
"covering" and 
"label". 
Added by: 
XI. 1899.106.
305.   For the purposes of the foregoing articles, the expression
"covering" includes any stopper, cask, bottle, vessel, box, cover,
capsule, case or wrapper; and the expression "label" includes any
band or ticket indicative of the thing to which it is applied.
Words or marks on 
watch cases. 
Added by: 
XI. 1899.106.
306.   For the purposes of article 298(1)( d ), where a watch case
has thereon any words or marks which constitute, or are by
common repute considered as constituting a description of the
country in which the watch was made, and the watch bears no such
description on any of its parts, those words or marks shall, until the
contrary is proved, be deemed to be a description of that country.
Use of false 
weights or 
measures. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.43. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
307.   Whosoever, by the use of false weights or measures, shall
deceive others in respect of the quantity of goods given for
valuable consideration, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.
Obtaining money 
or property by false 
pretences. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.62.
308.  Whosoever, by means of any unlawful practice, or by the
use of any fictitious name, or the assumption of any false
designation, or by means of any other deceit, device or pretence
calculated to lead to the belief in the existence of any fictitious
enterprise or of any imaginary power, influence or credit, or to
create the expectation or apprehension of any chimerical event,
shall make any gain to the prejudice of another person, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from seven months
to two years.
Other cases of 
fraudulent gain. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.63.
309.   Whosoever shall make, to the prejudice of any other
person, any other fraudulent gain not specified in the preceding
articles of this sub-title, shall, on conviction, be liable to
imprisonment for a term from one to six months or to a fine
( multa ).
Scale of 
punishment 
according to the 
amount of the 
damage. 
Amended by:
VI. 1871.23; 
IV.1874.6; 
XI. 1900.44; 
I.1903.16; 
III. 1971.11; 
XLIX. 1981.4: 
XIII. 1983.5;
III. 2002.64.
310.  (1) In the cases referred to in this sub-title - 
( a ) when the amount of the damage caused by the offender
exceeds one thousand liri the punishment shall be that
of imprisonment from thirteen months to seven years;
( b ) when the amount of the damage caused by the offender
exceeds one hundred liri but does not exceed one
thousand liri, the punishment shall be that of
imprisonment from five months to three years:
Provided that if the punishment laid down for the
relevant offence in the preceding articles of this sub-
title is higher than the punishment laid down in this
paragraph the former punishment shall apply increased
by one degree and in the case of the offence under
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             109
article 294 the punishment so increased shall not be
awarded in its minimum;
( c ) when the amount of the damage caused by the offender
does not exceed ten liri, the offender shall be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months;
( d ) when the amount of the damage caused by the offender
does not exceed five liri, the offender shall be liable to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding twenty days or
to a fine ( multa ) or to the punishments established for
contraventions.
(2) The provisions of subarticle (1)( c ) and ( d ) shall not apply in
the case of any of the crimes referred to in articles 296 and 298.
Corporate liability 
for offences under 
this sub-title.
Added by:
III. 2002.65.
310A.  The provisions of article 121D shall apply to offences
under this sub-title.
Jurisdiction.
Added by:
III. 2002.65.
310B.  The offences under this sub-title shall be deemed to be
offences even when committed outside Malta and, without
prejudice to the provisions of article 5, the criminal action therefor
may also be prosecuted in Malta according to the laws thereof
against any person who commits or participates in the offence as
provided in this Code -
( a ) when the offence took place, even if only in part, in
Malta or on the sea in any place within the territorial
jurisdiction of Malta; or
( b ) when the gain to the prejudice of another person has
been received in Malta; or
( c ) when a person in Malta knowingly assisted or induced
another person to commit the offence; or
( d ) when the offender is a Maltese citizen or a permanent
resident in Malta and the fact also constitutes an
offence according to the laws of the country where it
took place:
Provided that for the purposes of this paragraph
"permanent resident" shall have the same meaning
assigned to it by article 5(1)( d ).
Sub-title IV
Amended by: 
XVI.1901.2.
O F  C RIMES AGAINST  P UBLIC  S AFETY, 
AND OF  I NJURY TO  P ROPERTY
Causing explosion 
likely to endanger 
life or property. 
Added by: 
XVI.1901.3. 
Amended by: 
XLIX.1981.4; 
XIV.1983.6.
311.  Any person who maliciously causes, by an explosive
substance, an explosion of a nature likely to endanger the life or to
cause serious injury to the property of any other person, shall be
liable, on conviction, to imprisonment for a term from three to
fourteen years, even though no injury to such person or property
has been actually caused.
    110               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Where death or 
grievous bodily 
harm is caused by 
the explosion. 
Added by: 
XVI.1901.3. 
Amended by: 
XXI.1971.21; 
XLIX. 1981.4; 
XIV.1983.7.
312. (1) If as a result of the offence referred to in the last
preceding article, any person shall perish, the offender shall be
liable to the punishment of imprisonment for life.
(2)  If as a result of the offence referred to in the last preceding
article, a grievous bodily harm is caused to any person, the offender
shall be liable to imprisonment for a term from four to twenty
years.
(3) If as a result of the offence referred to in the last preceding
article, any serious spoil, damage or injury to or upon any movable
or immovable property belonging to any person is caused, the
punishment therein mentioned shall not be awarded in its
minimum.
Unlawful making 
or possession of 
explosives. 
Added by: 
XVI. 1901.3. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.9. 
Substituted by: 
XIV. 1983.8.
Amended by:
III. 2002.66.
Cap. 446.
313.  Any person who makes or knowingly has in his possession
or under his control any explosive substance, under such
circumstances as to give rise to a reasonable suspicion that he is
making it or has it in his possession or under his control for an
unlawful object, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for
a term from eighteen months to nine years, and the provisions of
the Probation Act and of article 21 of this Code shall not be
applicable.
Definition of 
"explosive 
substance".  
Added by: 
XVI. 1901.3.
314.  For the purposes of the last preceding three articles, the
expression "explosive substance" shall be deemed to include any
materials for making any explosive substance; also any apparatus,
machine, implement, or materials used, or intended to be used, or
adapted, for causing, or aiding in causing, any explosion of or with
any explosive substance; also any part of any such apparatus,
machine or implement.
Discharge, etc., of 
lethal device.
Added by:
III. 2002.67.
314A.   (1) Whosoever, maliciously, delivers, places, discharges
or detonates a lethal device likely to endanger the life or to cause
serious injury to the property of any other person, shall be liable,
on conviction, to the punishment laid down in article 311, even
though no injury to such person or property has been actually
caused.
(2) If as a result of the offence referred to in subarticle (1) any
person shall perish, or a grievous bodily harm is caused to any
person, or any serious spoil, damage or injury to or upon any
movable or immovable property belonging to any person is caused,
the offender shall be liable to the punishments laid down in article
312 as the case may be.
(3) Where the offence takes place in, or is directed at, a public
place, a state or government facility, an infrastructural facility or a
public transportation system the punishment for the offence shall
be increased by one degree.
(4) In this article:
"lethal device" includes any thing that is designed, or has the
capability, to cause death, serious bodily injury or substantial
material damage through the release, dissemination or impact of
toxic chemicals, biological agents or toxins or similar substances or
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             111
radiation or radioactive material;
"state or government facility" includes any permanent or
temporary facility or conveyance that is used or occupied by
representatives of a State, members of Government, the legislature
or the judiciary or by officials or employees of a State or any other
public authority or entity or by employees or officials of an
intergovernmental organization in connection with their official
duties;
"infrastructure facility" means any publicly or privately owned
facility providing or distributing services for the benefit of the
public, such as water, sewage, energy, fuel or communications;
"public transportation system" means all facilities, conveyances
and instrumentalities, whether publicly or privately owned, that are
used in or for publicly available services for the transportation of
persons or cargo.
Possession, use, 
etc., of nuclear 
material.
Added by:
III. 2002.67.
314B.   (1) Whosoever, maliciously, is in possession or makes
use of, transfers, alters, disposes of or disperses nuclear material
which is likely to cause death or serious injury to any person or
substantial damage to property shall be liable, on conviction, to the
same punishment laid down in article 311, even though no injury to
such person or property has been caused.
(2) The provision of article 314A(2) shall apply to an offence
under this article.
(3) The provisions of article 313 shall apply to whosoever
keeps or is in possession of or has under his control any nuclear
material under the same circumstances mentioned in that article.
(4) In this article:
"nuclear material" means plutonium except that with isotopic
concentration exceeding 80% in plutonium-238; uranium enriched
in the isotopes 235 and 233; uranium containing the mixture of
isotopes as occuring in nature other than in the form of ore or ore-
residue; any material containing one or more of the foregoing;
"uranium enriched in the isotope 235 or 233" means uranium
containing the isotopes 235 or 233 or both in an amount such that
the abundance ratio of the sum of these isotopes to the isotope 238
is greater than the ratio of the isotope 235 to the isotope 238
occurring in nature.
Setting on fire of 
arsenals, etc. 
Amended by: 
XXI.1971.22; 
XLIX.1981.4.
315.  Whosoever shall wilfully set on fire or otherwise destroy
any arsenal, vessel of war, whether such vessel be on float or
building, powder magazine, public dock or artillery park, shall, on
conviction, be liable to the punishment of imprisonment for life.
Arson endangering 
life. 
Amended by: 
XXI.1971:23; 
XLIX.1981.4.
316. Whosoever shall wilfully set fire to any house, warehouse,
shop, dwelling-house, vessel, dock or any building, shed or other
place whatsoever, any person being therein at the time of the
setting on fire, shall, on conviction, be liable to the punishment of
imprisonment for life:
Provided that if no person shall perish, the offender shall
    112               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
be liable - 
( a ) if he could have foreseen that any person was actually
in the place, to imprisonment for a term from nine to
twelve years;
( b ) otherwise, to imprisonment for a term from five to
nine years.
Arson to the 
common danger. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.24; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
317.  Whosoever shall wilfully set fire to any building, shed or
other place mentioned in the last preceding article, no person being
therein at the time of the setting on fire, or whosoever shall wilfully
set fire to any combustible substance, and such building, shed or
other place or such substance is so situated that the fire would
communicate to any other building, shed or place, any person being
therein at the time, shall, on conviction, be liable -
( a ) where the fire had actually communicated, to the
punishment of imprisonment for life:
         Provided that if no person shall perish, the offender
shall be liable -
(i) if he could have foreseen that any person was
actually in the building, shed or place to which
the fire had communicated, to imprisonment for
a term from five to nine years;
(ii) otherwise, to imprisonment for a term from three
to six years;
( b ) where the fire had not communicated to any other
building, shed or place, to imprisonment for a term
from three to five years.
Arson without 
danger of life. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
318.  Whosoever shall wilfully set fire to any building, shed or
other place mentioned in article 316, no person being therein at the
time, and such building, shed or other place being so situated that
the fire would not communicate to any other building, shed or place
in which there is a person at the time, shall, on conviction, be liable
to imprisonment for a term from two to four years.
Arson of 
vineyards, etc. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
319.  Whosoever shall wilfully set fire to any vineyard,
plantation of trees, stack or heap of corn, cotton or other useful
produce or any other matter whatsoever, whether uprooted or cut
down or still growing, and so situated that the fire would not
communicate to any building, shed or other place mentioned in
article 316, any person being therein at the time, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from two to four
years.
Destruction by the 
springing of a 
mine.
320.  For the purposes of punishment, the destruction of any
such matter or thing as in the last five preceding articles mentioned,
by the springing of a mine, shall be deemed to constitute the
offence therein mentioned.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             113
Exhibition of false 
lights, etc., with 
danger to 
navigation. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1874.7; 
XI. 1900.45;
III. 1971.12;
XXI. 1971.25;
XLIX. 1981.4;
XIII. 1983.5.
321. (1) Whosoever shall exhibit any false light or signal or
any other thing tending to summon ships, vessels or boats, or to
regulate their navigation, with intent to cause the loss or stranding
of any ship, vessel or boat, or shall with the like intent extinguish
or remove any light, signal or other thing intended by the
Government for the guidance of seamen, shall, on conviction, be
liable to imprisonment for a term from three to five years, even
though no accident has occurred.
(2) Where an accident has occurred, the offender shall, on
conviction, be liable - 
( a ) if the damage is to a ship, vessel or boat or to the gear
or appurtenances thereof or to the cargo or to any other
thing which is on board, to imprisonment for a term
from five to nine years, if the amount of the damage
exceeds fifty liri, or, to imprisonment for a term from
four to six years, if the amount of the damage does not
exceed fifty liri;
( b ) if, with or without any damage as aforesaid, any
individual suffers a grievous bodily harm with any of
the effects mentioned in article 218, to imprisonment
for a term from five to twenty years, or, if the bodily
harm is grievous but without the effects mentioned in
the said article, to imprisonment for a term from four
to twelve years, or, if the bodily harm is slight, to
imprisonment for a term from two to six years;
( c ) if any person shall perish, to the punishment of
imprisonment for life.
Cutting away 
chains, etc.  
Amended by: 
IV. 1874.7.
322. (1) Whosoever shall cut away, unfasten or otherwise
remove any chain, cable or other rope by which any public buoy
intended for the purpose of navigation is fastened, shall, on
conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term from three to nine
months.
(2) Whosoever shall cut away, unfasten or otherwise remove
any chain, cable or other rope by which any ship or vessel is
moored, anchored or otherwise fastened, or any rope by which the
buoy of a ship’s anchor is fastened, shall, on conviction, be liable
to the punishment laid down in subarticle (1).
Aggravating 
circumstances. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1874.7.
323.  If, in consequence of any of the offences referred to in the
last preceding article, any damage is caused to a ship or a bodily
harm to a person, the punishment laid down in that article shall be
awarded together with the punishment laid down in this Code for
wilful damage or for wilful bodily harm, according to the extent of
the damage or the nature of the bodily harm; and if at the same time
both damage to a ship and a bodily harm to a person are caused, the
higher punishment between that laid down for the damage and that
laid down for the bodily harm shall be applied, in addition to the
punishment laid down in the last preceding article.
    114               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Setting on fire of 
one’s own 
property. 
Amended by:
IV. 1874.7.
324.  In the cases referred to in articles 316, 317 and 318, the
offender shall be liable to the punishments therein mentioned, even
though he be the owner of the property in respect of which the
offence is committed.
Spoil, damage or 
injury in general. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.20;
V. 1868.19;
VI. 1871.24; 
XI.1900.47;
V. 1956.17;
III. 1971.13; 
XLIX. 1981.4;
XIII. 1983.5;
XIV. 1983.9;
III. 2002.68.
325.  (1) Whosoever, by any means other than those referred to
in the preceding articles of this sub-title, shall wilfully commit any
spoil, damage or injury to or upon any movable or immovable
property belonging to any other person, shall, on conviction, be
liable -
( a ) if the amount of the damage exceeds five hundred liri,
to imprisonment for a term from thirteen months to
four years;
( b ) if the amount of the damage does not exceed five
hundred liri but exceeds fifty liri, to imprisonment for
a term from five months to one year;
( c ) if the amount of the damage does not exceed fifty liri
but exceeds ten liri, to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding six months;
( d ) if the amount of the damage does not exceed ten liri, to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or
to the punishments established for contraventions:
Provided that if the crime be excusable by reason of an
unjust provocation, the offender shall, in the cases referred to in
paragraphs ( a ) ,  ( b ) and ( c ) ,  be liable to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding two-thirds of the period therein mentioned; and in the
case referred to in paragraph ( d ) ,  to the punishments established for
contraventions.
In considering the excuse, regard shall be had to the rule laid
down in article 235:
Provided further that in the cases referred to in paragraphs
( c )   and ( d ), except where the damage is caused to public property
proceedings may be instituted only on the complaint of the injured
party:
Provided further that in the case of damage to public
property, the punishment shall be increased by one or two degrees,
and the offender shall be ordered to pay by way of fine ( multa ) the
amount of the damage caused.
(2) Where because of the geological, palaeontological,
archeological, architechtonic, artistic or historical nature or
importance of the property spoiled, damaged or injured it is not
possible to estimate the damage according to the rule laid down, in
article 335, the damage shall be deemed to exceed five hundred liri.
Damage to water 
pipes, etc. 
Amended by: 
XVI.1901.4; 
I.1904.51;
L.N. 4 of 1963; 
XXVII.1975.21; 
XII. 1991.41.
326.  (1) Whosoever shall wilfully -
( a ) break or block the pipes or conduits of any public
aqueduct, or in any other manner impede or divert the
course of the waters or otherwise damage any part of
such aqueduct;
( b ) break any public cistern, well or aqueduct, or foul the
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             115
water thereof;
( c ) damage any electric machinery or cable, or cause the
loss of electric current;
( d ) damage any conduit or part of the public sewer;
( e ) cut, break, throw down, destroy, damage or remove
any battery, machinery, wire, cable, post or other
matter, or thing whatsoever, being part of or being
used or employed in or about any electric or magnetic
telegraph, with or without wires, or in the working
thereof, or do anything which prevents or obstructs in
any manner whatsoever the conveyance of any
message;
( f ) damages or breaks any part of any energy meter, or the
seals thereof, or any part of any apparatus or cables
used for the supply of electricity, or the seals thereof;
( g ) cut, break, throw down, destroy, damage, remove,
tamper or connect with, any part of any apparatus,
duct, pole, cabinet, wire, cable or other matter or thing
whatsoever, being part of or being used or employed in
the cable television network or in the working thereof
or for the supply of the cable television service,
shall, saving any higher punishment to which he may be subject
under the last preceding article, be liable, on conviction, to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years.
(2) Whosoever shall, even without any malicious intent, -
( a ) touch any telegraph wire or place or throw anything
upon any battery, machinery, wire, cable or other
matter or thing mentioned in subarticle (1)( e ), or do
anything in proximity to such telegraph wire in such
manner as might damage such wire, or prevent or
obstruct the conveyance or delivery of any message; or
( b ) fish in any place in which the Minister responsible for
electricity, with a view to preventing damage to any
submarine telegraph cable, shall have declared fishing
to be absolutely prohibited, or fish with any net or
other implement, the use of which shall have been for
the same purpose prohibited by the Minister
responsible for electricity; or
( c ) do anything described in subarticle (1)( g ),
shall, on conviction, be liable to the punishments established for
contraventions.
Unlawful entry 
into subways used 
for public service.  
Amended by:
XVI. 1901.4.
327. Whosoever, without any just cause, the proof whereof
shall lie on the person accused, shall enter into any subway wherein
there is any electric cable or any main conduit of the public sewer,
shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) to imprisonment for a term from one to three months,
where the circumstances show that the object of the
offender was to damage the cables or conduits above
    116               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
mentioned;
( b ) to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month,
in any other case.
Involuntary fire or 
damage. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.17; 
XI.1900.48; 
V.1956.18; 
XIII.1980.11; 
XIII.1983.5.
328.  Whosoever, through imprudence, negligence or
unskilfulness in his trade or profession, or through non-observance
of any regulation, shall cause any fire or any damage, spoil or
injury as mentioned in this sub-title, shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) if the death of any person is caused thereby, to the
punishments established in article 225;
( b ) if any grievous bodily harm with any of the effects
mentioned in article 218 is caused thereby, to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or
to a fine ( multa ) not exceeding one thousand liri;
( c ) if any grievous bodily harm without any of the effects
aforesaid is caused thereby, to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding three months or to a fine ( multa ) not
exceeding five hundred liri;
( d ) in any other case, to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three months or to a fine ( multa ) or to the
punishments established for contraventions:
Provided that in the cases referred to in paragraph ( d ),
except where damage is caused to public property, proceedings
may be instituted only on the complaint of the injured party.
G ENERAL  P ROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THIS  T ITLE
Punishment in 
respect of offences 
against property 
accompanied with 
offences against 
the person.
329. The punishments established in the respective articles of
this Title for any offence against property accompanied with
homicide, bodily harm, or confinement of the person, shall always
be applied if the act of violence has been completed, even though
the offence against the property was merely attempted. 
Unlawful entry 
into houses, etc. 
Added by: 
IX. 1859.21. 
Amended by:
VI. 1871.25;
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.69.
330.  In the case of any entry into any house or other place or
enclosure by any of the means mentioned in articles 264, 265 and
266, although there is no evidence of any act constituting an
attempt to commit another offence, the offender shall, for the mere
entry as aforesaid, on conviction, be liable -
( a ) if the circumstances show that the object of the
offender was to commit theft or damage to property or
any offence against the person as defined in article
5(1)( d ), or if it is proved that the offender was
previously convicted of any such offence or of any of
the offences referred to in article 338( i ) and ( w ), to
imprisonment for a term from five to eighteen months;
( b ) in any other case, to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three months or to a fine ( multa ).
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             117
No criminal action 
for offences 
against the 
property of 
descendants, etc. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.49. 
331.   Except in the cases referred to in articles 316, 317 and
318, no criminal action shall lie for offences committed against the
property of any descendant or relative by affinity in the descending
line, or of the husband or wife, unless such offences be
accompanied with homicide, bodily harm or confinement of the
person.
Criminal action for 
offences against 
the property of 
ascendants, etc., to 
be instituted on 
complaint of 
injured party. 
Amended by:
XI. 1900.49. 
332.  Except in the cases referred to in articles 316, 317 and
318, no criminal proceedings may be instituted except on the
complaint of the injured party for offences committed against the
property of any ascendant or relative by affinity in the ascending
line, or of a brother or sister or of any relative by affinity in the
same degree, unless such offences be accompanied with homicide,
bodily harm, other than a slight bodily harm of small consequence,
or with confinement of the person.
Outsiders 
excepted.
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.49.
333.  The limitations mentioned in the last two preceding
articles shall not operate in favour of such other persons as may
have taken part in the commission of the offence.
Receiving stolen 
property. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.50; 
XXIX. 1990. 16.
334.  Whosoever shall in Malta knowingly receive or purchase
any property which has been stolen, misapplied or obtained by
means of any offence, whether committed in Malta or abroad, or
shall knowingly take part, in any manner whatsoever, in the sale or
disposal of the same, shall, on conviction, be liable - 
( a ) if the property has been obtained by theft, to the
punishment established for theft, according to the
value of the property;
( b ) if the property has been obtained by means of any of
the various offences relative to unlawful acquisition
and possession of property, to the punishment
established for such unlawful acquisition or
possession;
( c ) if the property has been obtained by fraud, to the
punishment established for the particular fraud by
which the property was obtained:
Exemption from 
punishment.
Provided that the offender shall be exempted from any
punishment in respect of any of the offences referred to in this
article, if, before any criminal proceedings are instituted against
him and within three days after receiving, purchasing, or taking
part in the purchase, sale or disposal as aforesaid, he shall deliver
to the competent authority the property received, purchased, sold or
disposed of, and shall make known the perpetrators of the offence:
Provided further that for the purpose of this article such
property shall only be deemed to have been stolen, misapplied or
obtained by means of any offence committed abroad if it has been
obtained by any act of commission or omission which, if committed
in Malta, would have amounted to any of the offences mentioned in
paragraphs   ( a ),   ( b )   and   ( c ).
Failure to inform 
about stolen, etc., 
property.
Added by:
III. 2002.70.
334A.   Whosoever, on becoming aware that any property in his
possession is stolen property or property misapplied or obtained by
means of any offence, fails to give notice thereof to the Executive
Police within a week of becoming so aware, shall, on conviction, be
    118               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or to
a fine ( multa ).
Rule as to 
estimation of 
damage.
335.  In any offence the punishment whereof varies according to
the amount of the damage caused, such amount shall not be
estimated by the gain made by the offender nor shall it include any
interest accruing thereon, but it shall only be represented by the
actual damage suffered by the injured party at the time of the
offence.
Estimation of 
damage caused 
both to relative and 
outsider.
336.  Where by the same offence the offender shall injure the
property of any of the persons referred to in article 331 and also the
property of any other person, and the punishment varies according
to the amount of the damage caused, such amount shall be
represented solely by the amount of the damage caused to the
property of such other person.
Decrease of 
punishment.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.71.
337.  (1) In cases of fraud, the prescribed punishment shall be
diminished by one or two degrees if, previously to the
commencement of any criminal proceedings against the offender,
the damage caused by the offence shall have been fully made good.
(2) In cases of theft, whether simple or aggravated, as well as
any offence of voluntary damage to property committed in the
course of the execution of the offence of theft, the prescribed
punishment shall be diminished by two degrees if, prior to his
arraignment in court in connection with that theft:
( a ) the offender discloses to the competent authority any
person who may have received or purchased from him,
or who may have taken part in the sale or disposal of,
the stolen property, and
( b ) (i) either he delivers to the competent authority all
the property stolen by him, making good to the
injured party any damage that may have been
caused to the property, or
(ii) where the property has not been recovered, he
pays to the injured party the full value of the
property so stolen; and
( c ) fully makes good to the injured party any damage,  to
other moveable or immoveable property, caused by, or
in the course of the execution of, the offence of theft. 
(3) The prescribed punishment in the case of the offences
mentioned in subarticle (2) may be diminished by one degree if the
offender complies with the provisions of that subarticle after his
arraignment in court as aforesaid.
(4) The provisions of subarticles (2) and (3) shall not apply -
( a ) in the case of theft aggravated by violence consisting
in wilful homicide, attempted homicide, wilful bodily
harm or confinement of the person;
( b ) in the case of theft aggravated by violence directed
against any of the persons mentioned in article 276A;
( c ) in the case of theft in the course of the execution of
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             119
which a death or bodily harm ensues as provided in
article 226A.
(5) The circumstances mentioned in subarticles (1) and (2)
shall not be considered as special or exceptional reasons for the
purpose of article 21.
Traffic in persons 
to enter or leave 
Malta illegally.
Added by:
III. 2002.72.
Cap. 446.
337A.  Any person who with the intent to make any gain
whatsoever aids, assists, counsels or procures any other person to
enter or to attempt to enter or to leave or attempt to leave, Malta in
contravention of the laws thereof or who, in Malta or outside Malta,
conspires to that effect with any other person shall, without
prejudice to any other punishment under this Code or under any
other law, be liable to the punishment of imprisonment from six
months to five years or to a fine ( multa ) of ten thousand liri or to
both such fine and inprisonment and the provisions of articles 21
and 28A and those of the Probation Act shall not apply:
Provided that where the persons aided, assisted, counselled,
procured or the object of the conspiracy as aforesaid number more
than three the punishment shall be increased by one to three
degrees.
Sub-title V
Added by: 
III. 2001.27.
O F  COMPUTER MISUSE
Interpretation.
Added by:
III. 2001.27.
337B.  (1) For the purposes of this Sub-title the following
definitions, unless the context otherwise requires, shall apply:
"computer" means an electronic device that performs logical,
arithmetic and memory functions by manipulating electronic or
magnetic impulses, and includes all input, output, processing,
storage, software and communication facilities that are connected
or related to a computer in a computer system or computer network;
"computer network" means the interconnection of
communication lines and circuits with a computer through a remote
device or a complex consisting of two or more interconnected
computers;
"computer output" or "output" means a statement or a
representation of data whether in written, printed, pictorial, screen
display, photographic or other film, graphical, acoustic or other
form produced by a computer;
"computer software" or "software" means a computer program,
procedure or associated documentation used in the operation of a
computer system;
"computer supplies" means punched cards, paper tape, magnetic
tape, disk packs, diskettes, CD-roms, computer output, including
paper and microform and any storage media, electronic or
otherwise;
    120               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
"computer system" means a set of related computer equipment,
hardware or software;
"function" includes logic, control, arithmetic, deletion, storage,
retrieval and communication of data or telecommunication to, from
or within a computer;
"supporting documentation" means any documentation used in
the computer system in the construction, clarification,
implementation, use or modification of the software or data.
(2) A reference in this Sub-title to software includes a
reference to a part of the software.
(3) A reference in this Sub-title to a computer includes a
reference to a computer network.
(4) A reference in this Sub-title to data, software or supporting
documentation held in a computer or computer system includes a
reference to data, software or supporting documentation being
transmitted through a computer network.
(5) For the purposes of this Sub-title, a person uses software if
the function he causes the computer to perform:
( a ) causes the software to be executed; or
( b ) is itself a function of the software.
(6) A reference in this Sub-title to any software or data held in
a computer includes a reference to any software or data held in any
removable storage medium which is for the time being in the
computer.
Ulawful access to, 
or use of, 
information.
Added by:
III. 2001.27.
337C.  (1) A person who without authorisation does any of the
following acts shall be guilty of an offence against this article -
( a ) uses a computer or any other device or equipment to
access any data, software or supporting documentation
held in that computer or on any other computer, or
uses, copies or modifies any such data, software or
supporting documentation;
( b ) outputs any data, software or supporting
documentation from the computer in which it is held,
whether by having it displayed or in any other manner
whatsoever;
( c ) copies any data, software or supporting documentation
to any storage medium other than that in which it is
held or to a different location in the storage medium in
which it is held;
( d ) prevents or hinders access to any data, software or
supporting documentation;
( e ) impairs the operation of any system, software or the
integrity or reliability of any data;
( f ) takes possession of or makes use of any data, software
or supporting documentation;
( g ) installs, moves, alters, erases, destroys, varies or adds
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             121
to any data, software or supporting documentation;
( h ) discloses a password or any other means of access,
access code or other access information to any
unauthorised person;
( i ) uses another person’s access code, password, user
name, electronic mail address or other means of access
or identification information in a computer;
( j ) discloses any data, software or supporting
documentation unless this is required in the course of
his duties or by any other law.
(2) For the purposes of this Sub-title:
( a ) a person shall be deemed to act without authorisation
if he is not duly authorised by an entitled person;
( b ) a person shall be deemed to be an entitled person if the
person himself is entitled to control the activities
defined in subarticle (1)( a ) to ( j ) or in article 4( a ) and
( b ) of this Sub-title.
(3) For the purposes of subarticle (1):
( a ) a person shall be deemed to have committed an
offence irrespective of whether in the case of any
modification, such modification is intended to be
permanent or temporary;
( b ) the form in which any software or data is output and in
particular whether or not it represents a form in which,
in the case of software, it is capable of being executed
or, in the case of data, it is capable of being processed
by a computer, is immaterial.
(4) For the purposes of subarticle (1)( f ), a person who for the
fact that he has in his custody or under his control any data,
computer software or supporting documentation which he is not
authorised to have, shall be deemed to have taken possession of it.
Misuse of 
hardware.
Added by:
III. 2001.27.
337D.   Any person who without authorisation does any of the
following acts shall be guilty of an offence against this article -
( a ) modifies computer equipment or supplies that are used
or intended to be used in a computer, computer system
or computer network;
( b ) takes possession of, damages or destroys a computer,
computer system, computer network, or computer
supplies used or intended to be used in a computer,
computer system or computer network or impairs the
operation of any of the aforesaid.
Commission of an 
offence outside 
Malta.
Added by:
III. 2001.27.
337E.  If any act is committed outside Malta which, had it been
committed in Malta, would have constituted an offence against the
provisions of this Sub-title, it shall, if the commission affects any
computer, software, data or supporting documentation which is
situated in Malta or is in any way linked or connected to a computer
in Malta, be deemed to have been committed in Malta.
    122               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Offences and 
penalties.
Added by:
III. 2001.27.
337F.   (1) Without prejudice to any other penalty established
under this Sub-title, any person who contravenes any of the
provisions of this Sub-title shall be guilty of an offence and shall be
liable on conviction to a fine ( multa ) not exceeding ten thousand
liri or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding four years, or to
both such fine and imprisonment.
(2) Where any such offence constitutes an act which is in any
way detrimental to any function or activity of Government, or
hampers, impairs or interrupts in any manner whatsoever the
provision of any public service or utility, whether or not such
service or utility is provided or operated by any Government entity,
the penalty shall be increased to a fine ( multa ) of not less than one
hundred liri and not exceeding fifty thousand liri or to
imprisonment for a term from three months to ten years, or to both
such fine and imprisonment:
Provided that where a person is found guilty of an offence
against this subarticle for a second or subsequent time, the
minimum of the penalty for such an offence shall not be less than
five hundred liri.
(3) The penalties established under subarticle (2) shall also
apply in the case of any offence against any of the provisions of
this Sub-title -
( a ) where the offence is committed in any place by an
employee to the prejudice of his employer or to the
prejudice of a third party, if his capacity, real or
fictitious, as employee, shall have afforded him
facilities in the commission of the offence; and
( b ) with the exception of subarticle (2), where the offence
committed by a person is the second or subsequent
offence against any of the provisions of this Sub-title.
(4) A person who produces any material or does any other act
preparatory to or in furtherance of the commission of any offence
under this Sub-title shall be guilty of that offence and shall on
conviction be liable to the same punishment provided for the
offence.
(5) Any person who is an accomplice in the commission of an
offence against this Sub-title or who in any way aids or abets such
commission shall be liable to the same penalties contemplated for
such an offence.
(6) It shall not be necessary for the prosecution to negative by
evidence any authorisation required under this Sub-title and the
burden of proving any such authorisation shall lie with the person
alleging such authorisation:
Provided that this burden shall not be considered to have
been discharged with the mere uncorroborated testimony of the
person charged.
Search and seizure.
Added by:
III. 2001.27.
337G.  The Minister may, for the purposes of this Sub-title, by
regulations prescribe:
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             123
( a ) the manner in which the Police may search computers,
computer systems or computer supplies and seize data
or software stored therein;
( b ) procedures and methods for handling evidence that is
in an electronic form.
PART III
O F  C ONTRAVENTIONS AND  P UNISHMENTS 
Title I
O F  C ONTRAVENTIONS 
Sub-title I
O F   C O N T R A V E N T I O N S  A F F E C T I N G   P U B L I C   O R D E R
Contraventions 
affecting public 
order.
338.  Every person is guilty of a contravention against public
order, who - 
( a ) without permission, cuts any grass in or about any
fortification;
( b ) throws any building material or rubbish in any ditch or
in the vicinity of any fortification;
Amended by: 
IV.1856.18; 
XII.1904.48; 
XII.1913.9.
( c ) not being one of the persons referred to in article 62, in
case of a tumult or other calamity, or in the case of any
flagrant offence or of a hue and cry, refuses, without
reasonable excuse, to give help, or refuses, when so
required, to give information thereof, or gives false
information or particulars, to any person entrusted
with a public service in the actual exercise of his
duties;
( d ) allows any insane person under his custody, whether
furious or otherwise, to go about at large;
( e ) not being one of the persons referred to in article 62, is
present at any attempt against the life or property of
any person and fails to give information thereof to the
Executive Police;
( f ) without permission keeps a public school;
Amended by:
IV. 1856.19; 
XII. 1913.9.
( g ) refuses to give, or untruthfully gives to any public
officer or any other person entrusted with a public
service in the actual exercise of his duties, his name,
surname, address and other particulars;
    124               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Amended by: 
XII. 1914.10; 
XXXII. 1986.5.
( h ) Repealed by: X.1998.52.
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.31.
( i ) not possessing property of any kind, and having no
other means of subsistence, fails to show that he has
habitually endeavoured to engage in or exercise some
art, trade or other occupation;
( j ) without being duly licensed, opens or keeps any place
for public divine worship;
( k ) refuses to receive at the established value, any money
lawfully current;
( l ) taking advantage of the credulity of others, for the
purpose of gain, pretends to be a diviner, fortune-teller
or an interpreter of dreams;
( m ) at night time, disturbs the repose of the inhabitants by
rowdiness or bawling, or in any other manner;
( n ) in any public place, wears any mask, or disguises
himself, except at the time and in the manner allowed
by law;
Amended by: 
XV. 1937.5. 
( o ) without permission, or against the prohibition of the
respective authorities, wears any civil, naval, military
or air force uniform, or any ecclesiastical habits or
vestments;
( p ) leaves exposed in any street, open space, field, or other
public place, any ladder, iron bar, weapon, or other
instrument, of which an improper use might be made
by thieves or other wrong-doers, or which might cause
any injury;
Amended by: 
XLI. 1933.1. 
( q ) in the harbours, on the seashore or in any other public
place, exposes himself naked or is indecently dressed; 
( r ) in any street, or open space, quarrels or fights,
although jestingly, to the annoyance or injury of
passers-by;
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.20; 
XI. 1905.15. 
( s ) drives animals (whether of burden or riding animals)
over a drawbridge, with or without a vehicle,
otherwise than at an amble;
( t ) engages in any conspiracy with persons of the same
profession or business with the object of raising or
lowering the price of any article, or the wages of
labour, or of imposing conditions to the prejudice of
the public, in matters relating to such profession or
business;
Amended by: 
XXVI. 1927.1.
( u ) unlawfully tears or pulls down any public notice
affixed by the authorities, or any poster or placard
affixed in any public place or on any private property
with the previous consent, express or implied, of the
owner, during election time, by any political party or
person, containing the names of the candidates and
appealing to citizens to vote for such candidates, or
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             125
covers up, wholly or in part, such poster or placard
with any other poster or placard, or in any other
manner covers up the print of such poster or placard:
     Provided that in any such public place no party or
independent candidate may make use of a larger space
than that made use of by any other party or
independent candidate, having regard to the space
available in such public place and to the number of
such parties or independent candidates, and for such
purpose the Police shall, by regulations to be
published in the Gazette, fix the space to be thus made
use of by any party or independent candidate and shall
remove any poster or placard which may have been
affixed in contravention of the said regulations by
encroaching upon the space assigned to others;
( v ) causes any physician, surgeon, obstetrician, or
clergyman, to attend on or visit any person whom he
falsely represents to be sick;
Amended by: 
XIII.1899.1; 
XIII. 1918.11.
( w ) leads an idle and vagrant life;
Added by:
XLIII. 1966.2.
( x ) in any public place importunes any person to beg alms;
 Substituted by: 
XXI.1993.86.
( y ) being a parent or a spouse, leaves his children or
spouse in want, whether in consequence of his or her
disorderly living or indolence;
Added by:
XIV. 1983.10. 
Substituted by: 
XXXII. 1986.5;
III. 2002.73.
( z ) when so ordered by a court or so bound by contract
fails to give to his or her spouse the sum fixed by that
court or laid down in the contract as maintenance for
the spouse and, or, the children, within fifteen days
from the day on which, according to such order or
contract, such sum should be paid;
Added by: 
IX. 1859.22.
( aa ) leaves his parents in want in consequence of his
disorderly living or his indolence;
Amended by: 
IX.1911.13. 
Substituted by: 
XXVII. 1975.22.
( bb ) even though in a state of intoxication, publicly utters
any obscene or indecent words, or makes obscene acts
or gestures, or in any other manner not otherwise
provided for in this Code, offends against public
morality, propriety or decency;
( cc ) runs violently in any street or open space, with the risk
of running into and injuring other persons;
( dd ) in any manner not otherwise provided for in this Code,
wilfully disturbs the public good order or the public
peace;
Added by:
IV. 1856.21. 
Amended by: 
XII.1913.9.
( ee ) disobeys the lawful orders of any authority or of any
person entrusted with a public service, or hinders or
obstructs such person in the exercise of his duties, or
otherwise unduly interferes with the exercise of such
duties, either by preventing other persons from doing
what they are lawfully enjoined or allowed to do, or
    126               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
frustrating or undoing what has been lawfully done by
other persons, or in any other manner whatsoever,
unless such disobedience or interference falls under
any other provision of this Code or of any other law;
Added by: 
III.1885.5. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1888.1; 
XI.1905.15; 
VIII. 1909.31.
( ff ) in any public place or place open to the public, is
found drunk and incapable of taking care of himself;
or in any public place or place open to the public,
being in charge of a child under the age of seven years,
or of any horse, mule or ox, or steam engine, or of any
vehicle, is manifestly in a state of intoxication, or,
being in such a state, causes any annoyance or
disturbance, or is in possession of firearms, or refuses
to quit any wine and spirit shop, inn, tavern or
lodging-house, or attempts to enter any passenger boat
or vessel or other vehicle, or refuses to quit such boat,
vessel or other vehicle notwithstanding the warning of
the person in charge thereof not to enter into or to quit
such boat, vessel or other vehicle;
Added by: 
I.1903.17. 
Amended by: 
VIII.1909.31; 
L.N. 4 of 1963.
( gg ) except in the cases specially provided for in this Code
or in any other law, performs any act without a licence
from the competent authority, when such licence is
required by any law or by any regulation made by the
competent authority thereunder;
Added by: 
XII. 1913.9.
( hh ) in any case not otherwise provided for in this Code or
in any other law, with intent to mislead the authorities,
lays before such authorities any genuine act, affidavit
or certificate, falsely representing the same as
referring to himself, or to any other person;
Added by: 
XII.1913.9.
( ii ) except as is allowed by law, and unless any other law
provides for a higher punishment for the offence,
makes or attempts to make or is in any way concerned
in the making of any bet or wager including a bet or
wager connected with any game, sport or event
occurring in Malta or elsewhere; or who is present in
any place while such betting or wagering is taking
place;
Added by: 
XXXII. 1986.5.
( jj ) in any place, importunes any person to advertise, or to
make such person acquire, any service, product,
property or property rights whatsoever;
Added by: 
II. 1967.2.
( kk ) being a person over fifteen years of age, uses at any
children’s playground open to the public any playing
equipment or similar facilities therein;
Added by: 
XXI. 1993.86.
Amended by:
III. 2002.73.
( ll ) when ordered by a court or bound by contract to allow
access to a child in his or her custody, refuses without
just cause to give such access.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             127
Sub-title II
O F  C ONTRAVENTIONS AGAINST THE  P ERSON
Contraventions 
against the person.
339. (1) Every person is guilty of a contravention against the
person who - 
( a ) challenges another to fight with stones;
( b ) without inflicting any wound or blow, threatens others
with stones or other hard substances, or throws the
same, or takes up any other weapon against any
person;
( c ) throws stones or other hard substances at the terraces,
roofs, windows, doors, courtyards, lamps or walls of
houses of other persons, or of any other building; or
knocks at the door, or rings the bell of any other
person’s house or building;
( d ) attempts to use force against any person with intent to
insult, annoy or hurt such person or others, unless the
fact constitutes some other offence under any other
provision of this Code;
( e ) utters insults or threats not otherwise provided for in
this Code, or being provoked, carries his insult beyond
the limit warranted by the provocation;
( f ) through carelessness or want of caution throws water,
or other liquid, or filth upon any person;
( g ) sets his dog at another person, or does not endeavour
to restrain the same, when molesting any person;
( h ) being authorized to correct any other person, exceeds
the bounds of moderation;
( i ) frightens or terrifies any other person, in a manner that
might cause harm to such person although it be done in
jest;
( j ) being in duty bound to take care of children, or of
other persons incapable of taking care of themselves,
neglects to take the necessary care of such children or
persons;
( k ) meeting in the street any abandoned or stray child,
does not convey such child or immediately report the
fact to the Executive Police, or does not otherwise
provide for the safety of the child;
( l ) pushes against any person in the street with the object
of hurting or insulting such person;
( m ) throws any dirt or filth at the door or against the wall
of the house of any other person;
( n ) annoys, vexes or scoffs at any imbecile, aged,
crippled, feeble or deformed person;
Added by:
IV. 1856.22.
( o ) even though without the intent of committing another
offence, enters into the dwelling-house of another
    128               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
person, against the express warning of such person, or
without his knowledge, or under false pretences or by
any other deceit.
Added by: 
XI.1900.51. 
Amended by: 
I. 1903.18; 
VIII. 1909.32, 33.
(2) In the cases referred to in subarticle (1)( d ) ,  ( e ) ,  ( l ) and   ( o ),
no proceedings shall be instituted except on the complaint of the
injured party.
Sub-title III
O F  C ONTRAVENTIONS AGAINST  P ROPERTY
Contraventions 
against property.
340. Every person is guilty of a contravention against property
who - 
( a ) shoots doves or pigeons, other than wild doves or
pigeons, belonging to any other person;
( b ) in any field belonging to any other person, plucks or
eats the fruit or other produce of such field;
( c ) on finding any property mislaid or lost by any other
person, fails, within three days, to give information
thereof to the Executive Police;
( d ) commits any other violation of another person’s
property, to the prejudice of the owner or holder
thereof, not specified in the preceding paragraphs of
this article, nor otherwise provided for in this Code.
Title II
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.52. 
O F THE  P UNISHMENTS FOR  C ONTRAVENTIONS
Discretion of court 
in the application 
of the punishments 
for contraventions. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.58; 
IX.1911.14. 
341.  In any case in which the punishments established for
contraventions are to be applied, the court may, according to
circumstances, apply such punishments, either severally or
cumulatively.
Minimum 
punishment for 
blasphemous 
words. 
Added by: 
X.1949.2. 
Amended by: 
XIII. 1983.5.
342.  In respect of the contravention under article 338( bb ),
where the act consists in uttering blasphemous words or
expressions, the minimum punishment to be awarded shall in no
case be less than a fine ( ammenda ) of five liri and the maximum
punishment may be imprisonment for a term of three months -
saving always the provisions of Title IV of Part II of Book First.
Disqualification on 
conviction under 
article 
340  (a) .
Added by: 
XVI. 1963.2.
343.  On conviction for a contravention under article 340( a ), the
court shall, besides awarding punishment, order the offender to be
disqualified from holding or obtaining a licence to carry a firearm
of the class or description used in the commission of the
contravention (including any airgun) for a period of twelve months.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             129
Forfeiture of 
articles in certain 
contraventions. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.10; 
III.1885.6; 
IV.1888.3; 
XXI.1944.2; 
IX. 1982.2; 
XXXII. 1986.6;
X. 1998.52.
344.  It shall be lawful to seize and confiscate - 
( a ) Repealed by: X.1998.52.
( b ) the ladders, iron bars, weapons and instruments
mentioned in article 338 ( p );
( c ) any money found on any person committing an offence
under article 338( ii ).
G ENERAL  P ROVISION
Particular laws and 
regulations.
345.  In any matter not provided for in this Code, and which
forms the subject of any particular law or regulation, such
particular law or regulation shall apply.
BOOK SECOND
LAWS OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 
PART I
OF THE AUTHORITIES TO WHICH THE ADMINISTRATION 
OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IS ENTRUSTED
Title I
OF THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE EXECUTIVE POLICE 
IN RESPECT OF CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS
GENERAL
Duties of the 
Police. 
Amended by:
IV. 1856.23;
VIII. 1990.3.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
346. (1) It is the duty of the Police to preserve public order
and peace, to prevent and to detect and investigate offences, to
collect evidence, whether against or in favour of the person
suspected of having committed that offence, and to bring the
offenders, whether principals or accomplices, before the judicial
authorities.
(2) Notwithstanding the generality of subarticle (1), where
authorised by law and in the manner so provided, the Police may
delay its immediate intervention for the prevention of the
commission of an offence.
    130               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Complaint by the 
injured party. 
Amended by: 
XIV. 1889.45;
XXX. 1934.2;
XXI. 1971.26; 
XXII. 1976.4;
XLIX. 1981.4.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
347.  The Police shall not institute criminal proceedings, except
on the complaint of the injured party, in cases where the law does
not allow criminal proceedings to be instituted without such
complaint.
Tendering of 
assistance when 
required by head of 
household. 
Amended by: 
XXII. 1976.4.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
348. Where the head of any household requires an officer of the
Police to proceed to such house in order to ascertain any offence
which has been committed or to secure the evidence relating
thereto, the officer shall proceed thither with all convenient speed
taking with him witnesses where practicable.
Powers according 
to law.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
349. (1) A police officer shall only have such powers as are
vested in him by law and to the extent authorised by law and in this
provision the word law has the same meaning assigned to it in
article 124 of the Constitution.
Omission of 
precaution, 
formality or 
requirement not a 
bar to admissibility 
of evidence.
(2) The omission of any precaution, formality or requirement
prescribed under this Title shall be no bar to proving, at the trial, in
any manner allowed by law, the facts to which such precaution,
formality or requirement relates.
Definitions. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.54.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
350.  (1) In this Title, and subject to the provisions of
subarticle (2):
"appropriate consent" means -
( a ) in relation to a person who has attained the age of
eighteen years, the consent of that person;
( b ) in relation to a person who has not attained the age of
eighteen years but has attained the age of fourteen
years, the consent of that person and the consent of his
parent or guardian;
( c ) in relation to a person who has not attained the age of
fourteen years, the consent of his parent or guardian;
"designated police station" means a police station designated by
the Minister responsible for the Police by a notice published in the
Gazette;
"excluded material" means:
( a ) personal records acquired or created by a person in the
course of any trade, business, profession or other
occupation, or for purposes of any paid or unpaid
office and which he holds in confidence;
( b ) human tissue or tissue fluid which has been taken for
the purpose of diagnosis or medical treatment and
which a person holds in confidence;
( c ) journalistic material which a person holds in
confidence;
"intimate sample" means a sample of blood, semen or any other
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             131
tissue fluid, or pubic hair,  and includes a swab taken from a
person’s body orifice other than the mouth;
"intimate search" means a search which consists of the physical
examination of a person’s body orifices other than the mouth;
"items subject to legal privilege" means any communication
between a professional legal adviser and his client or any person
representing his client and any document or record enclosed with or
referred to in such communication and made in connection with the
giving of legal advice or in connection with or in contemplation of
legal proceedings and for the purposes of such proceedings, but the
expression does not include items held with the intention of
furthering a criminal purpose;
"journalistic material" means material in the possession of a
person who acquired or created it for the purposes of journalism
and a person who receives material from someone who intends that
the recipient shall use it for the purposes of journalism is to be
taken to have acquired it for those purposes;
"non-intimate sample" means -
( a ) a sample of hair other than pubic hair;
( b ) a sample taken from a nail or from under a nail;
( c ) a swab taken from any part of a person’s body
including the mouth but not any other body orifice;
( d ) urine or saliva;
( e ) a footprint or a similar impression of any part of a
person’s body other than a part of his hand;
"personal records" means documentary and other records
concerning an individual (whether living or dead) who can be
identified from them and relating -
( a ) to his physical or mental health; or
( b ) to spiritual counselling or assistance given or to be
given to him; or
( c ) to counselling or assistance given or to be given to
him, for the purposes of his personal welfare, by any
voluntary organisation or by any individual who by
reason of his office or occupation has responsibilities
for his personal welfare or by reason of an order of a
court has responsibilities for his supervision.
(2) For the purpose of this article:
( a ) a person holds journalistic material in confidence if -
(i) he holds it subject to such an undertaking,
restriction or obligation; and
(ii) it has been continuously held (by one or more
persons) subject to such an undertaking,
restriction or obligation since it was first
acquired or created for the purposes of
journalism;
    132               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
( b ) a person holds material other than journalistic material
in confidence if he holds it subject -
(i) to an express or implied undertaking to hold it in
confidence; or
(ii) to a restriction on disclosure or an obligation of
secrecy contained in this Code or in any other
law.
Sub-title I
POWER TO STOP AND SEARCH
Power to stop and 
search.
Amended by:
III. 1937.2;
XX.1959.4; 
XXVII. 1975.23.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
351.  (1) A police officer may, in a public place, or in any
place to which the public is admitted, even against payment of an
entrance fee, search any person or vehicle, if he has a reasonable
suspicion that the search will discover the possession of things,
which are prohibited, stolen or acquired as the result of any offence
whatsoever, or which may be used or may have been used in the
commission of an offence or which may serve in the investigation
of an offence.
(2) For the purposes of subarticle (1), the Police may stop a
person or a vehicle until the search is performed and shall seize any
thing discovered during the search and the possession of which is
prohibited or which may be connected with an offence.
Warrant. 
Substituted by:
IV. 1994.9;
III. 2002.74.
352.  Where the search to be performed is required in an
unattended vehicle and it is not possible to obtain the attendance of
its registered owner, then  a police officer may only carry out the
search if he has a warrant from a superior officer not below the
rank of an inspector.
Limitation as to 
search, etc.
Amended by:
XI. 1900.55; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
VIII. 1990.3.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
353. Except in urgent cases and when a person is apprehended
in flagrante delicto  nothing in this Title authorises the search of a
person by a police officer of the opposite sex, or that a search be
conducted by a police officer not in uniform unless clearly
identified by the production of a police identity card.
Report on search.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
354.  Anything seized as a result of a search under the preceding
articles of this title shall be preserved and the Police carrying out
the search shall draw up a report stating all the particulars of the
search and including a detailed list of the things so seized.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             133
Sub-title II
ROAD CHECKS
Conditions for road 
checks.
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.11;
V. 1868.20.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.74.
Cap. 248.
355.  The Police may organise a road check where there are
reasonable grounds for believing that a check on vehicles in or
passing through a locality may lead to -
( a ) the arrest of a person who has committed or is
reasonably suspected of having committed or of being
about to commit a serious crime, not being a crime
punishable under the Press Act; or
( b ) the discovery of anything the possession of which is
prohibited or restricted by law or which is connected
in any way whatsoever with the commission of a
serious crime or which is evidence of any such crime;
or
( c ) the arrest of any person whose arrest has been ordered
by a court or any other lawful authority or who is
otherwise unlawfully at large; or
( d ) the ascertainment that a person is not abiding by a
condition lawfully imposed on him by a court; or
( e ) the ascertainment of violations of any law regarding
motor vehicles or traffic regulation:
Provided that for the purposes of this article "serious crime"
means any crime liable to the punishment of imprisonment.
Exercise of road 
check.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355A.  (1) For the duration of the road check the Police may stop
all or any vehicles passing through or in the locality where the road
check is being organised.
(2) Where a vehicle has been stopped in pursuance of the
provisions of this sub-title that vehicle may be searched by the
Police.
Authorisation.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355B.  A road check under this sub-title may only be organised
upon an authorisation in writing by a police officer not below the
rank of Inspector unless the matter admits of no delay in which case
such authorisation may be given orally by a police officer not
below the rank of sergeant and reduced to writing as soon as
practicable.
Evidence of other 
offences.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355C.  Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding
articles of this sub-title, where in the course of a road check,
evidence is found of the commission of an offence other than that
in respect of which the road check was organised, the Police shall
also be entitled to investigate such offence and where appropriate
to institute proceedings for that offence.
Saving of other 
laws.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355D.  The provisions of this sub-title shall be without prejudice
to any power vested in the Police by any other law to stop vehicles
for purposes other than those mentioned in this sub-title. 
    134               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Sub-title III
POWERS OF ENTRY, SEARCH AND SEIZURE UNDER 
WARRANT
Conditions for 
search of premises, 
etc.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355E.  (1) Saving the cases where the law provides otherwise,
no police officer shall, without a warrant from a Magistrate, enter
any premises, house, building or enclosure for the purpose of
effecting any search therein or arresting any person who has
committed or is reasonably suspected of having committed or of
being about to commit any offence unless -
Cap. 248.
( a ) the offence is a crime other than a crime punishable
under the Press Act and there is imminent danger that
the said person may escape or that the corpus dialect or
the means of proving the offence will be suppressed;
or
Cap. 248.
( b ) the person is detected in the very act of committing a
crime other than a crime punishable under the Press
Act; or
Cap. 248.
( c ) the intervention of the Police is necessary in order to
prevent the commission of a crime other than a crime
punishable under the Press Act; or
( d ) the entry is necessary for the execution of any warrant
or order issued by any other competent authority in the
cases prescribed by law; or
( e ) the arrest is for the purpose of apprehending a person
who is unlawfully at large after escaping from lawful
arrest or detention.
(2) The expression "enclosure" does not include any plot of
land enclosed by rubble walls.
Subsidiary powers 
of Police in 
execution of 
warrants.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355F.  In cases where a police officer is empowered to enter into
any of the places mentioned in the last preceding article, it shall be
lawful for such officer to open or break any door or window, if,
after giving notice of his office and object, he cannot otherwise
obtain entry.
Scope of search 
and of search 
warrant.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355G.  (1) Any entry and search warrant issued under this Sub-
title and any search or seizure made under the provisions of this
Sub-title shall not extend to legal privilege or to any excluded
material.
(2) An entry and search warrant issued under this Sub-title
shall be deemed to have been granted to the police officer or
officers executing it.
(3) Without prejudice to the right of obtaining a new warrant
for the same purpose, an entry and search warrant may not be
executed after the lapse of one month from the date of issue.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             135
Times for 
execution of 
warrant.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355H.  No warrant of entry and search may be executed  after
sunset unless the Magistrate has otherwise authorised in the
warrant, or unless the executing Police officer has reasonable cause
to believe that the purpose of the entry and search will be frustrated
if the execution of the warrant is delayed.
Copy of warrant to 
person.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355I.  The executing officer shall hand over a copy of the warrant
to the person occupying and present at the place searched or to any
other person who appears to the said officer to be in charge of the
same place and who happens to be present during the search.  If
there is no person present who appears to the executing officer to
be in charge of the premises the copy of the warrant shall be left in
an easily visible place on the premises. 
Limitation.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355J.  A search under a warrant may only be a search to the
extent required for the purpose for which the warrant was issued:
Provided that if, in the course of the search, offences other
than the offence or offences mentioned in the warrant are
discovered, the search may extend to the extent required for the
purposes of such other offences.
Sub-title IV
POWERS OF ENTRY AND SEARCH WITHOUT WARRANT
Cases admitting of 
no delay.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355K.  Any police officer may enter and search without a warrant
any premises, house, building or enclosure in the circumstances
laid down in article 355E(1)( a ) to ( e ).
Entry and search 
after arrest.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355L.  (1) The Police have the power to enter and search any
premises, house, building or enclosure used, occupied or
controlled, even temporarily, by a person who is under arrest, if
they have reasonable grounds for suspecting that there is evidence,
other than items subject to legal privilege, that relates to the
offence or a connected offence, and such search shall be limited to
the extent that is reasonably necessary for discovering such
evidence:
Provided that if offences other than the offence or offences
for which the person was arrested are discovered in the course of
the search then the search may extend to the extent required for the
purposes of such other offences.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of Sub-title V, the
Police may in the course of a search carried out in pursuance of the
provisions of subarticle (1) seize and retain anything not subject to
legal privilege and which constitutes relevant evidence for the
purpose of any offence mentioned in the same subarticle. 
Limitation.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355M.  (1) The powers mentioned in article 355L may be
exercised by a police officer not below the rank of inspector or by
officers of a lower rank if so authorised in writing by an officer not
below the rank of inspector.
    136               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
(2) Where the police officers on the scene are all below the
rank of inspector and the matter admits of no delay and the person
occupying or in control of the premises is present and his presence
is necessary for the effective investigation of the offence, the said
police officers may proceed to enter and search the premises
without the authorisation in writing referred to in subarticle (1).
Report by officer.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355N.  A police officer who has exercised any of the powers
mentioned in articles 355K and 355L shall, as soon as practicable,
draw up a report of the entry and search without warrant, stating the
grounds for which it was exercised, and describing the results of
the search.
Connection of 
offences.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355O.  For the purposes of this Sub-title there is connection
between offences when -
( a ) the facts of the offences are substantially the same; or
( b ) an offence has served as a means for the commission
of another offence; or
( c ) the proof of an offence or of a circumstance thereof
has a bearing on the proof of another offence or of a
circumstance thereof.
Sub-title V
SEIZURE AND RETENTION
General rules of 
seizure.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355P.  The Police, when lawfully on any premises, may seize
anything which is on the premises if they have reasonable grounds
for believing that it has been obtained in consequence of the
commission of an offence or that it is evidence in relation to an
offence and that it is necessary to seize it to prevent it being
concealed, lost, damaged, altered or destroyed.
Computer data.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355Q.  The Police may, in addition to the power of seizing a
computer machine, require any information which is contained in a
computer to be delivered in a form in which it can be taken away
and in which it is visible and legible.
Receipt for thing 
seized.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355R.  The Police shall always issue to the person on the
premises or in control of the thing seized a receipt for anything
seized and on request by any such person, the Police shall, against
payment and within a reasonable time, supply to him photographs,
or a film, video recording or electronic image or copies of the thing
seized, unless the investigating officer has reasonable grounds for
believing that this would be prejudicial to the investigation or to
any criminal proceedings that may be instituted as a result thereof.
Retention.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355S.  (1) Anything which has been lawfully seized by the
Police may be retained so long as is necessary in all the
circumstances.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the aforesaid,
anything lawfully seized by the Police under this Code may be
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             137
retained for use as evidence at the trial or for forensic examination
or any other aspect of the investigation, or in order to establish the
thing’s  lawful owner.
(3) The Commissioner shall provide for the proper custody of
anything seized. 
Restitution to 
owner.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355T.  A person who is the rightful owner of a thing seized and
retained may, unless criminal proceedings in the course of which
the thing seized has been exhibited or is to be exhibited are pending
before any court, make an application to a Magistrate for its
restitution, and the Magistrate may, after hearing the Police, by a
decree order its release either unconditionally, or under such
conditions as may be necessary to preserve the evidential aspects of
the thing.
Photographs.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355U.  Unless a thing is liable to forfeiture, nothing shall be
retained if a photograph, film, video recording or electronic image
or a copy of the thing would be sufficient:
Provided that before releasing the thing the Police may,
where they deem so necessary, apply to a Magistrate for a repertus
to be drawn up and the provisions of Title II of Part II of Book
Second of this Code shall apply.
Sub-title VI
POWERS OF ARREST AND DETENTION
Arrest under 
warrant.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355V.  Where there are lawful grounds for the arrest of a person,
the Police may request a warrant of arrest from a Magistrate, unless
in accordance with any provision of law the arrest in question may
be made without a warrant.
Arrest by private 
persons.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355W.  (1) Any person not being a police officer may arrest
without warrant anyone who is in the act of committing or has just
committed any crime concerning the peace and honour of families
and morals, any crime of wilful homicide or bodily harm, or any
crime of theft  or of wilful unlawful entry or damage to property.
(2) The person making any arrest under subarticle (1) shall
without delay inform the Police of the fact of the arrest and shall
exercise such power only until it is strictly necessary for the Police
to take over the person arrested. 
Arrest by police 
without warrant.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355X. (1) Any police officer may arrest without warrant anyone
who is in the act of committing or has just committed a crime
punishable with imprisonment, or whom he reasonably suspects to
be about to commit or of having just committed such a crime.
(2) Any police officer may also proceed to the arrest of any
person who knowingly, or after due warning, obstructs or disturbs
him in the execution of his duties, or disobeys his lawful orders.
(3) The powers mentioned in subarticles (1) and (2)  shall only
    138               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
be exercised  until it is strictly necessary for the police officer to
convey the person arrested to a police station and deliver him to a
superior officer not below the rank of sergeant.
Cap. 248.
(4) The provisions of this article shall not apply to any crime
punishable under the Press Act. 
Arrest for minor 
offences.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
Cap. 248.
355Y.  (1) In the case of contraventions, or of crimes not subject
to the punishment of imprisonment, excepting always the crimes
punishable under the Press Act, it shall be lawful for the Police to
proceed to the arrest of any person without a warrant, provided
that-
( a ) the person be detected in the very act of committing
the offence; or
( b ) the arrest be necessary to prevent the commission of
an offence in respect of which the Police may institute
criminal proceedings without the complaint of the
injured party; and
( c ) in either of the cases mentioned in paragraphs ( a ) or
( b ) one of the conditions mentioned in article 355Z is
satisfied.
(2) A person shall be deemed to be detected in the very act of
committing an offence, if he is caught, either in the act of
committing the offence, or while being pursued by the injured party
or by the public hue and cry. 
General arrest 
conditions.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355Z.  The general arrest conditions are -
( a ) that the identity of the person is unknown or cannot be
readily ascertained by the police officer; or
( b ) there is a doubt whether the particulars furnished by
the person are true; or
( c ) that the person has not furnished a satisfactory address
for service, or there are doubts about whether the
address provided is satisfactory for service, or that at
least some other person may according to law receive
service on his behalf at the address given; or
( d ) that the arrest is necessary to prevent the person -
(i) causing physical harm to himself or to any other
person; or
(ii) suffering physical injury;  or
(iii) causing loss or damage to property; or
(iv) committing an offence against public decency;
or
(v) causing an unlawful obstruction on any public
road; or
( e ) that the police officer has reasonable grounds for
believing that the arrest is necessary to protect a child
or any other vulnerable person.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             139
Conduct towards 
person arrested.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AB.   The officer or any other person authorised by law
making an arrest shall not use any harshness, bond or other means
of restraint unless indispensably required to secure, or rendered
necessary by the insubordination of the person arrested.
Information to be 
given on arrest.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AC.  (1)  When a person is arrested, the arrest is not lawful
unless the person arrested is informed that he is under arrest, even
though the arrest may be obvious.
(2) The arrest is not lawful unless the person arrested is
informed at the time of his arrest or detention, in a language that he
understands, of the reasons for his arrest or detention:
Provided that if an interpreter is necessary and is not
readily available or if it is otherwise impracticable to comply with
the provisions of this sub-article at the time of the person’s arrest
or detention, such provisions shall be complied with as soon as
practicable:
Provided further that, in any case, where the arrest is made
by a private person under the provisions of article 355V the giving
of the information may be delayed until the person arrested is taken
over by the Police.
Attendance at a 
police station or 
office.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AD.  (1)  Where, in the course of an investigation, a person
attends voluntarily at, or accompanies a police officer to, a police
station or office,  that person shall be free to leave at any time,
unless and until he is informed that he is under arrest.
(2) Where an inspector of Police has a reasonable suspicion
that the person who attended voluntarily at the police station or
office may have committed an offence subject to imprisonment, he
may arrest such person forthwith without warrant and inform him
accordingly. The time of the arrest shall be immediately recorded
and immediate notice thereof shall be given to a Magistrate.
(3) The Police may, orally or by a notice in writing, require any
person to attend at the police station or other place indicated by
them to give such information and to produce such documents as
the Police may require and if that person so attends at the police
station or place indicated to him he shall be deemed to have
attended that police station or other place voluntarily. The written
notice referred to in this subarticle shall contain a warning of the
consequences of failure to comply, as are mentioned in subarticle
(5).
(4) Any person who is considered by the police to be in
possession of any information or document relevant to any
investigation has a legal obligation to comply with a request from
the police to attend at a police station to give as required any such
information or document: 
Provided that no person is bound to supply any information
or document which tends to incriminate him.
(5) A person who fails to comply with a notice in writing as is
referred to in subarticle (3) or who fails, upon being so requested,
even if only orally,  to accompany voluntarily a police officer to a
police station or other place indicated by the police officer for any
    140               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
purpose mentioned in the said subarticle (3) shall be guilty of a
contravention punishable with detention and shall be liable to be
arrested immediately under warrant.
(6) The notice mentioned in subarticle (3) may be served with
urgency in cases where the interests of justice so require.
(7) A person who attends voluntarily as mentioned in subarticle
(3) may be kept apart from any other person, but shall not be kept
in any place normally used for the detention of arrested persons.
Arrest outside 
police stations or 
offices.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AE.  (1)  When a police officer arrests a person at a place
other than a police station the arrested person shall be taken to the
nearest police station and where the arresting officer is an officer
below the rank of inspector he shall forthwith report the arrest to an
officer not below the rank of inspector. In any case the inspector or
officer in charge of that police station shall also be informed. 
(2) Where there are grounds for the continuation of the arrest
the  person arrested shall be taken to a designated police station as
soon as practicable and in no case later than six hours from the time
of the arrest.
(3) The taking of an arrested person to a police station in
accordance with the foregoing provisions of this article may be
delayed if that person’s presence is required elsewhere for the
purpose of any investigation which may be necessary.
(4) Where a person is released following arrest the police
officer ordering release shall record in writing the fact stating
reasons.
Search on arrested 
person.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AF.  (1)  A police officer may immediately search the person
arrested:
( a ) if the police officer has reasonable grounds for
believing that the arrested person may present a danger
to himself or others; or
( b ) for anything which the arrested person might use to
assist him to escape from custody; or
( c ) for anything which might be evidence related to an
offence.
(2) The provisions of article 353 of this Code shall apply to
searches under this article.
Sub-title VII
WARRANTS
Police to execute 
warrants of arrest 
or search.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AG.  (1)  Saving the provisions of article 666, it is the duty of
the Police to execute any warrant or order of arrest or search that
may, in the cases prescribed by law, be issued or given by any other
competent authority.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             141
(2) Any such warrant or order shall set forth the nature of the
offence, the name of the person, if known, by whom the offence is
alleged to have been committed and, in the case of a search
warrant, it shall indicate the place where the search is to be carried
out.
(3) Once a warrant or order of arrest or search has been issued
any police officer may execute the warrant or order.
Procedure for 
warrants.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AH.  (1)  Whenever according to law the carrying out of an act
by the police requires the issue of a warrant by a Magistrate a
police officer may apply in person to a Magistrate requesting the
issue of the appropriate warrant stating the grounds for the request
and giving the Magistrate all such information that will enable the
Magistrate to decide on the request. Before deciding whether to
issue the warrant the Magistrate may require the police officer to
confirm on oath the information supplied by him and the warrant
shall only be issued upon the Magistrate being satisfied that
sufficient grounds for the issue of the warrant exist.
(2) In cases of urgency, the request for the issue of the warrant
and the warrant may be communicated even by facsimile:
Provided that, as soon as practicable, the original warrant
shall be delivered for record purposes.
(3) Any warrant issued by a Magistrate shall be issued in
favour of the Commissioner of Police and may be executed by any
police officer.
(4) Whenever a police officer requests the issue of a warrant of
arrest or search from a Magistrate in accordance with the
provisions of this Code and the Magistrate refuses to issue the
warrant the Police may request the issue of the same warrant from a
Judge who ordinarily sits in the Criminal Court.
Copies of warrants.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AI.  Except in the case of a warrant transmitted by facsimile,
any warrant shall be drawn upon in three signed copies one of
which shall be retained by the Magistrate while the others shall be
delivered to the police officer who shall retain one copy for his
records and shall cause the other one to be served on the person
entitled to be served with it:
Provided that where a police officer comes upon a person
against whom a warrant of arrest has been issued and, although not
in possession of a copy of the warrant, the police officer knows that
the warrant has been so issued, the officer shall arrest that person
and shall serve him with the copy of the warrant at the first
opportunity.
Report of arrest.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AJ.  (1)  Where any person is arrested, whether with or
without a warrant, the arresting police officer or his superior shall,
as soon as practicable and unless the person arrested has been
released within six hours from arrest, inform a Magistrate, giving
all details as to time and place where the person is being held.
(2) The Magistrate may order that the person arrested be
transferred to another place with immediate effect.
    142               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
(3) Any person arrested in pursuance of any provision  of this
Code and who has not been brought before a court within forty-
eight hours of his arrest shall be released.
Immediate orders.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AK.  Any order of a competent authority touching on the
rights of the individual arising from the provisions of this sub-title
shall be carried out without delay, and for such purpose may be
communicated even by facsimile or telephone, under such
conditions as to guarantee its authenticity.
Sub-title VIII
DETENTION
Right to release.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AL.  (1)  It shall be duty of the custody officer to order the
immediate release from custody of any person in police detention
in the circumstances mentioned in article 355AJ(3) or where the
custody officer becomes aware that the grounds for the detention of
that person have ceased to apply and there are no other lawful
grounds on which the continued detention of that person could be
justified.
(2) Before ordering the release from custody of a person under
subarticle (1) the custody officer shall inform the investigating
officer and a Magistrate and the final decision shall be taken by the
Magistrate.
(3) A person whose release is ordered under the provisions of
subarticle (1) shall be released unconditionally unless it appears to
the custody officer -
( a ) that there is need for further investigation of any
matter in connection with which he was detained at
any time during the period of his detention; or
( b ) that proceedings may be taken against him in respect
of such matter,
and if it so appears, he shall be released subject to the conditions,
reduced to writing and signed by the person to be released, that he
will not attempt or do anything to leave Malta without the authority
of the investigating officer under whose authority he was arrested
and that he will attend at such police station at such time as the
custody officer may appoint and, or that he will attend before the
Court of Magistrates at such time and such place as the court may
appoint.
(4) Where a custody officer has granted bail to a person subject
to a duty not to attempt or do anything to leave Malta without
authority or to appear at a police station, the custody officer may
give notice in writing to that person that the condition not to
attempt or do anything to leave Malta without authority no longer
applied or that his attendance at the police station is not required.
(5) Any person who fails to comply with any condition
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             143
imposed upon him upon his release as provided in subarticle (3)
shall be guilty of a contravention.
(6) A police officer may arrest without a warrant any person
who, having been conditionally released under subarticle (3)
subject to a duty not to attempt or do anything to leave Malta
without authority or to attend a police station or subject to a duty to
appear before the Court of Magistrates, attempts or does anything
to leave Malta without authority or fails to attend at that police
station or before the Court of Magistrates at the time appointed for
him to do so.
(7) For the purposes of this sub-title a person who returns to a
police station to answer to bail or is arrested under subarticle (6)
shall be treated as arrested for the offence under subarticle (5) and
for the offence in connection with which he was granted bail and
the provisions of this article shall apply to such person.
(8) The conditions made under subarticle (3) shall not remain
in force for more than three months from the date on which they
were imposed unless they are renewed by a Magistrate for further
periods of three months each period upon an application by the
Police which shall be served for his reply upon the person on whom
the conditions were imposed.
(9) At any time during which the conditions made under
subarticle (3) are in force the person on whom those conditions
were imposed may by an application to be served on the Police for
a reply request a Magistrate that those conditions be removed or
modified. 
(10) The Minister may issue guidelines to be followed by
custody officers in the exercise of their discretion to impose
conditions under subarticle (3).
Requirement of 
custody officer.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AM.  (1)  At every designated place of detention the
Commissioner shall appoint one or more custody officers not below
the rank of sergeant who, in matters of detention, shall comply with
any orders of a Magistrate.
(2) Any officer of any rank may perform the functions of a
custody officer at a designated place of detention if a custody
officer is not readily available to perform them.
(3) Where the custody officer who is called upon to carry out
any of his functions with respect to a person in police detention is,
at the time when the function falls to be performed, involved in the
investigation of an offence for which the person is in police
detention such function shall be carried out by another custody
officer or, if no such other custody officer is available, by the next
most senior police officer who happens to be available at the time.
(4) In this article and elsewhere in this sub-title "designated
place of detention" means such place designated by the Minister
where a person may be detained for more than six hours. 
    144               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Functions of 
custody officer.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AN.  The custody officer shall perform such functions as may
be assigned to him by this Code or by any other law.
Functions of 
custody officer at a 
place other than a 
designated place of 
detention.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AO.  Where an arrested person is taken to a police station
which is not a designated place of detention the functions in
relation to him which would otherwise fall to be performed by a
custody officer shall be performed:
( a ) by an officer not below the rank of sergeant who is not
involved in the investigation of an offence for which
the arrested person is in detention, if such an officer is
readily available; and
( b ) if no such officer is readily available, by the officer
who took the arrested person to the police station or by
the most senior police officer at the police station at
the time.
Intimate searches 
of the person 
detained.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AP.  Where the arresting officer or the custody officer has a
reasonable suspicion that the person arrested may have concealed
on his person any drug the unlawful possession of which would
constitute a criminal offence or any other item which a custody
officer is authorised by this Code or by any other law to seize from
the possession of an arrested person, the said officer may request a
Magistrate to order an intimate search of the person arrested.
Experts to be 
appointed.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AQ.  (1)  Upon a request for an order under article 355AP the
Magistrate shall appoint an expert to carry out the search under
such safeguards as he may consider necessary for the purpose of
decency and to report to him on his findings.  A copy of the report
shall be communicated without delay to the arresting or custody
officer as the case may be.
(2) A person shall not be appointed an expert for the purpose of
carrying out an intimate search on a person of the opposite sex
unless the expert is a medical practitioner and the person to be
searched consents thereto in writing.
Seizure.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AR.  Anything found as a result of an intimate search under
the foregoing articles may be temporarily retained by the expert
and may subsequently be seized by order of the Magistrate, and a
receipt therefore shall be given to the detained person. The
Magistrate may authorise the delivery against receipt of anything
so seized to the police officer investigating the person intimately
searched.
Sub-title IX
RIGHTS OF PERSONS DETAINED
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             145
Right to inform 
friends and to 
medical assistance.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AS.  (1)  It shall be the duty of the Police to inform without
undue delay the person arrested or detained of his right to request
that a relative or friend be informed of the fact of his arrest and of
his whereabouts unless such relative or friend is reasonably
suspected of being involved in the offence being investigated. If the
person arrested avails himself of such right the relative or friend
shall without undue delay be informed accordingly and a record as
provided in subarticles (2) and (3) shall be kept of the way the
Police discharged their duty under this subarticle.
(2) In all cases the following information shall be entered in
the detention record of the person detained:
( a ) the day and time in which the detained person was
informed of his right under this article;
( b ) whether the detained person chose to avail himself of
that right or not;
( c ) if the detained person chose to avail himself of that
right, the details of the relative or friend informed of
the detained person’s arrest and whereabouts together
with the day and time in which the information was
given; if such relative or friend was not so informed
the reasons for this.
(3) The arrested or detained person shall be requested to sign
the record referred to in subarticle (2) and should he refuse to do so
an entry shall be entered in the record to this effect.
(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticle (1), the
investigating officer may by application to a Magistrate request
that he be authorised to delay informing a relative or friend of the
detained person if there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that
the giving of such information may be prejudicial to the
investigation or to the recovery of things, or that it may alert other
persons who are connected with the offence and are still not in
Police custody. Such a delay shall not be later than six hours from
the time when the arrest was effected.
(5) An arrested person shall, at his request, be allowed to
consult a medical adviser of his choice provided that such medical
adviser is readily available.
(6) The application referred to in subarticle (4) may be
communicated to the Magistrate by facsimile:
Provided that, as soon as practicable, the original
application shall be delivered for record purposes.
Right to legal 
advice.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AT. *  (1)  Subject to the provisions of subarticle (3), a person
arrested and held in police custody at a police station or other
authorised place of detention shall, if he so requests, be allowed as
soon as practicable to consult privately with a lawyer or legal
procurator, in person or by telephone, for a period not exceeding
one hour. As early as practical before being questioned the person
in custody shall be informed  by the Police of his rights under this
*this article is not yet in force.
    146               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
subarticle.
(2) A request made under subarticle (1) shall be recorded in the
custody record together with the time that it was made unless the
request is made at a time when the person who makes it is at court
after being charged with an offence in which case the request need
not be so recorded.
(3) Subject to the provisions of subarticle (7), compliance with
a request under subarticle (1) may be delayed if the person making
the request is in police detention for a crime and if an officer not
below the rank of superintendent authorises such delay.
(4) An authorisation under subarticle (3) may be given orally or
in writing but if it is given orally it shall be confirmed in writing as
soon as it is practicable.
(5) An officer may only authorise delay where he has
reasonable grounds for believing that the exercise of the right
conferred by subarticle (1) at the time when the person detained
desires to exercise it -
( a ) will lead to interference with or harm to evidence
connected with the offence being investigated or
interference with or physical injury to other persons;
or;
( b ) will lead to the alerting of other persons suspected of
having committed such an offence but not yet arrested
for it; or
( c ) will hinder the recovery of any property obtained as a
result of such an offence; or
( d ) in the case of a person detained for an offence of drug
trafficking, bribery, or money laundering, will hinder
the recovery of the value of that person’s proceeds
from the offence.
(6) Where delay has been authorised as provided in subarticle
(5) the Police may immediately proceed to question the detained
person.
(7) The delay mentioned in subarticle (3) shall in no case
exceed thirty-six hours from the time of the arrest.
(8) Any police officer who tries to indicate to a person detained
the advocate or legal procurator who should be engaged during the
detention of such person, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be
punishable with a fine ( ammenda ) and this without prejudice to any
disciplinary proceedings that may be taken against him.
(9) Where the person detained chooses not to seek legal
assistance the investigating officer shall record this fact in writing
in the presence of two witnesses and thereupon questioning may
proceed immediately.
Inferences from 
failure to mention 
facts.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AU. *  (1)  Where in any proceedings against a person for an
offence, evidence is given that the accused -
( a ) at any time before he was charged with the offence, on
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             147
being questioned by the police trying to discover
whether or by whom the offence had been committed,
failed to mention any fact relied on in his defence in
those proceedings; or
( b ) on being charged with the offence or officially
informed that he might be prosecuted for it,  failed to
mention any such fact, 
being a fact which in the circumstances existing at the time the
accused could reasonably have been expected to mention when so
questioned, charged or informed, as the case may be, subarticle (2)
shall apply if it is shown that the accused had received legal advice
before being questioned, charged or informed as aforesaid.
(2) Where this subarticle applies -
( a ) a Court of Magistrates as court of criminal inquiry in
making a decision under article 401(2);
( b ) the court or jury, in determining whether the person
charged or accused is guilty of the offence charged,
may draw such inferences from the failure as appear proper, which
inferences may not by themselves be considered as evidence of
guilt but may be considered as amounting to corroboration of any
evidence of guilt of the person charged or accused. 
(3) In criminal proceedings against any person for an offence
the prosecution shall not, without the permission of the court for
reasons which it considers just, comment on the fact that that
person did not request the assistance of a lawyer or a legal
procurator in the course of police investigations before those
proceedings.
Sub-title X
TAKING OF SAMPLES, FINGERPRINTING AND OTHER 
INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES
Samples under 
authorisation.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AV.  The investigating officer may in person, by application
or by facsimile, request a Magistrate to authorise the necessary
procedure -
( a ) where he has reasonable grounds to require the taking
of intimate samples from the person arrested; or
( b ) to take photographs, a film, video recording or
electronic image of intimate parts of the body of the
person arrested; or
( c ) where the person arrested withholds his consent for
any procedure which the investigating officer may
carry out according to law with the consent of the
person arrested:
*this article is not yet in force.
    148               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Provided that where the request falls under paragraph ( a ),
the provisions of article 355AW shall apply and, if the request falls
under paragraph ( b ), the provisions of article 355AP shall  mutatis
mutandis  apply.
Intimate samples 
by consent.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AW.  Subject to the provisions of articles 355AV and 355AX,
an intimate sample may be taken from a person arrested only if his
appropriate consent is given.
When consent for 
intimate sample is 
refused.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AX.  (1)  Upon a request under article 355AV( a ), the
Magistrate shall obtain all such information from the investigating
officer to enable him to decide on whether the request is justified or
not.
(2) Where the Magistrate decides that the request is justified he
shall visit the person arrested to request his consent and before
asking for his consent he shall explain to him:
( a ) the nature of the request and the reasons thereof;
( b ) * the consequences of giving his consent and of refusing
consent as provided in article 355AZ; and
( c ) † that he is entitled to consult a lawyer or legal
procurator before deciding whether or not to give his
consent.
(3) ‡ Where the person arrested requests to consult a lawyer or
legal procurator under subarticle (2) the magistrate shall make a
record of the fact, date and time of the request and, subject to the
provisions of subarticle (4) shall allow the person arrested to
consult with a lawyer or legal procurator for such time as the
magistrate may deem appropriate in the circumstances of the case.
(4) § The magistrate may, on a justified objection by the Police,
delay any communication with an advocate or legal procurator if
the interests of justice so require or when any of the events
mentioned in article 355AT(5) is likely to occur if such
communication is allowed immediately: 
Provided that where the person arrested has requested to
consult a lawyer or legal procurator his consent can only be
requested after such consultation has taken place.
Applicable 
procedure for 
samples.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AY.  Where an intimate sample is to be taken under these
articles the provisions of article 355AP shall apply.
Inferences from 
refusal.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355AZ. **  Where the appropriate consent to the taking of an
intimate sample from a person was refused without a good cause, in
any proceedings against the person for an offence, those who have
to judge of the facts may draw such inferences from the refusal as
appear proper and the refusal may, on the basis of such inferences,
*this paragraph is not yet in force.
†this paragraph is not yet in force.
‡this subarticle is not yet in force.
§this subarticle is not yet in force.
**this article is not yet in force.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             149
be treated as, or as capable of amounting to corroboration of any
evidence against the person in relation to which the refusal is
material.
Samples with the 
consent or at the 
request of the 
person arrested.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355BA.  (1)  The investigating officer may, with the appropriate
consent in writing of the person arrested, cause to be taken:
( a ) fingerprints, palm-prints from the person arrested;
( b ) photographs of the person arrested or of non-intimate
parts of his body;
( c ) non-intimate samples from the person arrested.
(2) The person arrested may request in writing that:
( a ) his fingerprints, palm-prints or other prints,
( b ) photographs of his person or of non-intimate parts of
his body,
( c ) non-intimate samples from his person,
be taken and any such request shall be complied with by the
investigating officer with the assistance of any competent person as
may be necessary.
(3) The person arrested may also request in writing the
investigating officer to carry out any of the procedures mentioned
in article 355AV( a ) and ( b ), and any such request shall be referred
without delay to a Magistrate. The Magistrate shall authorise the
procedure requested after verifying the request made by the person
arrested and the provisions of article 355AP shall apply where
appropriate.
Samples from 
persons other than 
arrested persons.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355BB.  Samples from a person other than a person arrested may
only be taken with that person’s prior consent in writing:
Provided that for the taking of an intimate sample a
Magistrate’s authorisation must also be obtained upon application.
Samples at the 
request of persons 
other than arrested 
persons.
Added by:
III. 2002.74.
355BC.  The provisions of article 355BA shall  mutatis mutandis
apply to any person, not being an arrested person, who makes a
request for the carrying out in his respect of any procedure referred
to in that article provided the request is made in writing and
contains a declaration that the person making the request has reason
to believe that there is the likelihood that the failure to carry out the
requested procedure is likely to result in his being arrested or
detained.
Added by:
III. 2002.75.
Sub-title XI
POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE POLICE IN RESPECT
 OF COURT PROCEEDINGS
    150               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Production of 
evidence before 
court. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.76.
356. (1) It is the duty of the Executive Police to bring as soon
as possible before the court, and, where practicable, together with
the offender, all the evidence that may have been collected in
respect of the offence.
(2) It is the duty of police prosecuting officers to disclose to
the defence such evidence which may appear to favour the person
charged and which the police, for any reason, might not have the
intention to produce before the court as evidence for the
prosecution.
Collection of 
further evidence 
and its production 
before court.
(3) The Executive Police shall, even after the accused has been
brought before the court, continue to collect and furnish to the
Court of Magistrates or, after his committal for trial, to the
Attorney General, any further information that can be obtained in
respect of the offence.
Preservation of 
articles connected 
with the offence. 
Amended by: 
VIII.1990.3.
357. Where an officer of the Executive Police discovers any
weapon, document, trace or vestige or any other thing relating to an
offence, he shall take steps to establish and ensure the existence
and the preservation thereof in the state in which it was found until
he shall have reported the matter to the Court of Magistrates, and, if
unable to establish and ensure such existence or preservation, he
shall observe the same procedure provided for the drawing up of a
" repertus ".
Duties of the 
Police in respect of 
criminal 
proceedings.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.77.
358. (1) It is the duty of the Police to issue and to serve
citations summoning persons to appear before the Court of
Magistrates, in matters within the jurisdiction of such court.
(2) In summary proceedings for offences within the jurisdiction
of the Court of Criminal Judicature, it shall not be the duty of the
Police to serve on the person charged notice of the date of hearing
apart from the first sitting of the proceedings.
Executive Police to 
execute warrants of 
arrest or search. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1994.10.
359. (1) Saving the provisions of article 666, it is the duty of
the Executive Police to execute any warrant or order of arrest or
search that may, in the cases prescribed by law, be issued or given
by any other competent authority.
Contents of 
warrant.
(2) Any such warrant or order shall set forth the nature of the
offence and the name of the person, if known, by whom the offence
is alleged to have been committed.
Summoning of 
person accused 
when not arrested. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1911.15; 
VIII. 1990.3.
360. (1) Where there are not sufficient grounds according to
law for the arrest of any person charged with an offence, the
Executive Police shall, by an order in writing, summon such person
to appear before the Court of Magistrates.
Contents of 
summons.
(2) The summons shall contain a clear designation of the
person summoned and a brief statement of the facts of the charge
together with such particulars as to time and place as it may be
necessary or practicable to give. It shall also contain an intimation
that, in default of appearance, the person summoned shall be
arrested by warrant of the court and arraigned on such day as may
be stated in the warrant.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             151
Service of 
affidavits together 
with summons.
Added by:
III. 2002.78.
360A.  (1) In summary proceedings for offences within the
jurisdiction of the Court of Magistrates as a court of criminal
judicature under article 370(1) the police may, together with the
summons or at any time thereafter, serve upon the accused copies
of any affidavits made by a public officer or by an employee or
officer of a body corporate established by law and who is to be
produced as a witness for the prosecution in those proceedings as
well as any document to be produced in evidence in the same
proceedings and if the accused desires to cross-examine any person
whose affidavit has been served upon him as aforesaid he shall, not
later than fifteen days before the first sitting following the service
of the affidavit, give notice thereof to the Commissioner of Police
by registered letter whereupon the person to be cross-examined
shall be summoned to give evidence in the proceedings:
Provided that for the purposes of this subarticle the word
"document" shall have the same meaning assigned to it by article
558(2):
Provided further that where it results that it was not
possible for the accused to give notice to the Commissioner of
Police within the time provided aforesaid such notice of the desire
to cross-examine may be given during the first sitting immediately
after the service of the affidavit in which case the person to be
cross-examined shall be summoned to give evidence in the
following sitting.
(2) The person whose affidavit was served on the accused as
provided in subarticle (1) shall not be summoned to testify in the
proceedings if the accused fails to give notice of the intention to
cross-examine that person as provided in that subarticle and the
said affidavit shall be admissible in evidence as proof of its
contents in those proceedings in the same way as if it had been
testimony given  viva voce  in the presence of the accused.
Term for service of 
summons. 
Amended by: 
VI.1871.26; 
II.1886.9; 
IX. 1911.16.
361.  Except in urgent cases, the summons shall be served on
the person summoned at least two working days previous to the day
fixed for his appearance.
Mode of effecting 
service.
Amended by:
III. 2002.79.
362. (1) The summons shall be delivered to the person whose
appearance is required, and if such person cannot conveniently be
met with, the summons shall be delivered at his usual place of
abode. In either case, the officer serving the same shall make a
report thereof to the court.
(2) The Minister responsible for justice after consulting with
the Minister responsible for the police may make regulations
providing, in summary proceedings as those mentioned in article
360A(1), for the service of the summons and of any accompanying
documents, and of any other act of the proceedings, by post or in
any other manner as may be provided in the regulations.
(3) Where the person to whom a summons or other act of the
proceedings is addressed in accordance with any regulations made
under subarticle (2) refuses to receive it the court may by means of
a decree upon an application by the Police and after examining the
    152               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
certificate of service declare that person to have been duly served
with the summons or with that other act and make an order for his
arrest.
(4) Where any person, other than the person to whom a
summons or other act of the proceedings is addressed, refuses to
receive the summons or that other act personally the court may,
upon an application by the Police and after examining the
certificate of service and satisfying itself that that person is a
person in whose hands the summons or that other act may be
lawfullly served, sentence that person to a fine ( ammenda ):
Provided that the Court may, at any time, on just cause
being shown, remit the fine ( ammenda ).
Time and place for 
service of 
summons. 
Amended by: 
XXX. 1934.3; 
XIX. 1965.18.
363.  No summons may be served between seven o’clock in the
evening and seven o’clock in the morning or on Sundays or public
holidays or in churches during religious service, except where the
urgency of the case does not admit of any delay.
Urgent cases. 364.   Where the urgency of the case does not admit of any
delay, the person may be summoned to appear forthwith or at a
given time during the same day. If the person fails to appear, he
may, upon a warrant of the court, be arrested and brought before it.
Subpoenaing of 
witnesses. 
Amended by: 
IV.1874.8; 
XI. 1900.56; 
XII. 1913.10; 
XXXII. 1986.7; 
VIII. 1990.3.
365. (1) The Executive Police shall summon, in writing, the
witnesses whose attendance is required before the Court of
Magistrates, whether for the prosecution or for the accused.
(2) The provisions contained in the last preceding three articles
shall apply to the subpoenas of witnesses.
(3) The subpoenas referred to in this article and the summons
referred to in article 360 shall be signed by an officer of the
Executive Police not below the rank of sub-inspector or be stamped
with a  facsimile  of such a signature. 
Judgment, etc., to 
be carried out by 
Executive Police. 
Fines to be levied 
by registrar.  
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3.
366. It is the duty of the Executive Police to carry out, besides
the warrants or orders referred to in article 359, every judgment or
order of the Court of Magistrates:
Provided that fines ( multa  and  ammenda ) shall be levied by
the registrar of that court.
Title II
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3.
O F THE  C OURT OF  M AGISTRATES
Constitution of 
Court of 
Magistrates. 
Jurisdiction. 
Amended by:
XI. 1900.57; 
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.80. 
 367. (1) Every Court of Magistrates shall consist of a
magistrate and shall have a twofold jurisdiction, namely, as a court
of criminal judicature for the trial of offences which fall within its
jurisdiction, and as a court of inquiry in respect of offences which
fall within the jurisdiction of a higher tribunal.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             153
Number of Courts 
of Magistrates.
(2)  There shall be two Courts of Magistrates, one for the Island
of Malta and one for the Islands of Gozo and Comino to be styled
Court of Magistrates (Malta) and Court of Magistrates (Gozo)
respectively.
When abstention or 
challenge of 
magistrate may 
take place. 
Amended by:
VI. 1871.27; 
I.1903.19; 
I.1924.2; 
XXX.1934.4; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
XLVI.1973.108; 
LVIII. 1974.68. 
Cap. 12.
368. (1) No magistrate may be challenged or may abstain from
taking cognizance of any cause, except immediately after the report
or complaint and for any of the reasons set out in paragraphs ( a ) ,
( b ) ,  ( c )   and   ( e )   and, so far as applicable,  article  734( d ) of the Code
of Organization and Civil Procedure or on the ground that he has
given or is to give evidence as a witness in the cause, or on the
ground that the cause is in respect of an offence committed to his
prejudice or to the prejudice of his spouse or of any other person
related to him by consanguinity or affinity in any of the degrees
mentioned in paragraphs ( a )   and   ( b ) of the said article.
(2) Nor may any magistrate be challenged or abstain from
taking cognizance of any cause in the cases mentioned in article
403 and article 433(5) notwithstanding that during the inquiry the
magistrate may have conferred with the Police or with any member
thereof or with the Attorney General in connection with the
collection of evidence.
(3) If upon hearing the report or complaint, the magistrate is of
opinion that there exists in his respect any of the reasons aforesaid,
he shall make a statement thereof before proceeding further with
the cause.
(4) None of the above reasons shall debar any magistrate from
issuing any warrant or performing any act in connection with any
inquiry relating to the " in genere ", or any inquest or " repertus "   held
in accordance with the provisions of this Code.
Duties of registrar. 
Added by: 
VI. 1871.28.
Amended by: 
XI.1900.58;
VIII. 1990.3. 
Substituted by: 
XXIV.1995.360. 
Cap. 12.
369.   In the Court of Magistrates, the functions of registrar may
be performed by any officer mentioned in  article  57(2)( a ) of the
Code of Organization and Civil Procedure as may be assigned for
the purpose by the Registrar.
Sub-title I
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3.
O F THE  C OURT OF  M AGISTRATES AS  C OURT OF
C RIMINAL  J UDICATURE 
    154               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Offences 
cognizable by the 
Court of 
Magistrates as 
court of criminal 
judicature. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.24; 
VI. 1871.29;
XIV. 1889.46;
XI. 1900.59;
XXIX. 1940.2;
XXIII. 1963.2; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
XLIX. 1981.4; 
XIII. 1987.2;
VIII. 1990.3; 
XXIX. 1990.17;
III. 2002.81;
IX. 2003.128.
370. (1)  The Court of Magistrates shall be competent to try- 
( a ) all contraventions referred to in this Code;
( b ) all crimes referred to in this Code which are liable to
the punishments established for contraventions, to a 
fine ( multa ) or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding six months with or without the addition of a
fine ( multa ) or interdiction;
( c ) all offences referred to in any other law which are
liable to the punishments established in the preceding
paragraph, unless the law provides otherwise.
(2) The offences referred to in subarticle (1) shall still be
cognizable by the said court notwithstanding that, in view of
concurrent offences and punishments, of any previous conviction
or of the application of the provisions of article 18, a punishment
higher than any of the punishments mentioned in the said subarticle
shall be applicable.
(3) ( a ) Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticle (1)( b ), the
Attorney General may send for trial by the said court any person
charged with a crime punishable with imprisonment for a term
exceeding six months but not exceeding ten years if there is no
objection on the part of such person.
( b ) On the record being returned to the court to try such
crime, the court shall ask the accused whether he objects to his case
being dealt with summarily; the court shall, in its discretion, give a
reasonable time to the accused to reply to this question.
( c ) If, within the said time, the accused replies that there is
no objection on his part to the case being tried summarily, the court
shall note the reply in the records of the proceedings and thereupon
the court shall become competent to try the accused and shall
proceed to give judgment forthwith, as provided in article 377.
( d ) If the accused makes objection to the case being dealt
with summarily, the court shall order the record of the case to be
transmitted to the Attorney General, within the term fixed in article
401(3), to be dealt with according to law. In such case the term
fixed in article 432 for the filing of the indictment shall run from
the day on which the Attorney General shall have received the
record of the case.
( e ) Where the number of the accused sent for trial by the
Court of Magistrates under the provisions of paragraph ( a ) is two or
more, the provisions of the last foregoing paragraph shall apply
only in respect of any one or more of the accused who makes
objection to the case being dealt with summarily, and in such case
the term fixed in article 432 for the filing of the indictment shall
run from the day on which the Attorney General shall have received
the record of the case after the decision in each of the cases dealt
with summarily shall have become  res judicata.
( f ) Before asking the accused whether he objects to his
case being dealt with summarily, as provided in paragraph ( b ), the
court shall hear such further evidence as may be indicated by the
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             155
Attorney General in the same note by which he sends the person
charged for trial by the said court in accordance with paragraph ( a ).
(4) ( a ) Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticle (1)( b ), if
the crime with which the accused is charged is punishable with
imprisonment for a term exceeding six months but not exceeding
four years, the court shall, during the examination of the accused
under article 392 but before he is examined under subarticle (1)( b )
of that article, ask the accused whether he objects to his case being
dealt with summarily; and shall give him a reasonable time to reply
to this question.
( b ) If, within the said time, the accused replies that there is
no objection on his part to the case being dealt with summarily, the
court shall ask the prosecuting officer whether the Attorney
General has given his consent in writing to the case being dealt
with summarily, and if no objection is raised, the court shall note
this fact in the records of the proceedings and thereupon the court
shall become competent to try the accused and shall proceed
accordingly:
Provided that nothing in this subarticle shall be construed
as precluding the court from proceeding with the necessary inquiry
if from the evidence it appears that a graver crime which it has no
jurisdiction to try has been committed.
(5) The provisions of subarticle (2) shall apply,  mutatis
mutandis , to the crimes referred to in subarticles (3) and (4).
(6) The court shall also be competent to pass sentence on the
party accused in the circumstances and as provided in article 392A.
How jurisdiction is 
determined. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.25; 
XI.1900.60; 
XII.1913.11; 
XXIII.1963.3; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
III.1971.14; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XLIX.1981.4; 
XIII.1983.5; 
VIII. 1990.3.
 371. (1) In determining the jurisdiction, regard shall be had to
the alleged offence and not to any extenuating circumstances, even
though, by reason of any such extenuating circumstances, the
accused shall not be liable to punishment or there may be a descent
from a higher to a lesser punishment. In such case the provisions
contained in article 389 and following articles shall apply.
(2) Nevertheless, the Court of Magistrates shall be competent
to try -
( a ) any crime committed by any person under eighteen
years of age or by any deaf-mute where the
punishment awardable according to law does not
exceed the jurisdiction of such court;
( b ) any crime excusable according to law where, in the
opinion of the Attorney General, the grounds for the
excuse appear from the record of the inquiry and the
punishment awardable according to law does not
exceed the jurisdiction of such court:
Provided, in either case, that no other person is
simultaneously charged with the crime, whether as principal or
accomplice, or that the crime is not otherwise connected with any
other crime outside the jurisdiction of such court;
( c ) any theft aggravated by "means", but not also by
    156               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
"violence", or by "person" or by "the nature of the
thing stolen", when the value of the thing stolen does
not exceed five liri and, in the opinion of the Attorney
General, the crime would be adequately punished with
imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months
with or without a fine ( multa ).
How jurisdiction 
between the Courts 
of Magistrates is 
determined. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.61. 
Amended by: 
XII.1913.12; 
VIII.1990.3.
372. (1) The jurisdiction as between the Courts of Magistrates
shall be determined - 
( a ) by the place where the offence has been committed; or 
( b ) if there is only one accused person or if, there being
two or more accused persons, they all reside in Malta,
or all reside in Gozo or Comino, by the place of his or
their residence.
(2) If a person is charged with two or more offences committed
in different Islands, such person shall be tried by the court within
the territorial jurisdiction of which the graver offence or, if the
offences are of equal gravity, the greater number of offences has
been committed.
(3) If the place where the offence was committed is unknown
and the accused is one, or the accused are two or more, residing,
however, within the limits of the jurisdiction of the same court, the
jurisdiction shall be solely determined by the place of his or their
residence; or if the persons accused reside in different Islands, the
jurisdiction as between the courts shall be determined by the place
of residence of the majority of the persons accused; or if the
number of the accused residing in Malta and the number of the
accused residing in Gozo or Comino be the same, either court shall
be competent to try all the accused.
Waiver of plea to 
the jurisdiction.
(4) The plea to the jurisdiction by reason of the place where the
offence has been committed or of the place of residence of the
offender may be waived, and, if not raised immediately after the
statement of the facts constituting the offence, it shall be deemed to
be abandoned.
Proceedings on 
complaint of 
injured party. 
Amended by:
XI. 1900.62;
I. 1903.20, 21;
VIII. 1909.35; 
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.82.
373. As regards offences referred to in article 370(1), the
prosecution shall lie with the injured party or with the persons
mentioned in article 542 on behalf of such party, where
proceedings cannot be instituted except on the complaint of the
injured party:
Exceptions. Provided that if the offence in respect of which no
prosecution may be instituted except on the complaint of the
injured party, is aggravated by public violence or is accompanied
with any other offence affecting public order, or if, in the absence
of any such circumstances, the injured party shall fail to institute
proceedings and shall not have expressly waived the right to
prosecute within four days from the commission of the offence, it
shall be lawful for the Executive Police  ex officio  to institute
proceedings in respect of the offence.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             157
Trial. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.26; 
XI. 1900.62.
374. In proceedings instituted on the complaint of the injured
party, the following provisions shall apply:
Parties to appear 
personally.
( a ) the complainant and the defendant shall appear
personally on the day appointed for the hearing of the
complaint. They may, however, be assisted by
advocates or legal procurators;
Exemptions.
court, upon good cause being shown, to exempt either
of the parties from appearing personally and to permit
the husband or wife or a near relative, by blood or
affinity, of such party, or any other person having the
charge of such party or authorized in writing by such
party, to appear instead;
Non-appearance of 
parties.
( c ) if neither of the parties shall appear, the cause shall be
struck off the list;
Non-appearance of 
complainant.
( d ) if the complainant does not appear and the defendant
alone appears, the latter may demand his discharge; 
Court may appoint 
another day for 
hearing of cause.
( e ) nevertheless, upon an application by the complainant
within four days from the day on which the cause was
struck off the list or the defendant was discharged,
accompanied by a declaration of the complainant
himself sworn before the registrar, to the effect that he
was, on account of illness or for any other reason
independent of his will, to be expressly stated in the
application, prevented from appearing, the court shall
appoint another day for the hearing of the cause on the
same acts;
Notice of day of 
hearing to be given 
to parties and 
witnesses.
( f ) a written notice of the day appointed for the hearing of
the cause shall be given to the parties and to the
witnesses within the time prescribed in article 361 and
in article 441(1);
Lapse of action.
of action shall lapse;
Non-appearance of 
defendant.
( h ) if the defendant does not appear, the second part of
article 364 shall apply;
Hearing of cause.
conducted summarily and  viva voce  in the following
order:
(i) the complainant or his advocate or legal
procurator shall state the facts constituting the
offence and shall produce his evidence;
(ii) the defendant or his advocate or legal procurator
shall submit his defence and shall produce his
evidence;
(iii) the complainant or his advocate or legal
procurator may reply, and the defendant or his
advocate or legal procurator is entitled to a
rejoinder:
    158               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
       Provided that it shall be lawful for the court, on
good grounds, to vary the order of the proceedings; 
Confirmation of 
complaint on oath.
( j ) it shall be lawful for the court to require that the
complaint be made or confirmed on oath.
Proceedings by 
Executive Police 
ex officio. 
Amended by: 
VI. 1871.30; 
III. 1880.2; 
XI. 1900.62. 
375. In proceedings instituted by the Executive Police, the
following provisions shall apply:
Accused to appear 
personally.
( a ) the accused shall appear personally. He may, however,
be assisted by advocates or legal procurators;
Exemption. ( b ) in the case of contraventions, the provisions of
paragraph ( b ) of the last preceding article shall apply
as regards the accused;
Hearing of cause. ( c ) the officer of the Executive Police in charge of the
prosecution and the accused or his advocate or legal
procurator shall be heard in the order set out in
paragraph ( i ) of the last preceding article;
Confirmation of 
report on oath.
( d ) it shall be lawful for the court to require that the report
made by the officer of the Executive Police be
confirmed on oath;
Cross-examination 
of prosecuting 
officer by accused.
( e ) the accused may cross-examine the said officer.
Noting down of 
pleas raised by 
accused, and of 
substance of 
evidence of 
witnesses. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.62. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1913.13.
376. (1) The magistrate shall take down or cause the registrar to
take down - 
( a ) any plea to the jurisdiction of the court, or of
inadmissibility or extinguishment of action, or of
inadmissibility of any evidence as well as any order
rejecting such evidence; and
( b ) where the court shall deem it expedient so to do, or
where a request is made by any of the parties and the
court shall see fit to accede to such request, the
substance of the evidence given by the witnesses,
recording any expression having a direct bearing on
the merits of the case.
Reading over of 
deposition to 
witnesses.
(2) The notes of the depositions taken down as aforesaid, if
any, shall in the presence of the parties be read over to the
witnesses and a mention of such fact shall be entered in the record.
Non-observance of 
provisions of 
subarticles (1) and 
(2) not to affect 
validity of 
proceedings. 
Production of other 
evidence. 
Recalling 
witnesses.
(3)  The non-observance of any of the provisions of subarticles
(1) and (2) shall not affect the validity of the proceedings; nor shall
such non-observance be a bar to the production, where necessary,
at any part or stage of the proceedings, of evidence to prove, in the
manner prescribed by law, the facts to which the said provisions
refer, or to the recalling of the said witnesses.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             159
Judgment. 
Amended by:
XI. 1900.62;
I. 1903.22;
VIII. 1909.36;
XII. 1913.14;
XXXIII. 1972.5;
XIII. 1983.5;
III. 2002.83.
377. (1) When the hearing is concluded, the court shall, on the
same day, if conveniently practicable, deliver judgment either
discharging or sentencing the accused.
Applicability of 
s.403(2).
(2) Where the offence established by the evidence is one in
respect of which the prosecution lies with the injured party, the
provision contained in article 403(2) shall apply.
Court may order 
offender to abate 
nuisance.
  (3) The court may, notwithstanding any punishment to which it
may sentence the offender, order him to remove any nuisance or
inconvenience to which the offence relates, or, according to
circumstances, to conform with the law, within a time, sufficient
for the purpose but in any case not exceeding three months from the
date of the judgment, to be fixed by the court; and, if the offender
fails to comply with any such order within the time so fixed, he
shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a
fine ( ammenda ) of not less than two liri and not more than ten liri
for every day during which the default continues after the
expiration of the said time.
Extension of time-
limit.
(4) The court shall not grant any application for the extension
of the time fixed under the last preceding subarticle if such time
and the time of the extension exceed in the aggregate three months
and the Police oppose such extension.
Abatement of 
nuisance by Police 
at the expense of 
offender.
(5) The court shall, upon an application to that effect by the
Police at any time after that a person has been found guilty of an
offence, in the event of a supervening cause or, in any other case,
after the expiry of the time-limit granted by the court under
subarticle (3) or (4) hereof, authorise the Police to remove any
nuisance or inconvenience to which the offence relates at the
expense of the offender, in which case the offender may be made to
refund the expense under a warrant issued by the said court.
Court may allow 
offender to retract 
his words or 
apologize.
378.  In the case of contraventions, where the offence is in
respect of any insult, defamation or threat, the court may, in
passing sentence, allow the offender, in order that he may be
exempted from the whole or part of the punishment, to retract his
words or to apologize to the complainant in open court according to
the nature of the offence.
Presumptive 
evidence of 
gaming. 
Added by: 
XII. 1913.15. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1914.11; 
XI. 1977.2.
379. (1) In the case of the contravention contemplated in
article 338( h ), any moneys, effects, instruments or other means of
gaming referred to in article 344( a ) which may have been found
and seized by the Police on the occasion of any search effected in
any place suspected to be used in contravention of the said article
338( h ), may, until the contrary is proved, be taken as sufficient
evidence that such place was actually used for the playing of games
of chance for money or money’s worth and that the persons found
therein at the time of the search were playing at a game of chance
for money or money’s worth, although no play was actually going
on in the presence of the Police officers entering the same.
(2) Where any Police officer lawfully authorized to enter any
    160               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
place suspected to be used for the commission of the contravention
contemplated in article 338( h ) is wilfully prevented from, or
obstructed or delayed in entering the same or any part thereof, or
where any external or internal door of, or means of access to any
such place, shall be found to be fitted or provided with any bolt or
bar or any means or contrivance for the purpose of preventing,
delaying or obstructing the entry into the same or any part thereof,
of any Police officer authorized as aforesaid, or for giving an alarm
in case of such entry, or if any such place is found fitted or
provided with any means or contrivance for unlawful gaming, or
for concealing, removing or destroying any instruments of gaming,
it shall be evidence, until the contrary is made to appear, that such
place is used for the playing of games of chance for money or
money’s worth, and that the persons found therein were playing at a
game of chance for money or money’s worth.
Award of costs in 
proceedings 
instituted on 
complaint of 
injured party. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.63; 
VIII.1909.37, 38.
380. (1) In the case of proceedings instituted on the complaint
of the injured or aggrieved party, including the cases referred to in
article 374( c )   and   ( d ), the court shall also decide as to the costs
and, where the persons sentenced are two or more, the court shall
direct whether such costs are to be borne by them jointly or
severally.
Fees of advocates 
or legal 
procurators.
(2) The fees of the advocate or legal procurator for either party
shall be taxed by the court in the judgment itself at a rate ranging
from twenty-five to sixty cents for every sitting.
(3) The provision of subarticle (2) shall apply also in the cases
referred to in article 374( c )   and   ( d ), as well as in the case where the
complainant waives the action, if the advocates or legal procurators
of the parties have appeared at the trial.
Successful party 
may only recover 
fees of one 
advocate or legal 
procurator.
(4) If more than one advocate or legal procurator appear on
behalf of any of the parties, such party may only recover from the
unsuccessful party the fee of one advocate or legal procurator.
Frivolous or 
vexatious 
complaint.
(5) Where the complaint is evidently frivolous or vexatious, it
shall be lawful for the court, at the request of the defendant, to
sentence the complainant to a fine ( ammenda ), and in default of
payment of such fine ( ammenda ), the provisions contained in
article 13(2) shall apply.
Taxation and 
recovery of 
registry fees.
(6) The registry fees shall be taxed and levied in accordance
with the scale in Schedules A and B annexed to this Code.
How payment of 
costs may be 
enforced. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.63; 
VIII. 1909.39.
381.  The payment of costs, including the fees due to the
advocates or legal procurators, taxed in accordance with the last
preceding article, may be enforced by the same court at the suit of
the creditor in the same manner and by the same means as a
judgment of an inferior court in a civil action may be enforced.
Requisites of 
judgment.
382.  The court, in delivering judgment against the accused,
shall state the facts of which he has been found guilty, shall award
punishment and shall quote the article of this Code or of any other
law creating the offence.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             161
Power of court to 
bind over parties. 
Amended by: 
Xl.1900.64; 
XII. 1913.16;
XXII. 1976.4; 
XIII. 1983.5; 
XXIX. 1990.18.
383. (1) The court may, where it deems it expedient, in order
to provide for the safety of individuals or for the keeping of the
public peace, in addition to, or in lieu of the punishment applicable
to the offence, require the offender to enter into his own
recognizance in a sum of money to be fixed by the court.
Amount and term 
of recognizance.
(2) Such sum shall not be less than five liri nor more than one
hundred liri according to the means of the party entering into a
recognizance, and the term of the recognizance shall not exceed
twelve months.
Commencement of 
term of 
recognizance.
(3) Where the offender entering into a recognizance is, in
respect of the same offence, sentenced to a punishment restrictive
of personal liberty, the term of the recognizance shall commence to
run from the day on which the said punishment is served or
condoned.
Recognizance with 
surety. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.27;
V.1868.21.
384.  Where, however, there are reasonable grounds to believe
that, for providing for the safety of individuals or for the keeping of
the public peace, the recognizance referred to in the last preceding
article is not sufficient, the court may moreover require the
offender to find a sufficient surety, and the court may further
require that such recognizance, with or without surety, be entered
into for an indefinite period, that is to say, until such time as the
court shall be of opinion that there is good cause for the termination
of the said recognizance.
Detention in 
default of 
recognizance. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.12;
V. 1868.21; 
IV. 1874.9; 
XII. 1913.17; 
XII. 1957.17;
III. 2002.84.
385. (1) If, in the cases referred to in articles 35, 36 and 383,
any person refuses to enter into his own recognizance, or if, in the
case referred to in the last preceding article, any person refuses or
is unable to comply with the requirements of the said article, the
court may order such person to be detained until he carries out what
is required of him or, where the court ordered him to find a surety,
until such time as the court, on the application of the person
detained, shall declare that the reasons for which he was ordered to
find a surety have ceased.
Term of detention.
Maintenance of 
person under 
detention.
(3) The provisions of article 12(1) shall,  mutatis mutandis ,
apply to a person detained under this article.
Discharge of 
person bound over. 
(4) On satisfying what is required of him, the person detained
may at any time obtain his discharge.
Form of 
recognizance. 
Security may 
consist in deposit 
of sum of money or 
pledge. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.13; 
III.1899.11; 
XII.1913.18; 
XII.1957.17.
386.  The party bound over under articles 35, 36 and 383, and
the sureties, if any, shall bind themselves in writing, either jointly
and severally or otherwise, as the court shall direct. The security
may, where the court shall so think fit, be effected by the deposit of
the amount or of an equivalent pledge.
    162               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Default of 
observance of 
conditions of 
recognizance. 
Amended by: 
VIII.1857.13; 
XI.1900.65; 
XXVII. 1975.24.
387. (1) Where the person bound over as in the preceding
articles mentioned is found guilty by a competent court of having
failed to observe any of the conditions of his recognizance, the sum
for which he has been bound over shall be forfeited to the
Government of Malta.
(2) Payment may be enforced against the said person and his
sureties in accordance with the provisions of article 585.
(3) The provisions of article 586 shall also apply.
(4) The recovery or payment of the said sum or the detention
under article 586(1) shall not exempt the person who has made
default in observing the conditions of his recognizance from
punishment for the offence committed by such default.
Access to person 
under detention.
388.  Access to any person under detention shall always be
allowed during the proper hours.
Sub-title II
Amended by:
VIII. 1990.3.
O F THE  C OURT OF  M AGISTRATES AS  C OURT 
OF  C RIMINAL INQUIRY
The Court of 
Magistrates as 
court of criminal 
inquiry. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3. 
 389.   In respect of offences liable to a punishment exceeding the
jurisdiction of the Court of Magistrates as court of criminal
judicature, the Court of Magistrates shall proceed to the necessary
inquiry.
Mode of procedure 
in preliminary 
inquiries. 
Amended by:
VI. 1871.31; 
XIII. 1980.13. 
390. (1) The court shall hear the report of the Police officer on
oath, shall examine, without oath, the party accused, and shall hear
the evidence in support of the report. Everything shall be reduced
to writing.
Taking down of 
evidence on behalf 
of  accused. 
(2) The court shall examine and reduce to writing the evidence
adduced on behalf of the accused.
Accused may 
request the 
production of the 
complaint.
(3) In cases where no proceedings can be instituted except on
the complaint of the injured party, the accused may, even before he
is examined, demand the production of the complaint, if the
complaint was made in writing, or of other evidence of the
complaint, if it was made orally.
(4) The attendance of the complainant shall not be necessary to
prove the complaint, if from other evidence it appears to the
satisfaction of the court that the complaint was made.
Presumptive 
evidence of 
complaint.
(5) If, in the course of the inquiry, the accused shall not have
demanded nor the court  ex officio  shall have ordered the production
of evidence of the complaint, the complaint shall be presumed to
have been made according to law.
(6) The court may, having regard to the circumstances of the
case,  ex officio , order that the answers given by the witness, or the
substance thereof, be taken down in shorthand by means of
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             163
stenographers appointed for the purpose or be recorded by
electromagnetic means. Shorthand notes shall be taken down in
indelible ink and signed on each page by the stenographers and
shall, together with the transcript, be inserted in original in the
record. The electromagnetic recording shall be transcribed under
the direction of the registrar and the transcript shall be inserted in
the record. In either case, the transcript may be handwritten or
typewritten and shall be read over to the witness, during or after the
sitting, by the registrar who shall make a note of such reading at the
foot of the transcript.
Examination of 
witnesses. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.22; 
I.1903.23; 
XXX.1934.5; 
VIII.1944.2; 
XXXII. 1965.8; 
IV. 1994.11 . 
Cap. 258.
391. (1) The witnesses shall be examined by the court. The
name and surname of the witness, the name of his father and, if the
witness is a person to whom  article  3 of the Identity Card Act
applies, the number, if known to the witness, of his identity card
issued under the said Act, as well as the place of birth and abode of
the witness and the language in which he shall have deposed, shall
be noted down at the head of every deposition:
Provided that the court may, in exceptional circumstances
and to provide for the safety of the witness, omit the above
particulars, other than the name and surname of the witness and the
language in which he shall have deposed, making a note to that
effect in the record of the proceedings.
Employment of 
interpreter.
(2) If the magistrate is conversant with the language spoken by
the witness, he may himself translate the deposition into the
language in which the written proceedings are conducted;
otherwise, or at the request of the accused, a sworn interpreter shall
be employed.
Examination of 
accused.  
Amended by: 
IV.1856.28; 
IV.1874.10; 
XIII.1980.14; 
IV. 1994.12.
392. (1) The examination of the accused referred to in article
390(1), shall, without threat or promise, and without oath, be made
in the following manner:
( a ) the court shall ask him his name and surname, his age,
his place of birth and abode, his trade, profession or
calling, the name and surname of his father and
whether his father is alive or dead;
( b ) the court shall ask the accused if and what he wishes to
reply to the charge.
Caution to 
accused.
(2) Before asking any of the above questions, the court shall
explain to the accused the nature of the charge preferred against
him and shall inform him that he is not obliged to answer any
question nor to incriminate himself; that he may, if he so desires, be
assisted by advocates or legal procurators and that whatever he says
may be received in evidence against him.
(3) The court shall note down at the head of the examination
that the requirements of the last preceding subarticle have been
complied with.
Taking down of 
answers.
(4) The answers shall be taken down by the magistrate in the
manner provided in article 391, stating the language in which they
are given.
    164               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Accused standing 
mute.
(5) If the accused stands mute, the court shall note down the
circumstance and shall proceed with the case as if the accused had
pleaded not guilty.
Admission of guilt 
by the accused 
during the 
examination.
Added by:
III. 2002.85.
Amended by:
IX. 2003.128.
392A.  (1) If the accused, in answer to the question in article
392(1)( b ), states that he is guilty of the offence charged and the
said offence is liable to a punishment not exceeding ten years
imprisonment, the provisions of article 453(1) shall  mutatis
mutandis  apply subject to the following provisions of this article.
(2) Saving the provisions of subarticle (3) and notwithstanding
any other provision of this Code or of any other law, if the accused
persists in his statement that he is guilty of the offence charged the
Court as a court of criminal judicature shall proceed to pass on the
accused such sentence as would according to law be passed on an
accused convicted of the offence and shall order that the record,
together with a copy of the judgment, be transmitted to the
Attorney General  within six working days.
(3) Nevertheless, if there is good reason to doubt whether the
offence has really taken place at all, or whether the accused is
guilty of the offence, the court shall, notwithstanding the
confession of the accused, order that the inquiry be proceeded with
as if the accused had not pleaded guilty.
(4) The provisions of article 370(2) and of article 371 shall
mutatis mutandis  apply to proceedings under this article in respect
of an offence to which subarticle (1) applies.
(5) The provisions of article 453A shall apply  mutatis mutandis
before the accused replies to the question in article 392(1)( b )
provided that for the purpose the Attorney General shall appear for
the prosecution, and a note made jointly by the Attorney General
and the person charged, and which contains the agreement reached
as provided in the said article 453A, shall be sufficient for this
purpose.
Cross-examination 
by the accused. 
Amended by: 
III. 1880.3.
393. The accused may cross-examine the witnesses, and his
questions, together with the answers, shall be taken down at the end
of the examination-in-chief.
Noting down of 
points of fact 
submitted by 
accused.
394.   Any point of fact which, upon the examination of any
witness or in the course of the inquiry, is submitted by the accused,
shall be noted down by the court in the corresponding part of the
record.
Depositions of 
witnesses and 
examination of 
accused to be 
signed by 
magistrate. 
Amended by: 
Order-in-Council 
of 1899, s.1.
395.  The depositions of the witnesses and the examination of
the accused shall be signed by the magistrate.
Counter-signing of 
exhibits.
396.   Every document produced in the course of the inquiry shall
be counter-signed by the magistrate, and a record of such
production shall be entered on the document itself by the registrar
or the officer acting in his behalf.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             165
Powers of 
magistrate during 
inquiry. 
Amended by: 
IX.1859.23; 
V. 1868.23; 
XIII. 1931.2; 
L.N. 4 of 1963; 
XXXI. 1966.2.
397. (1) The court may order the attendance of any witness
and the production of any evidence which it may deem necessary,
as well as the issue of any summons or warrant of arrest against any
other principal or accomplice whom the court may discover. The
court may likewise order any inquest, search, experiment or any
other thing necessary for the fullest investigation of the case.
Examination of 
body.
(2) The court may also, under such safeguards as it may
consider necessary for the purpose of decency, examine or order to
be examined by experts any part of the body of the accused or of
the party on whom or with whom the offence is alleged to have
been committed, if the court is of opinion that from such
examination a proof might result either against or in favour of the
accused.
Photographs, 
measurements and 
finger-print 
impressions.
(3) The court may, moreover, at the request of the Police, order
that any accused person be photographed or measured or that his
finger-prints be taken:
Provided that when an accused person, who has not been
previously convicted of crime, is acquitted, all photographs (both
negatives and prints), finger-print impressions, and records of
measurements so taken, shall be destroyed or handed over to the
person acquitted.
(4) The photographs, finger-print impressions and measure-
ments referred to in the last preceding subarticle shall be taken in
accordance with such regulations as may from time to time be made
by the Minister responsible for justice.
Arrest of accused 
not in custody.
(5) The court may also order the arrest of the accused not
already in custody.
How and where 
alterations, 
corrections, or 
additions may be 
made.
398. (1) Where, previously to the signing of any act, it is
necessary to make thereon any alteration, correction or addition,
the same shall be made by means of a note at the foot of the act
itself and before the act is signed. Any alteration, correction or
addition required to be made after the act is signed shall be made
by means of a note in the margin.
No erasures may 
be made.
(2) No erasure may be made in any act, nor may any blank
space be left therein unless it be lined, and if it is necessary to make
any cancellation, the same shall be made in such a manner as to
leave the word cancelled distinctly legible.
Magistrate to sign 
notes, etc.
 (3) The magistrate shall sign any such notes or cancellation.
Evidence by 
commission. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.66.  
Cap.12. 
 399. (1) Where the examination of any witness or any other
process of the inquiry by an authority outside Malta is
indispensably necessary, an application for the purpose shall be
made, upon an order of the magistrate, in the manner provided in
articles  618  and  619  of the Code of Organization and Civil
Procedure.
Accused may 
appoint person to 
represent him. 
(2) The accused may, within the term of four working days
from any such order, appoint some person to represent him at the
examination or process. Such term may, upon good cause being
    166               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
shown, be extended.
Accused may be 
assisted by 
advocate or legal 
procurator.
400.   The accused may, in the course of the inquiry, be assisted
by advocates or legal procurators.
Term for 
conclusion of 
inquiry.  
Amended by:
VIII. 1857.14: 
XI. 1900.67; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
III. 1973.2; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXVII. 1975.40;
XIII. 1980.15;
III. 2002.86.
401. (1) The inquiry shall be concluded within the term of one
month which may, upon good cause being shown, be extended by
the President of Malta for further periods each of one month, each
such extension being made upon a demand in writing by the court:
Provided that the said term shall not in the aggregate be so
extended to more than three months:
Provided further that unless bail has been granted, the
accused shall be brought before the court at least once every fifteen
days in order that the court may decide whether he should again be
remanded in custody.
Committal or 
discharge of 
accused.
(2) On the conclusion of the inquiry, the court shall decide
whether there are or not sufficient grounds for committing the
accused for trial on indictment. In the first case, the court shall
commit the accused for trial by the Criminal Court, and, in the
second case, it shall order his discharge.
Record to be 
transmitted to 
Attorney General.
(3) In either case, the court shall order the record of the
inquiry, together with all the exhibits in the case, to be, within three
working days, transmitted to the Attorney General.
(4) In deciding whether there are or not sufficient grounds for
committing the accused for trial on indictment the court shall not
consider any question of prescription or any plea as is mentioned in
article 449(1)( d ).
Suspension of term 
for inquiry, 
Added by: 
IV. 1856.29.
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.67; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXV. 1967.2; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXVII. 1975.40;
XXIX. 1990.19.
402. (1) The terms referred to in the last preceding article, in
article 407 and in article 432(3) shall be held in abeyance - 
in case of insanity 
of accused, 
( a ) if it is alleged or if there is reason to believe that the
accused was insane at the time of the offence or that he
is insane at the time of the inquiry;
in case of illness of 
accused,
( b ) if the accused owing to illness or for any other cause,
is unable to appear;
in case of the 
taking of evidence 
by commission,
( c) if there has been any order for the examination of any
witness or for any other process of the inquiry under
article 399.
(2) Such terms may also be held in abeyance -
in case of illness of 
witnesses,
( a ) if any witness is so infirm as to be unable to give
evidence even in his place of abode;
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             167
in case where 
accused cannot be 
found.
( b ) if the accused cannot be found and there is reason to
believe that he has absconded or left Malta.
Appointment of 
experts.
(3) In the case referred to in subarticle (1)( a ), the court shall
appoint one or more experts to examine the accused and the facts
relating to the alleged insanity.
Insanity at the time 
of the offence.
(4) If from the report of the experts, it appears that the accused
was insane at the time of the commission of the offence, the court
shall order that the record of the inquiry be transmitted to the
Attorney General within the term prescribed in subarticle (3) of the
last preceding article and shall make an order as provided in article
623.
Contestation of 
insanity by 
Attorney General.
(5) If, upon receipt of the record, the Attorney General decides
to contest the finding of the experts that the accused was insane, he
may, within the term prescribed in article 432(1), either send back
the record to the court of criminal inquiry with a written request
that the inquiry into the merits of the case be proceeded with, or file
an application before the Criminal Court submitting the issue to
that court, so that action may be taken as provided in articles 620,
627 and 628:
Provided that the Attorney General shall file such
application if the accused by application to the court of criminal
inquiry makes a request to that effect before the record is
transmitted to the Attorney General in terms of the last preceding
subarticle.
Insanity at the time 
of the inquiry.
(6) If from the report of the experts, it appears that the accused
was insane at the time of the inquiry, the court shall proceed with
the inquiry into the merits of the charge.
Inquiry may be 
continued in the 
absence of the 
accused.
(7) In the cases referred to in subarticles (5) and (6), the
inquiry may be continued in the absence of the accused, and if he is
not assisted by an advocate or legal procurator, the provisions of
article 519 shall apply.
When court is of 
opinion that 
offence is triable 
by the Court of 
Magistrates as 
court of criminal 
judicature. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.76. 
Amended by: 
I.1903.24;
VIII. 1909.40; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.40; 
VIII. 1990.3.
403. (1) If, on the conclusion of the inquiry, it appears to the
court that the offence is not one within the jurisdiction of the
Criminal Court but is one within the jurisdiction of the Court of
Magistrates as court of criminal judicature and for the prosecution
of which the complaint of the injured party is not required, the
court conducting the inquiry shall give judgment as provided in
article 377 and shall order that the record, together with a copy of
the judgment, be transmitted to the Attorney General, as provided
in article 401(3).
(2) The provisions of subarticle (1) shall apply also in the case
where the offence is one triable on the complaint of the injured
party and such party does not appear to waive the complaint.
Duty of Executive 
Police to continue 
investigation after 
discharge of 
accused for want of 
evidence. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3.
404.  In every case where the Court of Magistrates discharges an
accused for want of evidence, it shall be the duty of the Executive
Police to continue to make further and fuller investigation into the
case.
    168               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Re-examination of 
witnesses or 
examination of 
new witnesses 
upon demand of 
Attorney General.  
Amended by:
IV. 1856.30;
III. 1880.4;
VIII. 1909.41; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68.
405.  (1) After the committal of the accused for trial, and
before the filing of the indictment, the court shall, upon the demand
in writing of the Attorney General, further examine any witness
previously heard or examine any new witness.
Attorney General 
to forward record 
of inquiry together 
with demand.
(2) The Attorney General shall, for such purpose, transmit to
the court the record of inquiry together with the demand, stating
therein the subject on which the examination or re-examination is
to take place.
Examination of 
witnesses in 
presence of 
accused.
(3) The witnesses shall be examined or re-examined in the
presence of the accused in order that he may have the opportunity
of cross-examining them, and, for such purpose, the court shall
order the accused, if in custody, to be brought up, and, if not in
custody, to be summoned to appear before it.
Failure of accused 
to appear to the 
summons.
(4) If the accused fails to appear to the summons, the witness
shall be examined and his deposition shall be considered as if it had
been taken in the presence of the accused.
Re-examination of 
witnesses or 
examination of 
new witnesses 
upon the demand 
of accused. 
Transmission of 
record to court by 
Attorney General. 
Commissioner of 
Police to be 
notified. 
(5) The provisions of the preceding subarticles of this article
shall apply in the case of witnesses whom the accused may wish to
examine or re-examine. In such case, the demand shall be
communicated to the Attorney General who, not later than the day
following, shall forward to the court the record of inquiry. The
court shall then cause the Commissioner of Police to be notified of
the day appointed for the hearing of the witnesses in order that he
or any other Police officer may, if he so desires, appear and cross-
examine the witnesses.
Sending back 
record to Attorney 
General. 
(6) The depositions of the witnesses taken under this article
shall, without delay, be transmitted to the Attorney General.
Commencement of 
term for indictment 
where demand for 
re-examination of 
witnesses or 
examination of 
new witnesses is 
made by accused.
(7) When the demand for the examination of witnesses is made
by the accused, the term for the filing of the indictment shall
commence to run from the day on which the record of the inquiry,
including the depositions of the witnesses so examined, is sent back
to the Attorney General.
Application for the 
re-examination of 
witnesses or the 
examination of 
new witnesses 
made after the 
filing of the 
indictment.  
Amended by:
III. 1880.5;
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68: 
XXVII. 1975.40;
IX. 1982.2;
VIII. 1990.3.
406. (1) Where the indictment has already been filed, the
demand of the Attorney General or of the accused, referred to in the
last preceding article, shall be made by an application to the
Criminal Court. Such application shall contain a list of the
proposed witnesses and a clear indication of the subject on which
they are to be examined. The court, if it allows the application,
shall order the hearing of the witnesses, and shall, for this purpose,
direct that the application be transmitted to the Court of
Magistrates as a court of criminal inquiry, and the latter court shall
proceed in accordance with the provisions of the said article.
(2) Where the record of inquiry has already been lodged in the
registry of the Criminal Court, it shall be forwarded by the registrar
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             169
to the Court of Magistrates together with the said application; and
where the record is still with the Attorney General, it shall be by
him forwarded to the Court of Magistrates not later than the day
following that on which the last mentioned court shall have
communicated to him the order of the Criminal Court for the
hearing of the witnesses as demanded by him or by the accused.
(3) The Court of Magistrates shall send back the record,
together with the depositions taken, to the Criminal Court, if the
record shall have been forwarded by that court, or, otherwise, to the
Attorney General.
Application to be 
allowed only in 
certain cases. 
Depositions taken 
after expiration of 
period prescribed 
for list of 
witnesses, 
admissible at trial 
only with leave of 
court.
(4) The demand for the hearing of witnesses in the cases
referred to in this article shall not be granted, unless the court is
satisfied that the witnesses are about to leave Malta or are in danger
of life or are in such a condition as to be probably unable to attend
in court on the day appointed for the trial; and if the hearing of the
witnesses takes place after the lapse of the term fixed in article 438
for the filing of the list of the witnesses to be produced at the trial,
their depositions shall not be admissible except with the leave of
the Criminal Court to be granted only if the said court, having
regard to the circumstances of the case, is of opinion that the
evidence resulting therefrom is relevant.
Term within which 
to conclude 
inquiry, in case of 
contestation by 
Attorney General 
of insanity of 
accused and in case 
of fresh evidence.  
Amended by:
XI.1900.68.
407.  In the cases referred to in the first part of article 402(5)
and in the last preceding two articles, the inquiry shall be
concluded within the term mentioned in article 401(1) to be
reckoned from the day on which the record is received by the court.
Access to accused 
during inquiry. 
Amended by:
XI. 1900.68; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
408. (1) During the inquiry and until the record is transmitted
to the Attorney General, no access to the party accused, when in
custody, shall be allowed except with the permission of the
inquiring magistrate.
(2) Such permission shall not be granted if the magistrate
deems it prejudicial to the ends of justice.
When inquiry may 
be held with closed 
doors.
Added by:
XI. 1900.69.
409. (1) It shall be lawful for the court to order the
proceedings to be conducted with closed doors, if it appears to it
that the ends of justice would be prejudiced if the inquiry were
conducted in open court.
(2) In any such case, the officials attached to the court and
taking part in the inquiry shall be bound not to disclose the
proceedings thereof under the penalty provided in article 257.
Application by 
person in custody 
alleging unlawful 
detention.
Added by:
III. 2002.87.
409A.   (1) Any person who alleges he is being unlawfully
detained under the authority of the Police or of any other public
authority not in connection with any offence with which he is
charged or accused before a court may at any time apply to the
Court of Magistrates, which shall have the same powers which that
court has as a court of criminal inquiry, demanding his release from
custody. Any such application shall be appointed for hearing with
    170               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
urgency and the application together with the date of the hearing
shall be served on the same day of the application on the applicant
and on the Commissioner of Police or on the public authority under
whose authority the applicant is allegedly being unlawfully
detained. The Commissioner of Police or public authority, as the
case may be,  may file a reply by not later than the day of the
hearing.
(2) On the day appointed for the hearing of the application the
court shall summarily hear the applicant and the respondents and
any relevant evidence produced by them in support of their
submissions and on the reasons and circumstances militating in
favour or against the lawfulness of the continued detention of the
applicant.
(3) If, having heard the evidence produced and the submissions
made by the applicant and respondents, the court finds that the
continued detention of the  applicant is not founded on any
provision of this Code or of any other law which authorises the
arrest and detention of the applicant it shall allow the application.
Otherwise the court shall refuse the application.
(4) Where the court decides to allow the application the record
of the proceedings including a copy of the court’s decision shall be
transmitted to the Attorney General by not later than the next
working day and the Attorney General may, within two working
days from the receipt of the record and if he is of the opinion that
the arrest and continued detention of the person released from
custody was founded on any provision of this Code or of any other
law, apply to the Criminal Court to obtain the re-arrest and
continued detention of the person so released from custody. The
record of the proceedings and the court’s decision transmitted to
the Attorney General under the provisions of this subarticle shall be
filed together with the application by the Attorney General to the
Criminal Court.
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3.
G ENERAL  P ROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THE  C OURT OF 
M AGISTRATES WHETHER AS  C OURT OF  C RIMINAL  J UDICATURE 
OR AS  C OURT OF  C RIMINAL  I NQUIRY
Right of 
complainant or his 
advocate or legal 
procurator to be 
present at the 
proceedings. 
Added by:
VIII. 1909.42. 
Amended by:
VI. 1930.2;
III. 2002.88.
410. (1) In any proceedings instituted by the Executive Police
on the complaint of the injured party, it shall be lawful for the
complainant to be present at the proceedings, to engage an advocate
or a legal procurator to assist him, to examine or cross-examine
witnesses and to produce, in support of the charge, such other
evidence as the court may consider admissible.
Examination on 
oath of 
complainant.
(2) Where the complainant is to be heard on oath, his evidence
shall be taken before that of any other witness of the prosecution,
saving the case where, in the opinion of the court, his evidence
becomes necessary even at a later stage of the proceedings, or
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             171
where the accused applies for such evidence at any stage of the
proceedings, or where the court sees fit to vary the course of the
taking of the evidence.
Police and party 
injured may be 
assisted by 
advocate or legal 
procurator.
(3) In any proceedings instituted by the Executive Police  ex
officio , it shall be lawful for the Police and for the party injured to
engage an advocate or a legal procurator to assist them; such
advocate or legal procurator may examine or cross-examine
witnesses, produce evidence or make, in support of the charge, any
other submission which the court may consider admissible.
Injured party may 
be present in court 
during sittings.
(4) Without prejudice to the provisions of subarticle (3) and
subject to the provisions of subarticle (6), any party injured having
an interest in being present during any proceedings instituted by the
Executive Police shall have the right to communicate that interest
to the police giving his or her particulars and residential address
whereupon that injured party shall be served with a notice of the
date, place and time of the first hearing in those proceedings and
shall have the right to be present in court during that and all
subsequent hearings even if he is a witness.
(5) Without prejudice to the provisions of subarticle (3) and
subject to the provisions of subarticle (6), any person not served
with the notice referred to in subarticle (4) and claiming to be an
injured party may apply to the court to be admitted into the
proceedings as an injured party and if his claim that he is an injured
party is allowed by the court that person shall thereupon have the
right to be present at all subsequent hearings even if he is a witness.
(6) The failure to serve the injured party with the notice of  the
date of the first hearing after an attempt has been made to that
effect or the absence for any reason of the injured party at any
sitting shall not preclude the court from proceeding with the trial or
inquiry  until its conclusion.
Taxation of fees of 
advocate or legal 
procurator in 
proceedings 
instituted by the 
Police. 
Added by: 
XVI. 1921.6 .
Cap. 12.
411. (1) In the case of proceedings instituted by the Executive
Police, the fees of the advocate or legal procurator shall be taxed in
accordance with the scale in Schedule C annexed to this Code. The
taxed bill of such fees may be impugned and shall be enforceable in
the same manner as the taxed bills of judicial costs referred to in
article  253( c ) of the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure.
(2) The registrar may, in connection with the taxation of any
fee, consult the magistrate by whom the offence was tried, with
regard to the importance of the charge, the duration of the
proceedings and other circumstances. The advocate or legal
procurator may also apply to the said magistrate for the re-taxing of
any fee within the scale in Schedule C annexed to this Code.
    172               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Days on which the 
Court of 
Magistrates may 
hold sittings. 
Amended by: 
XII.1922.2;
XXX. 1934.6; 
L.N. 4 of 1963; 
XXXI. 1966.2; 
XXVII. 1975.25; 
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.89.
Cap. 252.
412. (1) The Court of Magistrates shall hold its ordinary
sittings every day, except Saturdays, public holidays as provided in
the National Day and other Public Holidays Act, and Wednesday
and Thursday of Holy Week.
Exceptions. (2) Nevertheless, where the matter relates to the binding over
of the offender under articles 383 and 384, or to the performance of
any act in connection with any inquest or other inquiry referred to
in this Code or to any bail or to the issue of any urgent summons or
to the examination of any witness who is about to leave Malta or is
in danger of life, it shall be lawful for the magistrate to sit for the
despatch of business on the days mentioned in subarticle (1) and in
any place where it may be necessary.
Place of sittings. (3) The Court of Magistrates (Malta) shall hold its sittings in
Valletta and the Court of Magistrates (Gozo) shall hold its sittings
in Victoria:
Provided that it shall be lawful for the Minister responsible
for justice, by notice, to fix any other place where the said courts,
as courts of criminal judicature, may hold their sittings:
Sec. 3 of 
Ordinance II of 
1867 incorporated.
Provided further that the Court of Magistrates, even as a
court of criminal judicature, may hold its sittings at the Lazaretto
or in any other place that it may deem proper, if the accused or any
witness is performing quarantine, and the court itself shall not
deem it expedient to adjourn the cause until the expiration of the
period of quarantine.
Conditions on 
person charged or 
accused not in 
custody.
Added by:
III. 2002.90.
412A.  (1) When the person charged or accused brought before
the Court of Magistrates, whether as a court of criminal judicature
or as a court of criminal inquiry, is not in custody the Police may
thereupon or at any stage of the proceedings thereafter request the
court to impose conditions upon the person charged or accused in
order to ensure the appearance of that person at the proceedings on
the appointed time and place or to otherwise ensure that that person
will not in any way unlawfully interfere in the correct
administration of justice in those proceedings.
(2) The court may require the giving of sufficient security by
the person charged or accused by the mere recognizance of the
same person charged or accused  in order to ensure that he abides
by the conditions imposed upon him by the court and the provisions
of articles 576 and 584, shall apply to the security given under this
subarticle.
(3) The sum given by way of security shall be forfeited to the
Government of Malta and a warrant of arrest shall be issued against
the person charged or accused where that person fails to observe
any of the conditions imposed by the court in pursuance of the
provisions of this article and in any of the other circumstances
mentioned in article 579 provided that the provisions of this
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             173
subarticle shall not apply where the court considers that the
infringement of the condition imposed by the court is not of serious
consequence.
Application by 
person in custody 
pending criminal 
proceedings 
alleging unlawful 
detention.
Added by:
III. 2002.90.
412B.   (1) Any person in custody for an offence for which he is
charged or accused before the Court of Magistrates and who, at any
stage other than that to which article 574A applies,  alleges that his
continued detention is not in accordance with the law may at any
time apply to the court demanding his release from custody. Any
such application shall be appointed for hearing with urgency and
together with the date of the hearing shall be served on the same
day of the application on the Commissioner of Police or, as the case
may be, on the Commissioner of Police and the Attorney General,
who may file a reply thereto by not later than the day of the
hearing.
(2) The provisions of article 574A(2) and (3) shall  mutatis
mutandis  apply to an application under this article.
(3) Where the application is filed in connection with
proceedings pending before the Court of Magistrates as a court of
criminal inquiry before a bill of indictment has been filed and the
record of the inquiry is with the Attorney General in connection
with any act of the proceedings the application shall be filed in the
Criminal Court and the aforegoing provisions of this article shall
mutatis mutandis apply thereto.
(4) The provisions of article 355A(4) shall apply to a decision
of the Court of Magistrates under this article.
Sub-title III
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3.
O F  A PPEALS FROM  J UDGMENTS OF THE  C OURT OF 
M AGISTRATES AS  C OURT OF  C RIMINAL  J UDICATURE
Appeals from 
judgments of the 
Court of 
Magistrates as 
court of criminal 
judicature. 
Added by:
XI. 1900.70.
Amended by:
I. 1903.25;
VIII. 1909.43;
IV. 1916.4;
XVI. 1921.7; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXXII. 1986.8;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.91;
IX. 2003.127.
413. (1) Any judgment of the Court of Magistrates may be
appealed against -
( a ) by the party convicted;
( b ) in cases relating to summary proceedings for offences
within the jurisdiction of the Court of Magistrates as a
Court of Criminal Judicature under article 370(1), by
the Attorney General, and, in the cases mentioned in
article 373, by the complainant where:
(i) the inferior court rules that it has no jurisdiction
to take cognizance of the offence;
(ii) the fact of which the party accused has been
convicted is liable to a punishment exceeding
the jurisdiction of that court as a court of
criminal judicature;
(iii) the punishment awarded by the inferior court, is,
    174               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
by reason of its quality or quantity, different
from that prescribed by law for the offence for
which the party convicted has been sentenced;
(iv) the accused or defendant is acquitted on the
ground -
( i ) that the fact does not contain the
ingredients of an offence,
( ii ) of extinguishment of action,
( iii ) of a previous conviction or acquittal;
(v) the defendant, in a case in which he has been
allowed to prove the truth of the fact attributed
to the complainant in accordance with the
provisions of article 253, is declared to be
exempt from punishment;
(vi) the Police, or, as the case may be, the
complainant has not been allowed at the trial to
produce, in support of the charge, some
indispensable evidence which was admissible
according to law;
Cap. 10.
(vii) the party accused was released from any of the
obligations referred to in article 321 of the Code
of Police Laws or in article 377 of this Code, or
from the observance of any of the prohibitions
made, or from the observance or execution of
any of the prohibitions or orders made or given,
by the Police or by any other public officer,
under the Code of Police Laws or any other law;
( c ) in all other cases by the Attorney General.
(2) In the case of any judgment under article 81 of the Code of
Police Laws the appeal may be made either by the owner or by the
driver of the vehicle.
(3) Where the accused or defendant is acquitted on any of the
grounds laid down in subarticle (1)( b )   (iv), (v) and (vi), the court
shall clearly state such ground in the judgment, in default whereof
the decision shall be null, and such nullity shall constitute a ground
for appeal by the Attorney General, and, in the cases referred to in
article 373, by the complainant.
Demand of Police 
for transmission of 
record of 
proceedings to 
Attorney General. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.70. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.44; 
XII.1913.19; 
VI.1947.11;
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.92.
414. (1) Where the proceedings have been instituted by the
Police, the court by which the judgment has been delivered shall,
on a demand in writing by the Police or by the injured party served
with the notice of first hearing or admitted into the proceedings as
provided in article 410(4) and (5), to be made not later than four
working days from the delivery of such judgment, transmit, through
the registrar, within three working days from such demand, a copy
of the judgment, together with the record of the proceedings and
the notes of the depositions, if any, to the Attorney General.
(2) In the case of judgments by the Court of Magistrates
(Gozo), the copy of the judgment, together with the record of the
proceedings and the notes of the depositions, if any, may be sent by
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             175
post.
Appeal from 
interlocutory 
decrees. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70.
415. (1) An appeal from an interlocutory decree which does
not bar the continuation of the cause, may be entered only after the
definitive judgment and together with an appeal from such
judgment.
(2) If no appeal lies from the definitive judgment, no appeal
from any interlocutory decree shall be allowed.
(3) The voluntary execution of an interlocutory decree shall not
operate as to bar an appeal therefrom.
(4) An appeal from the merits shall include an appeal from the
interlocutory decrees, even though such decrees may not have been
specifically indicated.
Stay of execution 
of judgment on 
appeal by party 
convicted when not 
in custody.  
Added by: 
XI.1900.70. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1914.12; 
XXX.1934.7; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.93.
416. (1) The party convicted who is not in custody for the
offence of which he has been convicted may, on making, even
orally, a declaration that he desires to enter an appeal against the
judgment, obtain from the inferior court a stay of execution of the
judgment, provided he gives sufficient security in terms of article
577(1) to appear at the proceedings before the superior court when
called upon by such court; and in such case the provisions
contained in articles 579, 581, 583, 585, 586 and 587 shall apply.
(1A) Where the party convicted who is not in custody for the
offence of which that party has been convicted is sentenced to
imprisonment or detention and immediately prior to conviction that
party was on bail as provided in Title IV of Part II of Book Second
of this Code the conditions attaching to that bail, including the
mode of security and the sum or equivalent pledge, if any, specified
in the bail bond, shall continue to apply in addition to the security
required under subarticle (1) upon obtaining a stay of execution of
the judgement as provided in that subarticle either until the lapse of
the time for the filing of the appeal if no appeal is filed or if
otherwise until the determination of the appeal.
Security.
court, in accordance with the rules set out in articles 576 and 584: 
Provided that where only a pecuniary penalty has been
awarded, the amount of the security shall be equal to the amount of
the penalty, and in such case the court may require that the security
shall be either in the form of a deposit of a sum equal to the said
amount or in the form of a bank guarantee, made out to its
satisfaction, for the said amount; but the security shall not be
required except on the demand of the prosecution and on good
cause being shown to the satisfaction of the court. In any such case,
the security shall be ordered by the inferior court, during the time
allowed for entering the appeal, or by the superior court after the
entering thereof.
Appeal by party 
convicted when in 
custody.
(3) A declaration of appeal shall stay the execution of the
judgment in regard to the party convicted who is in custody, and
such party may obtain, during the time allowed for entering the
appeal and during the hearing of the appeal, his temporary release
in cases where bail may be granted under the provisions contained
    176               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
in Title IV of Part II of Book Second of this Code.
Appeal by 
Attorney General 
or complainant not 
to stay execution of 
judgment.
(4) In no case shall the appeal entered by the Attorney General
or by the complainant operate as a stay of execution of the
judgment.
Default of party 
appealing to give 
security.
(5) If the party convicted, after making the declaration that he
desires to enter an appeal, fails to give security as provided in the
preceding subarticles of this article, he shall be kept in custody
until he gives security, or, otherwise, until the determination of the
appeal.
Form of and time 
for entering appeal. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70. 
Amended by: 
I.1903.26; 
VIII.1909.45; 
VI. 1947.12; 
XII. 1957.17; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
XXV. 1967.3; 
LVIII. 1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.40; 
VIII. 1990.3;
VI. 2001.2.
417. (1) The appeal shall be brought before the Court of
Criminal Appeal by an application to be filed within eight working
days, and, in the case of an appeal from a judgment of the Court of
Magistrates (Gozo), within twelve working days, to run, for the
person convicted and for the complainant, from the day on which
the definitive judgment is delivered, and, for the Attorney General,
from the day on which he receives the record:
Provided that in the case of an appeal from a judgment of
the Court of Magistrates (Gozo) the application of appeal may be
filed in the registry of that Court and transmitted through the
registrar to the registry of the Court of Criminal Appeal together
with a copy of the judgment, the record of the proceedings and the
notes of the depositions, if any, unless these have already been so
transmitted in pursuance of the provisions of subarticle (2) of
article 414; and provided also that in any case of an appeal from
such a judgment as aforesaid, all acts subsequent to the application
of appeal, whether such application was filed as aforesaid or in the
registry of the Court of Criminal Appeal, may also be filed in the
Court of Magistrates (Gozo) and transmitted to the registry of the
Court of Criminal Appeal as aforesaid.
(2) A person who has been discharged either absolutely or
conditionally or in whose case a probation order has been made by
the Court of Magistrates may appeal from his conviction, within the
time prescribed in subarticle (1), to run from the day on which the
order for discharge or the probation order is made. On any such
appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeal shall have, in addition to the
powers under this sub-title, the power of amending, altering or
cancelling any of the conditions or requirements of the order for
discharge or the probation order.
Constitution of 
Court of Criminal 
Appeal for appeals 
from judgments of 
the Court of 
Magistrates. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.70. 
Substituted by: 
XXV.1967.4. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.40; 
VIII. 1990.3
XXXII. 1997.3.
418. (1) One of the judges ordinarily sitting in the Court of
Criminal Appeal or ordinarily sitting in the Criminal Court shall sit
without a jury in the Court of Criminal Appeal for the hearing and
determination of appeals from judgments of the Court of
Magistrates.
(2) For the hearing of appeals from decisions of the Court of
Magistrates (Gozo) as court of criminal judicature the Court of
Criminal Appeal shall hold its sittings in Gozo.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             177
Contents of 
application for 
appeal. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70. 
Amended by: 
XII.1913.20; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
I.1984.2; 
XXIV.1995.362;
III. 2002.94.
419. (1) Besides the indications common to judicial acts, the
application shall, under pain of nullity, contain - 
( a ) a brief statement of the facts; 
( b ) the grounds of the appeal;
( c ) a demand that the judgment of the inferior court be
reversed or varied.
(2) If the appeal is made by the Attorney General, the
application shall, under pain of nullity, be signed by him, and shall
be filed directly in the superior court together with the record of the
proceedings:
Provided that it shall not be a requirement for the registrar
to note down the filing of the record of the proceedings.
(3) Where the appellant is not the Attorney General, the
application shall be signed, under pain of nullity, by an advocate,
and shall be filed in the registry of the court which shall have
pronounced the judgment appealed from. The registrar shall, within
two working days from the receipt of the application, transmit the
same to the superior court, together with a copy of the judgment,
the notes of the depositions, if any, and the record of the
proceedings.
(4) In case of appeals from the Court of Magistrates (Gozo),
the application, the copy of the judgment, the notes of the
depositions, if any, and the record of the proceedings, may be sent
by post.
Free legal aid. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.70. 
Amended by: 
XXI.1971.27;
XXIV.1995.362.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.95.
420. The appellant as well as the respondent may be assisted
by the Advocate for Legal Aid and the provisions of article 570
shall apply.
Notice of day 
appointed for 
hearing of appeal.
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68; 
XXIV.1995.362;
III. 2002.96.
421. (1) Notice of the day appointed by the superior court for
the hearing of the appeal shall be given to the parties and to the
injured party served with the notice of first hearing or admitted into
the proceedings as provided in article 410(4) and (5) by means of a
written order signed by the Registrar of Courts:
Provided that the failure to serve the injured party with the
notice of  the date of the first hearing after an attempt has been
made to that effect or the absence of the injured party for any
reason at any sitting shall not preclude the court from proceeding
with the appeal until final judgment.
(2) Where the appellant is not the Attorney General, and the
proceedings before the inferior court have been instituted by the
Police, the said notice shall be given to the Attorney General for
the respondent.
(3) The injured party served with the notice of first hearing or
admitted into the proceedings as provided in article 410(4) and (5)
may be present at any appeal hearing and may engage an advocate
to assist him although he might not have been served with the
    178               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
notice referred to in subarticle (1) and although he may be a
witness in the proceedings; any advocate engaged by the injured
party may examine or cross-examine witnesses and make any other
submission which the court may consider admissible.
(4) Notice in writing, as provided in subarticle (1), shall also be
given to the party in whose absence the appeal shall have been put
off.
Non-appearance of 
appellant. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.70.
Amended by:
III. 2002.97;
XIII. 2002.9.
422. (1) If, on any day appointed for the hearing of the appeal,
the appellant fails to appear, his appeal shall be taken to have been
abandoned and the judgment appealed from shall be carried into
effect; but on an application by the appellant, filed within four days
from the day above-mentioned, together with a declaration sworn
before the registrar by the appellant to the effect that he was, on
account of illness or for any other reason independent of his will, to
be expressly stated in the application, unable to attend on the day
appointed as aforesaid, the court shall appoint another day for the
hearing of the appeal, in which case the provisions of subarticles
(1) and (2) of the last preceding article shall apply.
Non-appearance of 
respondent.
(2) If the respondent fails to appear, the court shall hear the
appellant, and shall deliver judgment according to law.
(3) Where the appellant was on bail as provided in article
416(1A) and (3) prior to the abandonment of the appeal, his request
for temporary release from custody may be made in the same
application mentioned in subarticle (1).
Appearance of 
appellant when in 
custody. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70.
423.  If, on the day appointed for the hearing of the appeal, the
appellant is in custody, the provision contained in article 443(1)
shall apply.
When new 
witnesses are 
admissible . 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70.
424.  No new witnesses may be produced before the superior
court, except - 
( a ) when it is proved by oath or other evidence that the
party requesting the production of the new witnesses
had no knowledge of them, or could not, with the
means provided by law, have produced them before the
inferior court;
( b ) when the evidence shall have been tendered before the
inferior court, and such court shall have wrongly
rejected it.
Adjournment of 
cause on account 
of non-appearance 
of witnesses. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.46;
III. 2002.98.
425.  If any witness duly summoned fails to appear, and the
court deems it necessary to hear such witness, the court may
adjourn the hearing of the appeal to another day, and the provisions
of article 441, in so far as applicable, shall apply.  Unless the court
orders otherwise, witnesses shall be summoned by the Police in the
manner provided for in article 365.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             179
Expenses for 
summoning 
witnesses on behalf 
of party having 
free legal aid.
Added by: 
XI. 1900.70. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.27.
426.  Where, in the cases referred to in article 420, the party is
assisted by the Advocate for Legal Aid, or by another advocate
assigned by the court in his stead, the expenses for the summoning
of witnesses shall provisionally be defrayed by the Police.
Order of hearing of 
cause. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.70.
427.  Saving the provision of article 422(2), the court shall hear
the appellant and the respondent, in the order which it shall deem
most convenient, regard being had to the circumstances of the case.
Powers of 
appellate court. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.70. 
Amended by: 
XII.1913.21; 
I.1938.2;
VIII. 1990.3; 
XXIV.1995.362;
III. 2002.99.
428. (1) If the superior court finds that the fact attributed to
the offender constitutes an offence liable to a punishment
exceeding the jurisdiction of the Court of Magistrates as court of
criminal judicature, it shall quash the judgment, and shall transmit
the record to the Court of Magistrates to proceed according to law.
(2) If the court finds that the offence attributed to the offender
was not within the jurisdiction of the inferior court by which it was
tried, but that it was within the jurisdiction of another inferior
court, the superior court shall quash the judgment and refer the case
to the competent court. But in this case the plea to the jurisdiction
of the court shall not be allowed - 
( a ) if it was not raised before the inferior court;
( b ) if, having been raised, it was expressly or tacitly
waived.
(3) If the superior court finds that the inferior court, being
competent to deal with the case, declared that it was not so
competent, it shall quash the judgment, and shall proceed to
determine the merits of the case. The same procedure shall be
followed where the superior court finds that a breach or an
omission of any of the formalities prescribed by the law under pain
of nullity, or otherwise substantial, has taken place.
(4) If the superior court finds that an appeal entered solely on
the ground of want of jurisdiction or of any breach or omission of
formalities, is groundless, it shall make a pronouncement to that
effect, and shall refer the case to the inferior court.
(5) If the appeal is entered on the ground of want of
jurisdiction or of any breach or omission of formalities, and also on
the ground of a wrong judgment on the merits, the superior court, if
it finds that the appeal, in so far as it is entered on the ground of
want of jurisdiction or of any breach or omission of formalities, is
without foundation, shall make a pronouncement to that effect and
shall decide on the merits in accordance with the following
subarticle.
(6) If the appeal refers only to the merits, the superior court
shall pronounce judgment either affirming or varying or reversing
the judgment appealed from.
(7) If the appeal is made only by the party convicted, the
punishment may not be increased.
    180               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Registrar to 
transmit to inferior 
court copy of 
judgment of 
appellate court.
(8) The Registrar of Courts shall, within twelve working days,
transmit to the inferior court, a copy of the judgment affirming,
varying or reversing the judgment appealed from.
(9) Where the inferior court is the Court of Magistrates (Gozo),
the copy of the judgment may be sent by post.
Decision as to 
costs by appellate 
court. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.70. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.47; 
XXIV.1995.362;
III. 2002.100.
429. (1) Where, under the provisions of article 380, an order
as to costs is to be made, the superior court shall also state the party
by whom the costs, both of the first court and of appeal, are to be
borne, and shall fix the fees due to the advocate for either party in
the appeal in the manner provided in subarticle (2) of the said
article in a sum varying from twenty-five to sixty cents for every
sitting. The payment of the said costs may be enforced before the
inferior court in the same manner as provided in article 381.
Frivolous appeals. (2) In all cases it shall be lawful for the superior court, if it
considers the appeal to be frivolous, to sentence the appellant
besides to the payment of costs, where applicable, to the payment
of a fine ( ammenda ) not exceeding one hundred liri.
(3) In default of payment of the fine ( ammenda ) referred to in
subarticle (2), the provision contained in article 13(2) shall apply.
(4) The fees payable in respect of appeals in cases of
proceedings where the prosecution lies with the injured party or
with the persons mentioned in article 542, as provided in article
373, shall be taxed in accordance with the scales in Schedules A
and B annexed to this Code, and shall in all cases be levied by the
Registrar of Courts.
Title III
O F THE  A TTORNEY  G ENERAL
Duties of Attorney 
General. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.26, 40.
430. (1) The Attorney General shall be the prosecutor before
the Criminal Court.
(2) The Attorney General shall indict in the name of the
Republic of Malta, and shall proceed  ex officio  independently of
any complaint of the injured party, except in cases where,
according to law, no prosecution may be instituted without the
complaint of the injured party.
Commencement of 
functions of 
Attorney General. 
Amended by: 
XII.1913.22; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.101.
431. (1) Unless otherwise provided in this Code or in any
other law, the functions of the Attorney General commence from
the day on which he receives the record of the inquiry made by the
Court of Magistrates.
Access to accused. (2) From the day referred to in subarticle (1) and until the
indictment is filed, access to the person accused, if in custody, may
only take place with the permission of the Attorney General. The
provisions of article 408(2) shall apply to such permission.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             181
Term for filing 
indictment. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.31; 
XI. 1900.71; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XIII.1980.16; 
XXIX. 1990.20. 
Enlargement of 
term.
432. (1) The Attorney General shall be allowed the term of
one month for the filing of the indictment, to run from the day of
the receipt of the record referred to in the last preceding article.
The said term shall, on the demand of the Attorney General, be
extended by the court to an additional period of fifteen days, and,
on the expiration of this other period, by the President of Malta to a
further additional period of fifteen days, and, where the matter is
such that the determination of the true nature of the offence
necessarily depends upon the lapse of a longer period of time, to
such longer period:
Provided, however, that where such longer period extends
beyond forty days, the accused shall have the right to be released
on bail.
Power of Attorney 
General to send 
back record of 
inquiry.
(2) If the record of inquiry is found to be defective through the
non-observance of any of the provisions of this Code or of any
other law relating to such inquiry, the Attorney General may send
back the record to the court from which it was received, together
with a demand in writing that the court proceed afresh with the
inquiry or that the record be rectified, according to circumstances,
pointing out the defect and the relative provisions of this Code or of
such other law.
Term for 
completing fresh 
inquiry or for 
rectifying record of 
inquiry.
(3) The court shall, within the term of five working days to run
from the day on which the record was sent back as aforesaid,
(which term may, upon a demand in writing by the court and on a
just cause being shown, be extended by the President of Malta to a
further period of five working days), conclude the fresh inquiry or
rectify the record, and shall send the same to the Attorney General;
and in such case the term for filing the indictment shall commence
to run from the day on which the Attorney General shall have
received the record of the fresh inquiry or the record as rectified.
Power of Attorney 
General to 
discharge person 
accused, 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.32; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXV.1967.5; 
LVIII. 1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.40; 
XIII.1980.17; 
VIII. 1990.3.
433. (1) If the Attorney General is of opinion that there are not
sufficient grounds for the filing of an indictment against the
accused, he may, within the terms prescribed in the last preceding
article, by warrant under his signature, order the discharge of the
accused, filing a declaration to that effect in the Criminal Court.
to withdraw 
indictment,
(2) The Attorney General may also withdraw an indictment
already filed, by making in court a declaration to that effect.
to arrest person 
discharged by the 
Court of 
Magistrates.
(3) Finally, the Attorney General may, within one month from
the day on which the record of inquiry shall have been transmitted
to him, issue a warrant under his signature for the arrest of any
person discharged by the Court of Magistrates, if he and one of the
judges, other than a judge ordinarily sitting in the Court of
Criminal Appeal or a judge ordinarily sitting in the Criminal Court,
shall be of the opinion that there are sufficient grounds for an
indictment to be filed against such person; and in such case, the
term for filing the indictment shall commence to run from the day
of the arrest.
    182               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
(4) In all cases referred to in the preceding subarticles of this
article, the Attorney General shall make a report to the President of
Malta stating the reasons for his action.
Power of Attorney 
General, in cases 
where he is of 
opinion that the 
offence is triable 
by the Court of 
Magistrates.
(5) Nevertheless, if, on account of the absence of
circumstances constituting an offence within the jurisdiction of the
Criminal Court, the Attorney General decides not to file an
indictment against the accused, but is of opinion that from the
inquiry there might result an offence within the jurisdiction of the
Court of Magistrates, he shall not discharge the accused, but shall
send back the record of inquiry to that court, and that court shall
decide upon the charge of such offence, independently of all other
circumstances.
Power of court to 
hear further 
evidence.
(6) Before convicting or acquitting the accused or before
giving any other direction within its jurisdiction as court of
criminal judicature, the court shall have power, on the charge of
such offence, to hear further evidence whether against or on behalf
of the accused.
Liability to further 
proceedings on 
fresh evidence.  
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
VIII. 1990.3.
434. Every accused person, whose arrest has not been ordered
by the Attorney General under the provision of subarticle (3) of the
last preceding article, or who has been discharged for want of
presentation of an indictment, shall always remain liable to fresh
proceedings, to be regularly commenced before the Court of
Magistrates, whenever fresh evidence becomes available.
Definition of 
"fresh evidence".
The expression "fresh evidence" means evidence which at the
time of the discharge of the accused, did not exist, or was not
known to those who were entitled to prosecute.
Power of Attorney 
General on 
collection of 
further evidence. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.33; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68;
VIII. 1990.3.
435. (1) It shall be lawful for the Attorney General to collect
and produce further evidence besides that resulting from the
inquiry:
Provided that he may not include in the indictment any
charge for any offence, not founded on the said inquiry.
(2) Where as a result of such further evidence collected as
aforesaid, the Attorney General becomes aware of some other
offence not included in the inquiry, he shall send back the whole
record to the Court of Magistrates, and such court shall continue
the inquiry and shall proceed in respect of such other offence. In
any such case the terms for the conclusion of the inquiry, the
transmission of the record and the filing of the indictment shall
commence to run anew, the first term commencing from the day on
which the record is sent back to the Court of Magistrates.
(3) Where such other offence not included in the inquiry as
aforesaid shall be altogether separate and distinct from the offence
or offences included in the inquiry, a new and separate inquiry
shall, on the demand of the Attorney General, be held in regard to
such other offence.
(4) Any demand of the Attorney General under the provisions
of this article shall be made in writing.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             183
Special powers of 
investigation.
Added by:
III. 2002.102.
435A.  (1) The provisions of article 4 of the Act shall apply
mutatis mutandis  where the Attorney General has reasonable cause
to suspect that a person is guilty of a relevant offence and the
provisions of the said article 4 shall apply to any investigation
order or attachment order applied for or issued by virtue of this
subarticle as if it were an investigation order or attachment order
applied for or issued under the same article 4 of the Act and in
particular, the provisions of subarticles (12) and (13) of the said
article 4 shall also apply to any investigation for a relevant offence
by virtue of this subarticle.
(2) The provisions of article 5 of the Act shall apply mutatis
mutandis where any person is charged with a relevant offence and
the provisions of article 6 of the Act shall apply to any order issued
by virtue of this subarticle as if it were an order issued under the
said article 5.
(3) In this article the expressions "the Act" and "relevant
offence" shall have the meaning assigned to them respectively by
article 23A(1).
Powers of 
investigation in 
connection with 
offences 
cognizable by 
courts outside 
Malta.
Added by:
III. 2002.102.
Cap. 101.
435B.  (1) Where the Attorney General receives a request made
by a judicial or prosecuting authority of any place outside Malta for
investigations to take place in Malta in respect of a person
(hereinafter in this article referred to as "the suspect") suspected by
that authority of a relevant offence, the Attorney General may
apply to the Criminal Court for an investigation order or an
attachment order or for both and the provisions of article 24A of
the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, hereinafter in this title referred to
as "the Ordinance", shall  mutatis mutandis  apply to that application
and to the suspect and to any investigation order or attachment
order made by the court as a result of that application.
(2) The phrase "investigation order" in subarticles (2) and (5)
of the same article 24A of the Ordinance shall be read and
construed as including an investigation order made under the
provisions of this article.
(3) The phrase "attachment order" in article 24A(6A) of the
Ordinance shall be read and construed as including an attachment
order under the provisions of this article.
Freezing of 
property of person 
accused with 
offences 
cognizable by 
courts outside 
Malta.
Added by:
III. 2002.102.
435C.   (1) Where the Attorney General receives a request made
by a judicial or prosecuting authority of any place outside Malta for
the temporary seizure of all or any or the moneys or property,
movable or immovable, of a person (hereinafter in this article
referred to as "the accused")  charged or accused in proceedings
before the courts of that place of a relevant offence, the Attorney
General may apply to the Criminal Court for an order (hereinafter
in this title referred to as a "freezing order") having the same effect
as an order as is referred to in article 22A(1) of the Ordinance, and
the provision of the said article 22A shall, subject to the provisions
of subarticle (2) of this article, apply  mutandis mutandis  to that
order.
(2) The provisions of article 24C(2) to (5) of the Ordinance
shall apply to an order made under this article as if it were an order
    184               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
made under the said article 24C.
(3) Article 22B of the Ordinance shall also apply to any person
who acts in contravention of a freezing order under this article.
Enforcement of 
confiscation orders 
made by courts 
outside Malta 
following 
conviction for 
offences 
cognizable by 
those courts.
Added by:
III. 2002.102.
435D.  (1) A confiscation order made by a court outside Malta
providing or purporting to provide for the confiscation or forfeiture
of any property of or in the possession or under the control of any
person convicted of a relevant offence shall be enforceable in Malta
in accordance with the provisions of article 24D(2) to (11) of the
Ordinance.
(2) For the purposes of this article "confiscation order"
includes any judgement, decision, declaration, or other order made
by a court whether of criminal or civil jurisdiction providing or
purporting to provide for the confiscation or forfeiture of property
as is described in subarticle (1).
(3) For the purposes of this article and of articles 435B and
435C:
"the Act" and "the Ordinances" shall have the same meaning
assigned to them respectively by article 23A(1); 
"relevant offence" means an offence consisting of any act or
omission which if committed in these Islands, or in corresponding
circumstances, would constitute a crime, other than a crime under
the Ordinances or under the Act, liable to the punishment of
imprisonment for a term of more than one year.
Controlled 
deliveries and joint 
investigations with 
the competent 
authorities of other 
countries.
Added by:
IX. 2003.128.
435E.  (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law
it shall be lawful for the Attorney General to authorise the
Executive Police and, where appropriate, the Customs authorities
to allow a controlled delivery to take place with a view to
identifying persons involved in the commission of any criminal
offence under the laws of Malta or under the laws of another
country.
Cap. 101.
For the purposes of this subarticle a "controlled delivery"
shall  mutatis mutandis  have the same meaning assigned to it by
article 30B(2) of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance sohowever that
the illicit or suspect consignment referred to in that subarticle may
for the purposes of this subarticle consist of anything whatsoever
and that the consignment may be intercepted and allowed to
continue with the original contents intact or removed or replaced in
whole or in part.
(2) With the same objective of identifying persons involved in
the commissions of a criminal offence under the laws of Malta or
under the laws of another country, it shall also be lawful for the
Attorney General to authorise the Executive Police or a person
under the supervision or direction of the Executive Police, to
acquire or procure an illicit or suspect consignment of anything
from any person or place.
(3) Pursuant to any arrangement, including any treaty,
convention, agreement or understanding, to which Malta is a party
or which is otherwise applicable to Malta, the Attorney General
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             185
may authorise the competent authorities of another country to
conduct in Malta, jointly with or under the supervision or direction
of the Executive Police, investigations into criminal investigations
by officers acting under covert or false identity, provided that the
Attorney General is satisfied of the true identity and official
capacity of the officers in question and is fully informed of the
nature of any documents which purport to guarantee, certify or
authenticate the false identity assumed by any such officers.
Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law the making or use
of such documents by the said competent authorities or by such
officers for the purpose or in the course of such investigations
authorised as aforesaid shall be deemed to be lawful and shall not
entail any liability, civil, criminal or otherwise, on the part of such
authorities or officers.
(4) Any official from another country taking part in any of the
operations referred to in subarticles (1) to (3), both inclusive, shall,
for the purpose of any criminal liability incurred under this Code or
any other law by that official or by others for conduct against that
official, be deemed to be a public officer.
Title IV
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.40.
O F THE  C RIMINAL  C OURT
Constitution of 
Criminal Court. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1857.1;
V.1868.24; 
Order-in-Council 
of 1899, s.3;
XI. 1900.72,73;
I. 1903.27;
II. 1914.3;
XVI. 1929.3; 
XVI. 1932.2;
XV. 1937.6;
XXV. 1967.6;
XXVII.1975.40;
XIII. 1987.4.
436. (1) The Criminal Court shall consist of one of the judges
sitting with a jury for the trial of every offence which may be
prosecuted according to law in Malta saving the provisions of
article 370.
Attributions of jury 
and of court.
(2) The jury shall decide on any matter touching the issue as to
whether the accused is guilty or not guilty and on any collateral
issue referred to in Title VII of Part II of Book Second of this Code;
and the court shall decide on the application of the law to the fact
as declared by the jury, as well as on all other points of law or of
fact relative to the proceedings.
Further powers of 
court.
(3) It shall also appertain to the court - 
( a ) to maintain good order during the sitting; 
( b ) to conduct the hearing;
    186               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
( c ) to do, in matters which are not prohibited or prescribed
by law under pain of nullity, whatever it may, in its
discretion, deem necessary for the discovery of the
truth.
(4) The court shall also be competent to try and determine
offences which, although of an inferior jurisdiction, are brought
before the court either because they are connected with a graver
offence preferred in the indictment or because they are committed
by the same person indicted for such graver offence.
(5) The court shall also be competent generally to try and
determine any offence of an inferior jurisdiction and to apply the
measures referred to in articles 377, 378, 383, 384 and 385 if, upon
trial, the accused is convicted of any minor offence whether
preferred or comprised or involved in the indictment, or if such
measures become necessary.
(6) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Code and
subject to the provisions of the following subarticles of this article,
the accused may, not later than ten days after the date of service of
the notice referred to in article 438(6) or of the order referred to in
article 620(4), file a note in the registry of the court opting that a
jury be not impanelled for the trial or for the decision of any
collateral issue under Title VII of Part II of Book Second of this
Code, and an official copy of such note shall be served on the
Attorney General:
Provided that this subarticle shall not apply for the trial of
the offence where the punishment demanded in the indictment is of
imprisonment for life.
(7) The provisions of subarticle (6) shall not apply to the
accused who has made the objection mentioned in article 370(3)( d ).
(8) Where charges against two or more persons are joined in
the same indictment and not all the accused have filed the note
referred to in subarticle (6), the trial of the accused who has opted
that a jury be not impanelled for his trial shall take place after that
the trial of the cause of the other accused who has not filed such
note has become  res judicata.
(9) Where the option is exercised as provided in subarticle (6)
the court shall consist of one of the judges sitting without a jury,
and the provisions of this Title and of Sub-title I of Title II and of
Title V of Part I of Book Second of this Code shall  mutatis
mutandis  apply.
Access to accused. 
Amended by: 
V. 1868.25; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68; 
IX. 1982.2.
437. (1) After the filing of the indictment, access to the
accused shall not be allowed, except with the permission of the
court, or with the consent of the Attorney General.
(2) The court, before granting the permission applied for, shall
hear the Attorney General in the absence of the accused and with
closed doors. The court shall not grant permission unless it is
satisfied that such access will not be prejudicial to the ends of
justice.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             187
Service of 
indictment on 
accused. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 1976.2.
Substituted by:
LIII. 1981.2.
Amended by:
IX. 1982.2;
XIII. 1987.5;
III. 2002.103.
438. (1) An official copy of the indictment and of the list
referred to in article 590(2) shall be served on the accused.
(2) The accused shall, by means of a note to be filed in the
registry of the court not later than fifteen working days from the
date of such service - 
(i) give notice of any pleas referred to in article 449
and any plea regarding the admissibility of
evidence which he intends to raise, and
(ii) indicate the witnesses and produce the
documents and other exhibits which he intends
to use at the trial,
and an official copy of such note shall be served on the Attorney
General.
(3) The Attorney General shall, by means of a note filed in the
registry of the court not later than five days from the date of service
of the note filed by the accused, give notice of any plea regarding
the admissibility of evidence which he intends to raise.
(4) On the expiration of the time referred to in the preceding
subarticle, the court shall appoint a day for the hearing of all the
pleas and shall on that day direct the registrar to read out the
indictment, and shall then proceed to determine such pleas before
the accused pleads to the general issue of guilty or not guilty:
Provided that the court may  ex officio  or on the application
of the Attorney General or the accused request that the proof
intended to be established by the witnesses, documents or exhibits
be stated.
(5) If no pleas have been raised as provided in subarticles (2)
and (3), or after the determination of such pleas, the court shall
appoint a day for the hearing of the trial.
(6) The accused shall be served with a notice of such date
allowing a term of at least twenty days to prepare his defence. The
court may, on good cause being shown, and after hearing the
Attorney General, extend such term to any further period as it may
deem fit.
(7) If, on the day appointed for the hearing of the trial
according to subarticle (5), or on any other day thereafter appointed
for the same purpose, the trial is adjourned to another day on
account of the fact that the accused, without just cause, and
notwithstanding that he had been given notice according to law of
the day appointed, fails to appear, or on account of the fact that
although he appears, the trial cannot be heard for some cause
attributable to the accused and which the Court determines not to
be a just cause, all the expenses incurred shall be charged to the
accused, and it shall be lawful for the court, at the request of the
Attorney General, to compel the accused to pay the same.
(8) The accused may waive his right to such term.
Order of hearing of 
causes.
439. Causes shall be tried in rotation, according to the date of
the filing of the indictment:
    188               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Provided that it shall be lawful for the court, if it sees good
reason for so doing, to postpone the trial of a cause which is next in
rotation, and proceed to try another cause.
Accessibility of 
record of inquiry, 
etc. 
Amended by: 
IX.1857.2; 
III.1880.6; 
XI.1900.74; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
LIII.1981.3.
440. (1) The record of the inquiry, documents and exhibits
filed in the registry of the court by the Attorney General or the
accused shall be accessible to the Attorney General and to the
accused or his advocate or legal procurator.
Preservation of 
documents, etc., by 
registrar.
(2) The registrar shall take the necessary precautions for the
preservation of all the documents, exhibits, and record in the state
in which they are at the moment in which they are filed.
Inadmissibility of 
witnesses, etc., 
without leave of 
court.
(3) No witness, document or exhibit, which is not indicated in
the lists or filed as provided in article 438, may be produced at the
trial, without special leave of the court.
When leave is 
granted.
(4) Leave shall only be granted if the evidence is considered to
be relevant, and the Attorney General or the party accused shall not
have been prejudiced by the omission from the said list or by the
default of filing within the term specified in article 438.
Powers of court. (5) Nevertheless, if in the course of the trial, the necessity or
utility shall arise of examining any witness or of having for actual
inspection any document or exhibit not indicated in the list of any
of the parties, the court may  ex officio  cause such witness to be
called and examined, or cause the document or exhibit which was
not indicated in the list, to be produced.
Summoning of 
witnesses. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.24; 
V. 1868.26;
XI. 1900.75; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
VIII. 1990.3;
XXIV. 1995.362;
III. 2002.104.
441. (1) Witnesses shall be summoned by means of a subpoena
which shall be served on each witness not later than the day
preceding the trial:
Provided that in the case referred to in subarticle (5) of the
last preceding article, a witness may be summoned to appear
forthwith or at a given time during the same day.
Service of 
subpoena.
(2) A subpoena is served by the delivery of a copy thereof to
the witness, or if he cannot conveniently be met with, then by
leaving such copy at his usual place of abode.
(3) If the place of abode of the witness is in the Island of Gozo
or of Comino, the Registrar of Courts may send, even by post, the
copy of the subpoena to the officer in charge of the Court of
Magistrates (Gozo), for service on the witness; and the officer
effecting service, shall deliver a certificate of such service, duly
sworn, to the  officer in charge of the Court of Magistrates (Gozo),
who shall transmit it, even by post, to the Registrar of Courts.
Non-appearance, 
etc., of witnesses.
(4) Whosoever being duly subpoenaed to give evidence or to
give his opinion as an expert shall fail to appear in court at the time
fixed in the subpoena, or, having appeared, shall leave before he is
dismissed, shall be liable to be sentenced by the court to a fine
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             189
( ammenda ) and shall be liable to be compelled to appear to give
evidence by means of a warrant of escort or of arrest.
(5) If, on account of the non-appearance of a witness, the trial
is adjourned to another day, all the expenses incurred shall be
charged to the witness, and it shall be lawful for the court, at the
request of the Attorney General or the accused, to compel such
witness to pay the same:
Provided that it shall be in the power of the court, at any
time, on just cause being shown, to remit the fine ( ammenda ) and
also the expenses.
Power of court to 
discharge jury.
(6) It shall be in the power of the court, if it is of opinion that
the evidence of the witness, who left before he had been dismissed,
is important for the ends of justice, to discharge the jury and
adjourn the trial to another day.
Allowances to 
witnesses on behalf 
of accused 
admitted to free 
legal aid. 
Amended by: 
XXI.1971.27.
442. Where the defence of the accused has been conducted by
the Advocate for Legal Aid, the allowances due to the witnesses
actually produced on behalf of the accused shall be paid by the
Government at the same rates fixed for witnesses for the
prosecution, provided the Advocate for Legal Aid shall affirm on
oath that, in his opinion, the evidence of the said witnesses was
relevant for the defence, and provided also that, in view of his
poverty, the accused has not the means of paying such allowances.
Trial. Place of the 
accused in Court. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.34; 
IV. 1894.1, 2; 
XXX. 1934.8; 
XV. 1937.7.
443. (1) On the day and at the time appointed for the hearing
of the cause or of any question incidental thereto, the accused shall
be put, without any restraint, in the place appointed for the purpose.
Summons to 
accused when not 
in custody.
(2) If the accused is not in custody, he shall be required to
appear by means of a summons, and, in case of his non-appearance,
an order shall be made for his arrest; if he is in custody, he shall be
brought to the said place in such manner as may be necessary in
order to prevent his escape.
Misbehaviour of 
accused.
(3) If the accused attempts acts of violence, all necessary
measures shall be taken to prevent such acts.
Place of witnesses 
during the trial. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.27; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.105.
444.  During the trial, the witnesses shall be kept in a separate
place where the discussion cannot be heard. Witnesses shall not be
allowed to return to that place after their examination; but when it
will probably be necessary to re-examine them on some particular
circumstance, they shall be kept apart from the other witnesses not
yet examined:
Powers of court.
Attorney General and the accused, permit any witness to remain in
court during the trial:
Provided further that the court may, notwithstanding the
objection of either party, grant such permission to witnesses giving
professional or expert evidence, if the court itself deems it
expedient for the ends of justice that such witnesses should hear the
depositions of other witnesses.
    190               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
If accused appears 
without counsel.
445.  If the accused appears without counsel, the court shall
inform him that he has the right to be assisted by counsel.
Challenge of 
judge. Plea to be 
raised and 
determined before 
the reading out of 
indictment.  
Amended by:
IV. 1856.35;
IX. 1857.3; 
Order-in-Council 
of 1899, sec. 4;
XVI. 1929.4; 
XVI. 1932.3; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXV. 1967.7;
LVIII. 1974.68;
LIII. 1981.4; 
IX. 1982.2;
III. 2002.106
446. (1) Any objection to the judge shall be raised, and the
decision of the court shall be given thereon, before the reading out
of the indictment, when the accused has been placed at the bar, on
the day appointed for the hearing of the preliminary pleas, or, if no
such pleas have been raised, on the day appointed for the trial.
Grounds of 
objection to or of 
abstention by 
judge.    
Cap. 12.
(2) The judge may not be objected to by the Attorney General
or by the accused, nor may he abstain from sitting in any case,
except for any of the causes referred to in  article  734 of the Code of
Organization and Civil Procedure, or on the ground that the offence
was committed against himself, his spouse, or any person related to
him by consanguinity or affinity in any of the degrees referred to in
paragraphs   ( a )   and   ( b )   of the said article.
Form of 
declaration of 
abstention.
(3) The judge who, previously to the reading out of the
indictment, is aware of the existence in his respect of any of the
causes for which he might be objected to or might abstain from
sitting, shall make a declaration of his abstention stating the cause.
Declaration may be 
made in writing 
before day of 
hearing, 
(4) The said declaration may be made in writing previously to
the day appointed for the hearing of the cause, in which case notice
thereof shall be given to the Attorney General and to the accused,
and the abstention shall be deemed to be by them accepted, if,
within two days from the said notice, neither of them shall make a
declaration, by means of a note, to the effect that he intends to
oppose the same.
or orally on day of 
hearing.
(5) The said declaration may also be made orally on the day of
the hearing, in which case any objection thereto shall be raised
immediately after such declaration.
Issue to be decided 
before the reading 
out of indictment.
(6) Upon any challenge, or objection to abstention, as aforesaid
the court shall decide the issue previously to the reading out of the
indictment.
No challenge or 
abstention may be 
allowed after the 
reading out of 
indictment.
(7) After the reading out of the indictment, the judge may not
be challenged, nor may he abstain from sitting, except where the
cause for objection or abstention becomes known after the reading
of the said indictment.
Power of judge 
notwithstanding 
challenge or 
abstention.
(8) The judge, notwithstanding the existence in his respect of
any cause for objection, or notwithstanding his abstention, shall
nevertheless be competent, like the judge surrogated in his stead, to
issue and sign any summons or writ, and to give any decree or order
which may be required, previously to the reading out of the
indictment, or after judgment is delivered.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             191
Surrogation in the 
person of a judge.
Amended by:
IV. 1856.36; 
XIII.1964.26; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XXVII. 1975.40 .
447. (1) Where the judge has been objected to, or has
abstained from sitting, another judge shall be surrogated by the
President of Malta in his stead.
(2) If every one of the judges is, for any of the causes referred
to in the last preceding article, precluded from sitting, it shall be
lawful for the President of Malta to surrogate acting judges.
Oath of office by 
judge surrogate. 
Cap. 12.
(3) An acting judge shall, on being surrogated, take the oaths
prescribed in  article  10 of the Code of Organization and Civil
Procedure.
Grounds of 
challenge to apply 
to judge surrogate.
(4) A judge surrogate may also be objected to for any of the
said causes.
Reading out of 
indictment to 
accused. 
Substituted by: 
LIII.1981.5.
448.  Where no pleas have been raised as provided in article
438, the court shall direct the registrar to read out the indictment. 
Pleas to be raised 
and determined 
after the reading 
out of indictment. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.37;
IX. 1857.4;
V. 1868.28;
VI. 1871.32,33;
XI. 1900.76; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXV. 1967.8;
XXVII. 1975.40;
III. 1976.3;
XIV. 1976.2;
LIII. 1981.6;
III. 2002.107.
449.  (1) The following pleas, that is to say:
( a ) plea to the jurisdiction of the court;
( b ) plea of nullity of or defect in the indictment; 
( c ) plea of extinguishment of action;
( d ) plea of " autrefois convict " or " autrefois acquit ";
( e ) plea of insanity of the accused at the time of the trial; 
( f ) plea of insanity at the time of the offence or any plea
relating to any other point of fact which excludes the
imputability of the accused or in consequence of which
the trial should not take place at the time, or at any
future time; and
( g ) saving the provisions of article 446(1), any other
preliminary plea,
may only be raised if notice thereof has been given as provided in
article 438(2):
Provided that the court may authorise such pleas to be
raised for a reason which arises after the time within which the note
referred to in article 438(2) is to be filed in the registry of the court.
(2) Deleted by III. 2002.107 .
(3) Nevertheless, the pleas mentioned in subarticle (1), with the
exception of the plea of challenge of the judge or the plea of defect
in the indictment, may be raised after the verdict of the jury and
before judgment, if the necessity arises from any fact or
circumstance of fact expressly found by the jury.
(4) Any point of fact which, without excluding the imputability
of the accused or without excluding his capacity to plead, is a bar to
his undergoing punishment, may be raised even after the verdict of
the jury.
    192               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Want of 
jurisdiction and 
nullity of 
indictment may be 
raised by court  ex 
officio.
(5) The want of jurisdiction of the court and the nullity of the
indictment may also be raised by the court  ex officio , either before
the accused answers to the charge, or after the verdict of the jury:
Provided, however, that, after the verdict of the jury, the
indictment may only be annulled in either of the following cases:
( a ) if the indictment does not contain, in substance, a
statement or description of the offence as stated or
described in the law;
( b ) if the fact stated in the indictment does not constitute,
in substance, the offence stated or described in such
indictment.
(6) Where it is decided that the court has no jurisdiction or that
the indictment is null, the accused shall be placed again in the
condition in which he stood previously to the filing of the
indictment. But where the plea of extinguishment of action or the
plea of " autrefois   convict " or " autrefois acquit " is allowed, the
accused shall be acquitted.
Question to 
accused on general 
issue.
450.   When the preliminary pleas have been determined, or if no
such pleas have been raised, the accused shall be asked whether he
is guilty of the offence charged in the indictment.
Rules respecting 
deaf-mutes, etc. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.15; 
XXX. 1934.9.
451. (1) If the accused is a deaf-mute and is able to write, the
contents of the indictment shall be explained, and the question
prescribed under the last preceding article shall be made to the
accused in writing, and he shall answer in writing; and in this case,
the explanation, the question and the answer thereto, shall be
publicly read out by the registrar and laid before the court and the
jury, and then preserved in the records of the court.
(2) If the accused is a deaf-mute and is unable to write, the
court shall  ex officio  appoint as interpreter some person familiar
with him, or some other person able to understand him.
(3) If the accused is dumb, but not deaf, the explanation and
question shall be made to him in the same manner as to any other
accused. If he is able to write, he shall answer in writing; but if he
is unable to write, an interpreter shall be assigned to him.
(4) It shall be lawful for the court, whenever it shall deem it
expedient, to apply the said provisions, respecting deaf-mutes, to
an accused who is deaf only.
Appointment of 
interpreter. 
Amended by: 
V. 1868.29; 
XVI. 1932.5; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
452. (1) Save as otherwise expressly provided, an interpreter
shall not be chosen from among the jurors, counsel for the accused,
witnesses, referees, or other persons employed in the service of the
court or of the Attorney General, with the exception of the official
interpreter. It shall, however, be lawful for any of the parties to
take objection against the official interpreter or any other person
appointed to act as interpreter, before the same enters upon his
duties, and any such objection shall be determined by the court.
(2) Nevertheless, it shall be lawful for the court to appoint any
person employed in the service of the court to act as interpreter, if
it appears to its satisfaction that sufficient inquiries have been
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             193
made and that no other person suitable to act as interpreter could be
found.
(3) The person appointed to act as interpreter, if he is not in the
building in which the court is sitting, shall be summoned by means
of a subpoena.
(4) Any person residing in Malta, who, being appointed to act
as interpreter, shall, without a just cause, fail to appear at the time
and place appointed by the court, or shall refuse to act as
interpreter, or shall leave the court before he is dismissed, may be
dealt with as a witness who fails to appear to give evidence, or
who, having appeared, refuses to give evidence, or leaves the court
before he is discharged.
(5) The provision contained in article 633(2) shall apply if the
interpreter is the husband or wife of the accused, or is related to the
accused by consanguinity in any of the degrees mentioned in that
article, or if other particular circumstances occur.
(6) The interpreter appointed by the court, if he is not a person
employed in the service of the Government, shall be entitled to a
remuneration to be fixed by the court according to circumstances.
Admission of guilt 
by accused. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.48.
453. (1) If the accused, in answer to the question prescribed
under article 450, states that he is guilty of the offence, the court
shall in the most solemn manner warn him of the legal
consequences of such statement, and shall allow him a short time to
retract it; but if the accused persists in his statement, such
statement shall be recorded and the court shall proceed to pass on
the accused such sentence as would according to law be passed on
an accused convicted of the offence.
Duties of the court.
offence has really taken place at all, or whether the accused is
guilty of the offence, the court shall, notwithstanding the
confession of the accused, order the trial of the cause to be
proceeded with as if the accused had not pleaded guilty.
Sentence at the 
request of the 
parties.
Added by:
III. 2002.108.
Amended by:
XIII. 2002.9.
453A.  (1)  Before the accused pleads to the general issue as
provided in article 453, the accused and the Attorney General may
request the court, in the eventuality of a plea of guilty, to apply a
sanction or measure or, where provided for by law, a combination
of sanctions or measures, of the kind and quantity agreed between
them and to which the accused can be sentenced upon conviction
for the offence or offences with which he is accused.
(2) If the court is satisfied that the sanction or measure, or
combination of sanctions and measures, requested as provided in
subarticle (1) is one which it would have been lawful for it to
impose upon conviction for the offence to which the accused has
pleaded guilty and does not have cause to order the trial of the
cause to be proceeded with for a reason referred to in article 453(2)
or for any other reason to reject the request, and after explaining to
the accused in clear terms the consequences of his request, the
court shall, upon a plea of guilty by the accused, proceed to pass
the sentence indicated to it by the parties declaring in its judgement
    194               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
that the sentence being awarded is being so awarded at the request
of the parties.
(3) Where the Attorney General and the accused agree that the
sentence to be imposed shall consist of a period of imprisonment
which is to be suspended in accordance with the provisions of
article 28A and the agreement is not rejected by the court as
provided in subarticle (2) such agreement shall not in any way
affect the court’s power to make an order under article 28G or 28H
or both.
Cap. 446.
(4) Where the Attorney General and the accused agree that a
measure provided for under the Probation Act is to be applied and
the agreement is not rejected by the court as provided in subarticle
(2) such agreement shall not in any way affect the court’s power to
make an order under article 11 of the said Act.
Cap. 446.
(5) A sentence imposed at the request of the parties as provided
in this article shall not affect any matter referred to in article
25(3)( a ) to ( h ) of the Probation Act.
Recording of plea 
of "not guilty".  
Amended by: 
IX. 1857.5; 
III. 1880.7; 
Order-in-Council 
of 1899, sec. 7; 
XVI.1932.6; 
XXX.1934.10; 
XX.1936.2; 
XXXII.1965.8; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
XXV.1967.9; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
LIII.1981.7; 
IX. 1982.2.
454. (1) If the accused pleads not guilty, such plea shall be
recorded.
Where proceedings 
are to be conducted 
in the English 
language. 
Cap. 189.
(2) Where, under the provisions of the Judicial Proceedings
(Use of English Language) Act, the proceedings are to be
conducted in the English language, the court shall, if no pleas have
been raised as provided in article 438, or after the determination of
such pleas, appoint the day on which the cause shall be tried before
a special jury impanelled from the persons included in the list of
special jurors for the trial of English-speaking persons as provided
in article 605.
Impanelling of 
jury.
(3) On the day fixed for the trial the court shall impanel the
jury and shall then proceed with the trial.
Accused making 
answer other than 
"guilty" or 
standing mute.
(4) Where the accused does not simply answer that he is guilty,
any other answer, or his silence, shall be taken as a plea of not
guilty.
Accused not to be 
questioned on facts 
with which he is 
charged.
(5) It shall not be lawful for the court, the Attorney General or
the jury, during the trial, to put any other question to the accused
with regard to the facts with which he is charged.
Reading out of 
indictment to jury. 
Amended by: 
V.1868.30.
455. (1) As soon as the jury have been sworn, the registrar
shall read out the indictment, of which a copy shall be given to the
jury; and he shall also read out to the jury whatever shall have been
recorded with reference to the question prescribed under article
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             195
450.
Trial of two or 
more causes on the 
same day.
(2) Where the court deems it expedient that two or more causes
be successively tried on the same day by the same jury, the jury
shall be sworn in the presence of all the accused whose trial is to
take place as aforesaid, previously to the commencement of the
trial which is to take place first.
Address by the 
prosecution. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68.
456.  The Attorney General shall then address the jury on the
facts constituting the offence preferred in the indictment; he shall
state the evidence which he proposes to produce in support of those
facts; and after making such submissions as he may think necessary
in order to make the case clear, he shall conclude by demanding a
declaration of guilt against the accused.
Production of 
evidence for the 
prosecution. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
457.  After making the address referred to in the last preceding
article, the Attorney General shall call his witnesses examining
them  viva voce,  and shall produce any other evidence he may have
to offer.
Defence of 
accused.
Amended by:
IX. 1859.25.
458. (1) When the case for the prosecution is concluded, the
accused shall be asked what he has to state in his defence. He shall
have the right to make his defence, either personally or by an
advocate, and to call and examine his witnesses in the manner
provided in the last preceding article, and to produce any other
evidence he may have to offer.
Where accused is 
assisted by more 
than one advocate.
(2) If the accused is assisted by more than one advocate, such
advocates may divide the duties between them in such a manner
that one will make the defence and the other will make the
rejoinder, when this is allowed, or, that one will make the defence
and rejoinder and the other will examine the witnesses; but neither
of them may address the court or the jury after the defence or
rejoinder has been made by the other; and the provisions of this
subarticle shall apply to every other stage of the proceedings in
which the accused is assisted by more than one advocate.
Accused may make 
his own defence.
(3) It shall also be lawful for the accused either to make his
own defence and leave to his advocate the rejoinder, when this is
allowed, or to make the rejoinder notwithstanding that his defence
was made by his advocate.
Applicability of 
article 458.
458A.  The provisions of article 458(2) shall apply  mutatis
mutandis  where the conduct of the prosecution is delegated by the
Attorney General to more than one counsel.
Order of 
examination of 
witnesses.
459. The order to be followed in the examination of witnesses
shall be as hereunder:
The party calling the witness proceeds to examine him; then
the opposite party may, if he so desires, cross-examine him; any
juror may then put any question which he may deem necessary; and
the court, besides the questions which it may deem proper to put in
the course of the examination or cross-examination, may finally put
any other question which it shall deem necessary.
    196               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Where accused 
takes stand to 
testify.
Added by:
III. 2002.110.
Amended by:
XIII. 2002.10.
459A.   (1) The accused who takes the stand to testify shall not be
asked, and if asked shall not be required to answer, any question
tending to show that he has committed or been convicted of or been
charged with any offence other than the one with which he is
accused, or is of bad character, unless -
( a ) the proof that he has committed or been convicted of
such other offence is admissible evidence to show that
he is guilty of an offence with which he is accused; or
( b ) he has personally or by his advocate asked questions
of the witnesses for the prosecution with a view to
establish his own good character, or has given
evidence of his good character, or the nature or
conduct of the defence is such as to involve
imputations on the character of the prosecutor or the
witnesses for the prosecution, or the deceased victim
of the alleged crime; or
( c ) he has given evidence which involves in the
commission of the offence with which he is being
accused, any other person accused in the same
proceedings.
(2) In any of the cirmumstances mentioned in paragraphs ( a ) to
( c ) above any record showing any previous convictions of the
person charged or accused may be produced in evidence.
Further questions 
after cross-
examination only 
to be made through 
court.
460.   After the cross-examination of the witness, it shall not be
lawful for the parties to put any question directly to the witness.
They may, however, submit to the court any further question they
may desire to put to the witness, and any such question, if
considered by the court to be material to the case, shall be put to the
witness by the court itself.
Rules as to the 
admissibility of 
evidence. 
Amended by:
IX. 1857.6; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
461. (1) If the Attorney General or the accused desires to
prove facts upon the existence or non-existence of which depends
the admissibility of evidence for the production of which the
permission of the court has been obtained under the provisions of
article 440, he may adduce evidence of such facts at the stage of the
trial at which such permission has been obtained.
(2) The same shall apply with regard to evidence as to the
existence of the circumstances required under article 646 for the
admissibility of any of the depositions therein referred to, when the
request for the production of any such deposition is made during
the trial.
Brief notes of 
depositions to be 
taken by court. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1857.7.
462.  Notes of the evidence of the witnesses shall be taken down
in brief by the court.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             197
Shorthand notes of 
proceedings at 
trial. 
Added by: 
VI.1947.13. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
XXV.1967.10; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.40.
* 463. (1) Shorthand notes shall be taken of the proceedings at
the trial on indictment of any person before the Criminal Court. A
transcript of the notes or any part thereof shall be made whenever
the Criminal Court or the Court of Criminal Appeal so directs:
Provided that subject to the provisions of article 518, a
transcript shall be furnished to any party having an interest in the
proceedings upon the payment of such charges as may be fixed by
tariff.
(2) The Attorney General may also, if he thinks fit, in any case,
direct a transcript of the shorthand notes to be made and furnished
to him for his use.
(3) The cost of taking any such shorthand notes, and of any
transcript, where a transcript is directed to be made by the court or
by the Attorney General, shall be defrayed, in accordance with
scales of payment to be fixed from time to time, out of money
provided by the Government. Rules may be made by the Board
appointed under article 516(3), for securing the accuracy of the
notes to be taken and for the verification of the transcript.
Reply and 
rejoinder. 
Amended by:
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68.
464. After the close of the defence, the Attorney General shall
be allowed to reply, if he so desires; but, in such case, the accused
shall have the right to a rejoinder:
Provided that no fresh evidence may be produced, without
the special permission of the court, either in the reply or in the
rejoinder.
Summing-up 
by judge. 
Amended by: 
IX.1857.8; 
IX.1859.26; 
V.1868.31; 
XXV. 1967.11.
465. After the conclusion of the case for the prosecution and for
the defence, the judge shall address the jury, explaining to them the
nature and the ingredients of the offence preferred in the
indictment, as well as any other point of law which in the particular
case may be connected with the functions of the jury, summing up,
in such manner as he may think necessary, the evidence of the
witnesses and other concurrent evidence, acquainting them with the
powers which the jury may exercise in the particular case, and
making all such other remarks as may tend to direct and instruct the
jury for the proper discharge of their duties.
Deliberation by the 
jury.
466.  On the conclusion of the address by the court, the jury
shall consider their verdict.
Functions of the 
jury and rules 
connected 
therewith. 
Amended by:
IV. 1856.38;
III. 2002.111.
467. (1) The jury shall in their deliberations consider, in the
first place, whether the accused is guilty of the offence charged
against him in the indictment, with all the aggravating
circumstances, if any, therein specified; and, if the jury shall be of
opinion that such guilt is proved, they shall, in the manner provided
in articles 468 and 469, find the accused " guilty ".
(2) Where there is no proof that the accused, or any one of the
accused, was the principal or one of the principals in the offence
charged in the indictment, but there is proof that he was an
accomplice or of being guilty of conspiracy to commit that offence,
*Article 463 has not yet come into force. Vide article 13(2) of Ordinance No.VI of
1947.
    198               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
it shall be lawful for the jury to find him guilty of complicity in, or
of conspiracy to commit, such offence; conversely, where a person
is accused, in the indictment, of being an accomplice in an offence
it shall be lawful for the jury to find him guilty of conspiracy to
commit that offence or of being the principal, or one of the
principals, in that offence and if he is accused of conspiracy to
commit an offence he may be found guilty of being an accomplice
in that offence or of being a principal, or one of the principals, in
that offence, completed or attempted, if there is proof to that effect:
Provided that where a person accused in the indictment of
conspiracy to commit an offence is found guilty as aforesaid of
being a principal, or one of the principals, in the offence,
completed or attempted, the punishment shall not be more severe
than the punishment demanded in the bill of indictment.
(3) Where two or more individuals are indicted as principals in
an offence and there is proof that such offence was committed by
one or more of them, but there is no proof as to which one of them
or which of them committed the offence, it shall be lawful for the
jury to find all the accused guilty as accomplices in the offence, if
it is proved that all of them took in the offence a part sufficient to
render them accomplices.
(4) Where the offence is not proved in the terms in which it was
specified in the indictment, but it shall appear at the trial that either
the same offence but of a less aggravated character, or a lesser
offence, or an attempted offence only has been committed,
provided the same be included or involved in any part of the
indictment, the jury may either exclude the aggravating
circumstances or add those circumstances which make the offence
of a less aggravated character, or find the accused guilty of such
lesser offence or of an attempted offence, or of the facts
constituting such lesser offence or attempted offence, as the case
may be. The jury may enter their verdict by saying " guilty, but
without the circumstance or circumstances of  . . . . . . . . . . ,"
specifying the circumstance or circumstances which they want to
exclude; or, " guilty, but with the circumstance or circumstances of  .
. . . . . . . . . . ," specifying the circumstance or circumstances which
make the offence of a less aggravated character; or, " guilty, but
only of  . . . . . . . . . . ," specifying the offence or the attempted
offence (or the facts constituting such offence or attempted
offence) of which the jury may find the accused guilty as aforesaid.
(5) If the jury are of opinion that the accused is not guilty in
any form as aforesaid, they shall find the accused " not guilty ".
Number of votes 
required for a legal 
verdict.
468.   For every verdict of the jury, whether in favour of, or
against the accused, there shall be necessary the concurrence of at
least six votes.
Duties of foreman 
of jury.
469.   The foreman of the jury shall collect the votes of the other
jurors in respect of each verdict, noting down against the name of
each juror respectively the vote given by such juror, and shall
finally add his own vote; and after counting the votes, and
ascertaining the concurrence of at least six votes, he shall write
down the verdict to be returned, which he shall lay before the other
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             199
jurors.
Explanations 
required by jury 
from court.
470. (1) The jury may apply to the court for any elucidation or
explanation they may require for the discharge of their duties. And
every such elucidation or explanation shall be given in open court.
Place for 
deliberating.
(2) The jury may, for the purpose of considering their verdict,
withdraw to the place appointed for that purpose.
Means of 
communication 
between jury and 
court.
(3) When the jury shall have retired to deliberate, the registrar
shall be the means of communication between the jury and the
court.
Jurors not to absent 
themselves or 
communicate with 
unauthorized 
persons. 
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.27.
471. (1) A juror once impanelled must not, until the recording
of the verdict of the jury, absent himself or communicate with any
one except with the court, the other jurors, or the officer authorized
to communicate with the jurors, save, in some special case, with
leave of the court.
(2) When a trial does not come to an end on the same day in
which the names of the persons to serve as jurors have been drawn,
the court may, unless it deems it prejudicial in the interests of
justice, allow the jurors to return to their respective home on
condition that they present themselves in court on the day and time
to which the trial has been adjourned, and on such other conditions
that the judge may deem fit to impose in the interests of justice.
No food or drink to 
be given to jurors 
after they retire for 
deliberation and 
until their verdict is 
recorded, without 
leave of court.
472.   After the jury shall have retired for their deliberation and
until their verdict is recorded, they shall not be allowed to have
food or drink without leave of the court.
Jury to inform 
court as soon as 
they are ready to 
return verdict.
473.  As soon as the jury are ready to return their verdict, they
shall cause the court to be informed, in order that it may hear the
delivery thereof in open court.
Reading out of 
verdict by the jury.
474.   The court shall, through the registrar, ask the jury,
" whether the accused is guilty of what is adduced against him in
the indictment ", and the foreman, in the presence of all the other
jurors, shall read out in open court the verdict returned by the jury,
and such verdict shall be given to the registrar to be by him
recorded.
Additional 
declaration by jury 
relative to facts 
amounting to an 
excuse.
475.  If, after the accused has been in any form found guilty, the
court is of opinion that, upon the submissions made by the defence
or as a result of the facts proved at the trial, there should be a
further declaration on the part of the jury as to whether some fact,
which the law expressly specifies as an excuse and of which no
mention was made in the indictment, has or has not been proved in
the case, the court shall refer the question for the determination of
the jury who shall answer affirmatively or negatively, as they shall
adjudge:
Provided that nothing in this article shall prevent the jury,
when finding the accused guilty in any form as provided in article
467, if so satisfied from the evidence, from declaring on their own
initiative and without waiting for any question by the court to that
    200               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
effect, that some particular fact, which the law expressly specifies
as an excuse, has been proved; in which case, the jury shall find the
accused guilty, and also that the facts constituting the excuse
specified in the law have been proved.
Verdict by jury in 
case of infanticide.  
Amended by:
VI. 1947.14;
III. 2002.112.
476.  (1) If a woman tried for the murder of her child or for
infanticide is acquitted thereof, it shall be lawful for the jury, by
whose verdict such woman is acquitted, to find, in case it shall so
satisfactorily appear in evidence, that such woman had given birth
to a child and that, by secretly burying or otherwise disposing of
the dead body of such child, she endeavoured to conceal the birth
thereof.
Verdict in the case 
of theft, 
misappropriation 
or receiving stolen 
property.
(2) If a person tried for the theft, whether simple or aggravated,
of any object is found not guilty of that charge, it shall be lawful
for the jury to find him guilty of misappropriation of that object or
of the offence contemplated in article 334 with regard to that
object, if there is proof to that effect; and, conversely, a person
tried for misappropriation or for the offence contemplated in article
334 may be found guilty of theft, whether simple or aggravated, of
the object concerned if there is proof to that effect:
Provided that in no case shall the punishment be more
severe than that demanded in the indictment.
Powers of court in 
case of incomplete 
or ambiguous 
verdict.
477.   It shall be in the power of the court to require the jury to
consider any question upon which they are empowered to enter a
verdict according to the provisions of article 467, and also to
consider whether any material circumstance which will serve to
complete or explain the first verdict, has or has not been proved.
Riders on 
supplementary 
questions.
478.  Any other question which the court may deem necessary to
put to the jury in consequence of their first verdict, shall be made,
and the relative answer received, in the manner provided in article
474.
Verdict not to be 
recorded before it 
is complete.
479. In all cases where a further deliberation by the jury is
required in order to render their verdict complete, the court shall
order that the verdict be not recorded until it is complete.
Questions to jury. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.39; 
IX.1857.9; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
XXV.1967.12; 
LVIII.1974.68.
480. (1) It shall be lawful for the court, in order to assist the
jury in the discharge of their functions, to give to the jury, through
the registrar, one or more written questions, which shall be by the
registrar signed and read out in open court, respecting the matters
upon which, in the various cases referred to in articles 467, 475,
477 and 488, the jury are empowered or bound to enter a verdict.
(2) It shall be lawful for the court to make, where necessary,
the said questions, either orally or in writing, even after the jury, in
answer to the question whether the accused is guilty of the offence
as stated in the indictment, have found the accused not guilty of
such offence or have found him guilty but not in terms of the
indictment.
Power of jury to 
refer to court the 
decision on points 
of law.
(3) If any doubt arises on any question of law upon the
determination of which might depend the finding of the jury as to
whether the accused is guilty of the offence stated in the
indictment, or of any other offence as provided in article 467, or
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             201
whether the facts adduced in the defence constitute an excuse
according to law, it shall be in the power of the jury, if they so
desire, instead of finding the accused guilty or not guilty, or that an
excuse has or has not been proved, to find only, upon written
questions given to them by the court for the purpose, that the facts
or some of the facts adduced either against or in favour of the
accused have or have not been proved, and to leave to the court to
determine whether the facts found by the jury constitute the offence
stated in the indictment or any other offence under the provisions
of the said article 467 or an excuse according to law.
(4) The court shall pronounce judgment on any question so
referred to it by the jury on the same day or on any other day after
hearing the Attorney General and the accused or his advocate in the
manner provided in article 490.
Separate verdict in 
respect of each 
offence and of each 
accused.
481.  If more offences are charged in the same indictment or if
the accused on trial are more than one, the jury shall give a separate
verdict in respect of each offence and of each accused.
Number of votes to 
be stated in every 
verdict.
482.  Every verdict of the jury shall state the number of votes
which concurred in such verdict.
Further 
deliberation in 
default of legal 
number of votes.
483.  Where, on the reading out in court of any verdict, the
absence of the concurrence of at least six votes in support of such
verdict is made to appear to the court by a number of jurors
sufficient to show such defect, the court shall require the jury to
retire for further deliberation under the direction of the foreman of
the jury or of any other juror whom the court shall appoint for that
purpose in order that a true verdict may be returned; and no verdict
shall be recorded so long as there is not the number of votes
required by law for a true verdict.
Recommendation 
of accused to 
mercy of court. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
484.  Any juror may recommend to the mercy of the court the
accused person found guilty, stating the reason for so doing; and
the court may take into consideration any such recommendation,
either in applying the law, or by communicating the same to the
President of Malta in a report made for the purpose, or in any of the
reports referred to in articles 493 and 494.
Trial to go on 
without 
interruption. 
Amended by: 
XXX.1934.11; 
III.1976.4.
485.  Once the jury has been impanelled, the trial of the cause
shall be continued without interruption up to the recording of the
verdict of the jury inclusively; and it shall not be adjourned, except
for such intervals as the court may think necessary for the rest of
the court itself, of the jurors, witnesses, or parties accused, or if a
Saturday, a Sunday or other public holiday intervenes:
Provided that the court may, if it deems it expedient so to
do, continue the trial of the cause on any Saturday, Sunday or other
public holiday.
Death or other 
impediment of 
juror. 
Amended by: 
X.1896.1.
486.  If, before the verdict of the jury is returned, a juror dies, or
becomes unable to discharge his duties, the court, where no
supplementary jurors as provided in article 610(2) have been
appointed, shall proceed to the appointment of a new juror, if this
can conveniently be done on the same day; otherwise it shall
adjourn the cause to another day to be tried by a new jury; and in
    202               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
either case all proceedings which may have taken place before the
jury up to that time shall take place anew.
Acquittal and 
discharge of 
accused if declared 
not guilty. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.77.
487.   If the jury find the accused not guilty in terms of article
467(5), the court shall acquit him, and shall order that he be set at
liberty, unless he is in custody for some other reason.
Insanity and want 
of discretion as 
grounds for 
acquittal to be 
stated in verdict.  
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.78; 
I.1903.28,29.
488. (1) If the accused is found not guilty on the ground of his
insanity at the time of the offence, or if the accused, being under
fourteen years of age or a deaf-mute, is found not guilty on the
ground of want of discretion, such ground shall be stated in the
verdict of the jury.
(2) If such ground is not stated in the verdict, the court shall
put to the jurors a specific question on that point, and the jurors
shall answer affirmatively or negatively as they shall have
adjudged.
(3) If the majority of the jurors shall answer affirmatively, the
provisions of article 35(3) and (4), or of article 39(2), or of article
623(1), as the case may be, shall apply.
Previous 
conviction not to 
be disclosed to 
jury. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68.
489.  Where the law by reason of any previous conviction
prescribes an increase of punishment for a subsequent offence, the
trial shall proceed as if the previous conviction and sentence of the
accused had not been alleged in the indictment; and the allegation
of any such previous conviction and sentence shall not be
submitted to the jury until after and if the jury shall have declared
the accused guilty of such subsequent offence:
Exception. Provided, however, that, if upon the trial in respect of such
subsequent offence or relapse, evidence is adduced as to the good
character of the accused, it shall be lawful for the Attorney
General, in answer thereto, to read out the indictment and to prove
the conviction of, and sentence passed on, the accused for the
previous offence, even before the jury shall have found the accused
guilty.
Question by court 
to accused as to 
applicability of 
punishment. 
Amended by: 
IX.1857.11; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXV. 1967.14;
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.113.
490. (1) The fact of the guilt of the accused having been
established, the court shall ask him if he has to say anything in
regard to the applicability of the punishment demanded by the
Attorney General. If no opposition is made, the court, if it is
satisfied that the punishment demanded is that prescribed by law,
shall pronounce sentence; but, in case of opposition, or of a doubt
expressed by the court itself, the court shall hear the Attorney
General, and, in answer, the accused or his advocate. After the
answer, the Attorney General may reply, and after the reply, the
accused or his advocate may put in a rejoinder.
Issue to be 
determined by 
court.
(2)  After the submissions of the Attorney General and of the
accused or his advocate, the court shall decide whether the
punishment demanded is that which ought to be applied according
to law and, if it decides that it is not, it shall determine the
punishment applicable to the case, stating the reasons for its
decision.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             203
Submissions by 
injured party on 
sentence.
(3) An injured party may, by application, request the Criminal
Court to be allowed, personally or through legal counsel, to make
submissions on the appropriate sentence to be passed on the
accused and if the court allows the application the injured party or
his legal counsel shall be given the opportunity to make such
submissions at the stage referred to in subarticle (1) and before the
court asks the accused if he has to say anything in regard to the
applicability of the punishment demanded by the Attorney General: 
Provided that the failure, for any reason, of the injured
party to make submissions on sentence as aforesaid shall not
preclude the court from proceeding with any hearing or from
pronouncing judgment as provided in article 491.
Judgment. 
Amended by: 
IX.1857.12. 
Substituted by: 
XXV.1967.15. 
491.  The court shall pronounce judgment as soon as possible. 
Court may award a 
lesser punishment 
when jury are not 
unanimous. 
Substituted by: 
XXI.1971.28. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4;
III. 2002.114. 
492.  (1) Where at any time before the constitution of the jury
the accused declares himself guilty and for the fact admitted by the
accused there is established the punishment of imprisonment for
life, the court may, instead of the said punishment, impose the
punishment of imprisonment for a term from eighteen to thirty
years.
(2) It shall be lawful for the court to award a sentence of
imprisonment for a term of not less than twelve years in lieu of the
punishment of imprisonment for life if, in establishing a fact
involving the latter punishment, the jury shall not have been
unanimous.
Court’s 
recommendation 
on passing 
sentence of 
imprisonment for 
life. 
Added by: 
XXI.1971.29. 
Amended by: 
XLIX. 1981.4.
493.  After sentencing any person to imprisonment for life, the
court may recommend in writing to the Prime Minister within
twenty-four hours the minimum period which in its view should
elapse before the prisoner is released from prison. Such
recommendation shall be made available to the person sentenced,
and a copy thereof shall be kept by the registrar.
Recommendation 
by judge for 
pardon or 
mitigation of 
punishment. 
Amended by: 
IX.1857.I4; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68. 
494.   It shall be lawful for any judge, who sat in a trial, to
recommend to the President of Malta, for pardon or mitigation of
punishment any person sentenced by making for this purpose a
report in writing stating the reason for such recommendation.
Death or illness of 
judge, Attorney 
General or accused 
or his advocate.  
Amended by:
IV. 1856.40;
IX. 1857.15, 16;
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXV. 1967.17; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.115.
495. (1) If, during the trial, or after the jury have returned a
verdict of guilty, the sitting judge dies or becomes ill, another
judge shall be surrogated as provided by law, and all proceedings
which shall have taken place subsequently to the recording of the
answer given by the accused, shall take place anew, if the court
shall so deem fit.
(2) Whatever shall be the verdict of the jury after the
proceedings shall have taken place anew, it shall not be lawful to
    204               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
award a punishment higher than that to which the offence
previously found by the jury was liable.
(3) The proceedings which shall have already taken place shall
not take place anew if the accused had been found not guilty.
(4) The proceedings shall take place anew, if the Attorney
General or prosecuting counsel dies, or becomes ill, before he has
discharged the duties set out in articles 456, 457 and 464, or if the
advocate for the accused dies or becomes ill, or if the accused
himself becomes ill, before the defence as provided in article 458 is
terminated.
Functions of 
registrar in the 
Criminal Court. 
Second part of 
sec.30 of Ord. VI 
of 1980 
incorporated. 
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.40. 
Substituted by: 
XXIV. 1995.360.  
Cap.12.
496. (1) The functions of the registrar in the Criminal Court
may be performed by any officer mentioned in  article  57(2)( a ) of
the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure.
(2) The functions of a marshal may in the Criminal Court be
performed by any of the executive officers of the courts mentioned
in  article  57(1) of the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure.
Added by: 
XXV. 1967.18. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.40.
Title V
T HE  C OURT OF  C RIMINAL  A PPEAL
Interpretation. 
Added by: 
XXV.1967.18.
497.   In this Title, unless the context otherwise requires, -
the expression "appellant" includes a person who has been
convicted and desires to appeal under this Title; and 
   the expression "sentence" includes any order of the court made
on conviction with reference to the person convicted and the power
of the Court of Criminal Appeal to pass a sentence includes a
power to make any such order.
The Court of 
Criminal Appeal. 
Added by: 
XXV.1967.18. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.30; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.28,
40; 
VIII. 1990.3 .
498. (1) There shall be a Court of Criminal Appeal which shall
have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals under this Title and
appeals from judgments of the Court of Magistrates as well as to
deal with other proceedings under this Title.
(2) Saving the provision of article 418 in regard to the
constitution of the said court for the hearing of appeals from
judgments of the Court of Magistrates, the Court of Criminal
Appeal shall consist of the Chief Justice, who shall be the President
of the Court and two other of the judges appointed by the President
of Malta:
Provided that, in the case of absence or lawful impediment
of any of the members of the court, the President of Malta shall
appoint another or others of the judges to sit instead.
(3) The determination of any question before the Court of
Criminal Appeal shall be according to the opinion of the majority
of the members of the court hearing the case and one judgment
shall be delivered as the judgment of the whole court.
(4) The Court of Criminal Appeal shall for the purposes of and
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             205
subject to the provisions of this Title have full power to determine,
in accordance with this Title, any questions necessary to be
determined for the purpose of doing justice in the case before the
court.
(5) The provisions contained in this Title shall not apply to
appeals from judgments of the Court of Magistrates.
Appeal at the 
instance of 
Attorney General 
or of accused. 
Added by: 
XXV. 1967.18. 
Amended by: 
LVIII.1974.68; 
LIII.1981.8.
499. (1) An appeal shall lie to the Court of Criminal Appeal at
the instance of the Attorney General or of the accused from any
decision given, after the reading out of the indictment and before
the accused pleads to the general issue of guilty or not guilty, on
any of the pleas referred to in article 449(1) ( a ) ,  ( b )   and   ( g ) and
from any decision regarding the admissibility of evidence.
(2) An appeal shall also lie at the instance of the accused from
any decision given, on an application of the Attorney General,
under article 402(5) or from any decision given, after the reading
out of the indictment and before the accused pleads to the general
issue of guilty or not guilty, on any of the pleas referred to in
article 449(1)( c ),   ( d ),   ( e )   and   ( f ).
(3) Where the Attorney General or, as the case may be, the
accused desires to enter an appeal under subarticle (1) or (2) he
must give notice of appeal by means of a note immediately after the
decision of the court is pronounced and thereupon the court, if the
case so requires, shall stay further proceedings until the expiration
of the time allowed as hereinafter provided for the appeal or, if an
appeal is entered, until the determination thereof by the Court of
Criminal Appeal.
(4) An appeal under subarticle (1) or (2) shall be made by
application filed in the Court of Criminal Appeal within three
working days from the date of the decision appealed from.
(5) Any appeal made under this article by the Attorney General
shall not stay the execution of the decision appealed from.
(6) On any appeal under this article, the Court of Criminal
Appeal shall, if it allows the appeal, set aside the decision appealed
from and make such order for the discharge of the accused or the
further prosecution of the proceedings or make such other orders
including orders for the re-arrest or custody of the person accused
or give such other directions as the case may require.
(7) The default of the accused to make an appeal under this
article shall not preclude him from raising the question which he
could have raised by any such appeal in any appeal which he may
make under the next following article.
Appeals against 
conviction or 
sentence. 
Added by: 
XXV. 1967.18.
Amended by:
III. 2002.116.
500. (1) A person convicted on indictment may appeal to the
Court of Criminal Appeal against his conviction in all cases or
against the sentence passed on his conviction unless the sentence is
one fixed by law.
    206               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Appeals by 
Attorney General 
against sentence.
Cap. 446.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of article 28I(2) and of the
Probation Act, if it appears to him that the sentence was unduly
lenient the Attorney General may also appeal from any judgment
convicting a person for an offence liable to imprisonment for a term
exceeding two years if the sentence has applied the provisions of
article 21 or of articles 28A to 28H or the provisions of the
Probation Act.
Submissions by 
injured party to 
Court of Criminal 
Appeal on 
sentence.
Added by:
III. 2002.117.
500A.   On any appeal against sentence an injured party may, by
application, request the Court of Criminal Appeal to be allowed,
personally or through legal counsel, to make submissions on the
appropriate sentence to be passed on the accused and if the court
allows the application the injured party or his legal counsel shall be
given the opportunity to make such submissions after the court has
heard the appellant’s submissions in support of the appeal; the
person convicted and the Attorney General shall be given the
opportunity to respond to the submissions by the injured party or
his legal counsel:
Provided that the failure, for any reason, of the injured
party or his legal counsel to make submissions on sentence as
aforesaid on the appointed day shall not preclude the court from
proceeding with any hearing or from pronouncing judgement.
References by the 
Attorney General.
Added by:
III. 2002.117.
500B.  (1) Where a person tried on indictment has been acquitted
(whether in respect of the whole or part of the indictment) the
Attorney General may, if he desires the opinion of the Court of
Criminal Appeal on a point of law which has arisen in the case and
within the time laid down in article 504, refer that point to the
court, and the court shall, in accordance with this article, consider
the point and give their opinion on it.
(2) For the purpose of their consideration of a point referred to
them under this article the Court of Criminal Appeal shall hear
argument -
( a ) by the Attorney General; and
( b ) either by counsel for the defence, if the acquitted
person desires to present any argument to the court or,
in default, by the Advocate for Legal Aid.
(3) A reference under this article shall not affect the trial in
relation to which the reference is made or any acquittal in that trial.
(4) The Board referred to under article 516(3) may make rules
to regulate the form and contents of the reference by the Attorney
General under this article and to provide for all other matters
connected therewith or ancillary thereto.
Determination of 
appeals in ordinary 
cases. 
Added by: 
XXV. 1967.18.
Amended by:
XXVII.1975.29;
III. 2002.118.
501. (1) On any appeal against conviction by the person
convicted, the Court of Criminal Appeal shall allow the appeal - 
( a ) if it thinks that the appellant has been wrongly
convicted on the facts of the case; or
( b ) if it thinks that there has been an irregularity during
the proceedings, or a wrong interpretation or
application of the law, which could have had a bearing
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             207
on the verdict:
Provided that the court may, notwithstanding that it is of
opinion that the point raised in the appeal under paragraph ( b )
might be decided in favour of the appellant, dismiss the appeal if it
considers that no miscarriage of justice has actually occurred.
(2) Subject to the provisions of the next following article and
of article 508(1), the Court of Criminal Appeal shall, if it allows an
appeal against conviction, quash the conviction and direct a
judgment and verdict of acquittal to be entered.
(3) On an appeal against sentence by the person convicted, the
Court of Criminal Appeal shall, if it thinks that a different sentence
should have been passed, quash the sentence passed at the trial, and
pass such other sentence warranted in law by the verdict (not being
a sentence of greater severity) in substitution therefor as it thinks
ought to have been passed, and in any other case shall dismiss the
appeal.
(4) On an appeal against sentence by the Attorney General, the
Court of Criminal Appeal shall, if it thinks that a sentence of
greater severity should have been passed, quash the sentence
passed at the trial and pass such sentence of greater severity
warranted in law in substitution therefore as it thinks ought to have
been passed, and in any other case shall  dismiss the appeal.
Powers of Court of 
Criminal Appeal in 
special cases. 
Added by: 
XXV.1967.18. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.30.
502. (1) If it appears to the Court of Criminal Appeal that an
appellant, though not properly convicted on some count or part of
the indictment, has been properly convicted on some other count or
part of the indictment, the court may either affirm the sentence
passed on the appellant at the trial or pass such sentence in
substitution therefor as it thinks proper and as may be warranted in
law by the verdict on the count or part of the indictment on which
the court considers that the appellant has been properly convicted:
Provided that such other sentence shall not be of greater
severity than the sentence passed at the trial taken as a whole,
whether or not the last mentioned sentence was expressed to be
passed on that part of the indictment.
(2) Where an appellant has been convicted of an offence and
the jury could on the indictment have found him guilty of some
other offence, and on the finding of the jury it appears to the Court
of Criminal Appeal that the jury must have been satisfied of facts
which proved him guilty of that other offence, the court may,
instead of allowing or dismissing the appeal, substitute for the
verdict found by the jury a verdict of guilty of that other offence,
and pass such sentence in substitution for the sentence passed at the
trial as may be warranted in law for that other offence, not being a
sentence of greater severity.
(3) Where on conviction of the appellant the jury have found a
verdict falling within the provisions of article 480(3), and the Court
of Criminal Appeal considers that a wrong conclusion has been
arrived at by the Criminal Court on the effect of that verdict, the
Court of Criminal Appeal may, instead of allowing the appeal,
order such conclusion to be recorded as appears to the court to be in
    208               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
law required by the verdict, and pass such sentence (not being a
sentence of greater severity) in substitution for the sentence passed
at the trial as may be warranted in law.
(4) Where on an appeal against conviction the Court of
Criminal Appeal is of opinion that although the appellant
committed the act or made the omission charged against him he
was insane at the time the act was done or omission made so as not
to be responsible according to law for his actions, the court may
quash the sentence passed at the trial and order the appellant to be
kept in custody in Mount Carmel Hospital in which case the
provisions of article 623(1), (2) and (3) shall apply.
Appeal against 
verdict of not 
guilty on the 
ground of insanity. 
Added by: 
XXV.1967.18.
503. (1) A person in whose case a verdict of not guilty on the
ground of his insanity at the time of the act or omission charged is
returned, may appeal against the verdict and on any such appeal the
same provision as contained in article 501(1) shall  mutatis
mutandis,  subject as hereinafter provided, apply.
(2) Where apart from this article - 
( a ) an appeal against a verdict such as is mentioned in
subarticle (1) would fall to be allowed, and
( b ) none of the grounds for allowing it relates to the
question of the insanity of the accused,
the Court of Criminal Appeal may dismiss the appeal if of opinion
that, but for the insanity of the accused, the proper verdict would
have been that he was guilty of an offence other than the offence
charged.
(3) In the case of an appeal under subarticle (1) the appeal may
be heard and determined in the absence of the appellant and, if he is
not assisted by an advocate, the provisions of article 519 shall
apply.
(4) Where in accordance with subarticle (1) an appeal is
allowed - 
( a ) if the ground, or one of the grounds, for allowing the
appeal is that the finding of the jury as to the insanity
of the accused ought not to stand and the Court of
Criminal Appeal is of opinion that he was guilty of an
offence (whether the offence charged or any other
offence of which the jury could have found him
guilty), the court shall substitute for the verdict of not
guilty on the ground of insanity a verdict of guilty of
that offence, and shall have the like powers of
punishing or otherwise dealing with the accused as the
court before which he was tried would have had if the
jury had come to the substituted verdict;
( b ) in any other case, the Court of Criminal Appeal shall
substitute for the verdict of the jury a verdict of
acquittal:
Provided that where the offence mentioned in paragraph ( a )
is one for which the sentence is fixed by law, the sentence shall
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             209
(whatever the circumstances) be one of imprisonment for life or for
a term not less than twelve years.
(5) The term of any sentence passed by the Court of Criminal
Appeal in the exercise of the powers conferred by subarticle (4)( a )
shall, unless the court otherwise directs, begin to run from the time
when it would have begun to run if passed in the proceedings in the
Criminal Court.
Form and time for 
entering appeal. 
Added by:
XXV.1967.18 .
504.   Any appeal under this Title shall be brought before the
Court of Criminal Appeal by an application to be filed in that court,
except where otherwise provided, within fifteen working days from
the date of the decision appealed from.
Contents of 
application of 
appeal. 
Added by:
XXV. 1967.18. 
Amended by:
LVIII. 1974.68; 
XXIV.1995.362.
505. (1) Besides the indications common to judicial acts, the
application shall contain a brief but clear statement of the facts of
the case, the grounds of the appeal and the relief sought by the
appellant.
(2) The application shall, on pain of nullity, be signed by an
advocate or by the appellant himself.
(3) The record of the proceedings of the Criminal Court shall
be lodged by the Registrar of Courts before the Court of Criminal
Appeal within two working days from the day when the application
is filed.
(4) A copy of the application shall be served on the Attorney
General or on the accused, as the case may require, at least eight
working days before the day appointed for the hearing of the
appeal, unless the court shall in any case of urgency direct service
with a shorter notice.
Supplemental 
powers of the 
Court of Criminal 
Appeal. 
Added by:
XXV. 1967.18.
506. The Court of Criminal Appeal may, if it thinks it
necessary or expedient in the interests of justice - 
( a ) order the production of any document, exhibit or other
thing connected with the proceedings, the production
of which appears to it necessary for the determination
of the case; and
( b ) if it thinks fit order any witnesses who would have
been compellable witnesses at the trial to attend for
examination and be examined before the court,
whether they were or were not called at the trial, or
order the examination of any such witnesses to be
conducted in any manner provided by law; and
( c ) if it thinks fit receive the evidence, if tendered, of any
witness (including the appellant) who is a competent
but not compellable witness, and, if the appellant
makes an application for the purpose, of the husband
or wife of the appellant, in cases where the evidence of
the husband or wife could not have been given at the
trial except on such application, subject to the
provisions of article 635.
    210               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Duty to admit 
evidence. 
Added by: 
XXV. 1967.18.
507.  Without prejudice to the generality of the last preceding
article, where evidence is tendered to the court under that article,
the court shall, unless it is satisfied that the evidence if received
would not afford any ground for allowing the appeal, exercise its
power under that article of receiving it if - 
( a ) it appears to it that the evidence is likely to be credible
and would have been admissible at the trial on an issue
which is the subject of the appeal; and
( b ) it is satisfied that it was not adduced at the trial, but
that there is a reasonable explanation for the failure so
to adduce it.
Power of Court of 
Criminal Appeal to 
order new trial. 
Added by:
XXV. 1967.18. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.30, 31.
508. (1) Where an appeal against conviction is allowed by
reason only of evidence received or available to be received by the
Court of Criminal Appeal under articles 506 and 507 or by reason
of a point raised under article 501(1)( b ) and in each case it appears
to the court that the interests of justice so require, the court may,
instead of directing the entry of a judgment and verdict of acquittal
as provided by article 501(2) or by article 503(4)( b ), order the
appellant to be retried.
(2) An appellant shall not be retried by virtue of this article for
any offence other than - 
( a ) the offence of which he was convicted at the original
trial and in respect of which his appeal is allowed as
aforesaid;
( b ) any offence of which he could have been convicted at
the original trial on an indictment for the first-
mentioned offence; or
( c ) any offence charged in an alternative count of the
indictment in respect of which the jury were
discharged from giving a verdict in consequence of
convicting him of the first-mentioned offence.
(3) An appellant who is to be retried for an offence in
pursuance of an order under subarticle (1) shall be tried upon a
fresh indictment.
(4) The Court of Criminal Appeal may, upon ordering a retrial
under subarticle (1), make such orders as appear to the court to be
necessary or expedient for the custody or admission to bail of the
appellant pending the retrial.
(5) Where a new trial is ordered under subarticle (1) in the case
of a person who, immediately before the determination of his
appeal, was liable to be detained in Mount Carmel Hospital in
pursuance of an order of the Criminal Court, the order shall
continue in force pending the retrial as if the appeal had not been
allowed and any order made by the Court of Criminal Appeal under
the last preceding subarticle of this article for his custody or
admission to bail shall have effect subject to the said order.
(6) On a retrial ordered under subarticle (1) a transcript of the
notes, in shorthand or otherwise, of the evidence given by any
witness at the original trial may, with the leave of the judge, be
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             211
read as evidence - 
( a ) by agreement between the prosecution and the
defence; or
( b ) if the judge is satisfied that the witness is dead or unfit
to give evidence or to attend for that purpose, or that
all reasonable efforts to find him or to secure his
attendance have been made without success.
(7) Where a person ordered to be retried under subarticle (1) is
again convicted on the retrial, the Criminal Court may pass in
respect of the offence any sentence authorized by law, not being a
sentence of greater severity than that passed on the original
conviction.
(8) Where the person convicted on retrial is sentenced to
imprisonment or detention, the sentence shall begin to run from the
time when a like sentence passed at the original trial would have
begun to run, but in computing the term of his sentence or the
period for which he may be detained thereunder, as the case may
be, there shall be disregarded any time during which he was at large
after being admitted to bail under subarticle (4).
Stay of execution 
of judgment.
Added by:
XXV. 1967.18.
Amended by:
XXIX. 1989.4;
III. 2002.119.
509. (1) The Court of Criminal Appeal may, if it deems fit, on
the application of the appellant admit the appellant to bail pending
the determination of his appeal made under article 499 or 500.
(2) The power of the Court of Criminal Appeal under subarticle
(1) to admit an appellant to bail, may be exercised by any judge of
the court in the same manner as it may be exercised by the court
and subject to the same provisions; but, if the judge refuses an
application on the part of the appellant, the appellant shall be
entitled to have the application determined by the Court of
Criminal Appeal.
(3) The provisions of Title IV of Part II of Book Second of this
Code shall  mutatis mutandis  apply.
(4) The time during which an appellant, pending the determina-
tion of his appeal, is admitted to bail shall not count as part of any
term of imprisonment or detention under his sentence.
Challenge or 
abstention of 
judge. 
Added by:
XXV. 1967.18.
Amended by:
III. 2002.120.
510. (1) Any objection to any judge sitting in the Court of
Criminal Appeal shall be raised, and the decision of the court
thereon shall be given, before the appellant begins to make his
submissions to the court on the merits of the appeal.
(2) The provisions of article 446(2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and
(8) and the provisions of article 447 shall apply in any proceedings
before the Court of Criminal Appeal, so, however, that, for the
purpose of such proceedings, any reference in those provisions to
the reading out of the indictment shall be construed as a reference
to the commencement of the submissions by the appellant on the
merits of the appeal, the reference in the said subarticles (2) and (4)
to the accused shall be construed as including the person convicted
on indictment who has appealed and any person appealing in terms
of article 503(1), and the reference in the said subarticle (4) to the
hearing of the cause shall be construed as a reference to the hearing
    212               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
of the appeal.
Death or illness of 
judge, Attorney 
General, or 
accused or his 
advocate. 
Added by: 
XXV. 1967.18.
Amended by:
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.121.
511. (1) If, during the hearing of the appeal, any of the sitting
judges dies or becomes ill, another judge shall be surrogated as
provided under article 498 and all proceedings shall take place
anew if the court, in the interests of justice, shall so deem fit or if
the accused makes a demand to that effect:
Provided that the proceedings shall in any case take place
anew where the surrogated judges are two or more:
Provided further that it shall not be lawful to raise again
any objection to a judge sitting in the court which has been already
decided or any question on which the court has already given
judgment before the surrogation of the judge or judges has taken
place.
(2) If the Attorney General or counsel delegated by him dies or
becomes ill or if the advocate for the appellant dies or becomes ill
or if the appellant himself becomes ill, during the hearing of the
appeal, it shall be within the discretion of the court as the interests
of justice may require to order that all proceeding shall take place
anew:
Provided that in the case of the death of the advocate for the
appellant or in the case of illness of such advocate and substitution
by another advocate, all proceedings shall always take place anew
if the appellant makes a demand to that effect.
Provisions as to 
proceedings before 
Court of Criminal 
Appeal. 
Added by:
XXV. 1967.18.
Amended by:
XXI. 1971.27;
XXVII. 1975.32;
XIII. 1983.5;
III. 2002.122.
512. (1) The provisions of article 420, article 421(1), articles
422, 423, 425, 427, 441, 442, 444 and 452 shall apply in any
proceedings before the Court of Criminal Appeal:
Provided that, for the purpose of such proceedings, any
reference in those provisions to the superior court and to the
inferior court shall be construed as being a reference respectively to
the Court of Criminal Appeal and to the Criminal Court.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of article 420, where the
appellant who has made the declaration on oath referred to in that
article, cannot be assisted by the Advocate for Legal Aid for the
reason stated in paragraph ( a ) of the same article and where he was
assisted before the Criminal Court by an advocate appointed in
terms of article 571, the Court of Criminal Appeal shall, in so far as
possible, appoint the same advocate to assist the appellant in the
proceedings of appeal, and the provisions of articles 571, 572 and
573 shall apply in respect of such appointment.
(3) The Court of Criminal Appeal may, if it considers an appeal
to be frivolous, sentence the appellant to a fine ( multa ) not
exceeding one hundred liri.
Recommendation 
by judge sitting in 
the Court of 
Criminal Appeal.  
Added by: 
XXV. 1967.18.
513.  Any judge may exercise, in relation to any matter which
has been dealt with by the Court of Criminal Appeal while he was
sitting therein, the power of recommendation mentioned in article
494 in like manner as such power may be exercised by a judge
sitting in the Criminal Court.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             213
Functions of 
registrar in the 
Court of Criminal 
Appeal. 
Added by: 
XXV.1967.18. 
Substituted by: 
XXIV. 1995.360.  
Cap. 12. 
514. (1) The functions of the registrar in the Court of Criminal
Appeal may be performed by any officer mentioned in  article
57(2)( a ) of the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure.
(2) The functions of a marshal may in the Court of Criminal
Appeal be performed by any of the executive officers of the courts
mentioned in  article  67(1) of the Code of Organization and Civil
Procedure.
Prerogative of 
mercy.  
Added by: 
XXV. 1967.18. 
515. (1) Nothing in this Title shall affect the prerogative of
mercy, but the Prime Minister on an application made to him by a
person convicted on indictment or without any such application
may, if he thinks fit, at any time either -
( a ) refer the whole case to the Court of Criminal Appeal
and the case shall then be treated for all purposes as an
appeal to that court by the person convicted; or
( b ) if he desires the assistance of the Court of Criminal
Appeal on any point arising in the case, refer that point
to that court for its opinion thereon, and the court shall
consider the point so referred and furnish the Prime
Minister with its opinion thereon accordingly.
(2) The power of the Court of Criminal Appeal to exercise its
functions under this article may be exercised notwithstanding that
the person concerned is for any reason not present.
Substituted by: 
XXV.1967.19.
P ROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THE  C OURTS OF 
C RIMINAL  J USTICE 
Language of the 
courts.
Added by:
XVI. 1932.7.
Amended by: 
XXX. 1934.12; 
XX. 1936.3;
XIII.1964.26. 
Substituted by:
XXXII.1965.8. 
Amended by:
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXVII.1975.33,
40; 
IV. 1994.13.  
Cap. 189.
Cap. 12.
516. (1) The Maltese language shall be the language of the
courts and, subject to the provisions of the Judicial Proceedings
(Use of English Language) Act, all the proceedings shall be
conducted in that language.
(2) Where any person charged does not understand the
language in which the proceedings are conducted or any evidence is
adduced, such proceedings or evidence shall be interpreted to him
either by the court or by a sworn interpreter.
(3) There shall be a Board composed of the Chief Justice, a
judge appointed by the President of Malta from among the judges
ordinarily sitting in the Criminal Court, the Attorney General, a
magistrate appointed by the Minister of Justice, and the president
of the Chamber of Advocates with power to make rules to be called
Rules of Court for any of the purposes referred to in  article  29 of
the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure, in so far as
applicable, the reference to that Code in that article being construed
as a reference to this Code:
Provided that nothing contained in such rules shall be
inconsistent with, or repugnant to, the provisions of this Code or
any other law.
(4) The Board may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its
membership but shall not act unless at least the Chief Justice and
two other members are present.
    214               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
(5) Any rules made by the Board shall be subject to the
approval of the President of Malta and shall be published in the
Gazette.
Prohibition of 
publication of 
proceedings. 
Amended by:
IX. 1859.27;
III. 1880.8, 9; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXV. 1967.20;
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXVII. 1975.40;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.123. 
Punishment.
517. (1) Every court of criminal justice may, by an order to be
signed by the registrar and posted up at the door of the building in
which the court sits, prohibit the publication, before the
termination of the proceedings, of any writing, whether printed or
not, in respect of the offence to which the proceedings refer, or of
the party charged or accused; and any person who fails to comply
with the order, shall, for the mere default, be guilty of contempt of
the authority of the court, and be liable to punishment as provided
in article 686, saving always any other punishment to which the
offender may be liable according to law, in respect of any other
offence arising from the said writing or from its publication:
Provided that in respect of such other offence separate
proceedings must be instituted, according to law.
Duration of 
prohibition.
(2) If any such order is made by the Court of Magistrates as
court of criminal inquiry, and is not repealed by such court before
the termination of the inquiry, it shall remain in force until it is
repealed by the Criminal Court, after the expiration of the term
allowed for the filing of the indictment by the Attorney General, by
another order signed by the registrar and affixed in the same place
where the first order was posted up.
Duties of Police. (3) If the Police become aware of the publication of any writing
in contravention of this article, they shall inform the court by which
the order of prohibition was made and shall carry out such
directions as the court shall give, orally or in writing, for
proceedings to be taken before the court against the offender, either
by summons or by arrest.
Court by which 
breach of order is 
cognizable.
(4) The Criminal Court or Court of Criminal Appeal may
delegate to the Court of Magistrates (Malta) or the Court of
Magistrates (Gozo), as court bof criminal judicature, the
cognizance of the offence, in which case the latter court shall
proceed as if the order to which the offence relates had been made
by itself.
Inadmissibility of 
objection to judge 
or magistrate 
making the order.
(5) No objection may be taken against any judge or magistrate
on the ground that he was the sitting judge or magistrate when the
order, to which the offence relates, was made.
Publication of 
certain particulars 
permissible.
(6) Nevertheless, the publisher of any writing containing only a
true copy of the charge or of the indictment, or a mere indication of
the day appointed for the hearing of the cause, shall not be liable to
punishment, provided that nothing be thereto added, implying an
expression of opinion on the said cause, whether in regard to the
offence in general or in regard to the individual who committed the
offence.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             215
Accessibility of 
acts and documents 
of courts of 
criminal justice. 
Amended by:
VIII. 1909.49;
XIII. 1980.18;
XXIX. 1990.21;
IV. 1994.14;
III. 2002.124.
518.   The acts and documents of the courts of criminal justice
shall not be open to inspection, nor shall copies thereof be given,
without the special permission of the court, except by or to the
Attorney General, by or to the parties concerned or by or to any
advocate or legal procurator authorized by such parties; but any act,
which is pronounced in open court, shall be open to inspection by
any person, and copies thereof may be given on payment of the
usual fee:
Provided that a  procès-verbal  and any depositions and
documents filed therewith shall be open to inspection, and copies
thereof shall be given, only at the discretion of the Attorney
General and on payment of such fees as may be prescribed by the
Minister responsible for justice as provided in article 695.
Duty of court to 
provide for 
adequate defence 
of accused.
519.    It shall be the duty of the courts of criminal justice to see
to the adequate defence of the parties charged or accused; and it
shall not be necessary to appoint a curator in cases where the party
charged or accused has not attained his majority.
Applicability of 
certain provisions 
of Code of 
Organization and 
Civil Procedure to 
courts of criminal 
justice. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.41;
VIII. 1857.16;
IX. 1859.28;
XIII. 1964.26;
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 1976.5;
VIII. 1990.3;
XXIV. 1995.360;
XXXI. 2002.203.
Cap. 12.
520. (1) Saving any other provisions of this Code, the
following provisions of the Code of Organization and Civil
Procedure shall, except in so far as it is otherwise provided in this
Code, apply to the courts of criminal justice:
( a ) articles 8, 10 to 12, 16 and 17, 23 to 30, 57 to 61, and
65 to 76 regarding the organisation of the courts;
( b ) articles 98 to 106, 108 to 110, 113 and 114, 119A and
123 regarding judicial times;
( c ) article 205;
( d ) articles 558 to 662 relating to evidence in general; and
( e ) articles 627 to 633, and articles 635 to 637 relating to
documentary evidence and the production of documents
which are in the possession of other persons.
Power of court in 
respect of 
superfluous 
evidence. 
(2) It shall be in the power of the said courts to exclude from
the evidence or pleadings, or from the defence, all matter which, in
the opinion of the court, may cause unnecessary delay, or which
may be irrelevant or extraneous to the nature of the case.
Registry and 
registrar. 
First part of sec. 
30 of Ord. VI 
of 1880, 
incorporated. 
Cap.12.
521.  The registry and the registrar mentioned in this Code shall
be the same as those established or appointed by or under the Code
of Organization and Civil Procedure in respect of the courts of civil
jurisdiction.
Power of court in 
case of 
prevaricating 
witnesses.
Amended by:
III. 2002.125.
522. (1) The court may in its discretion guide back to the truth
any witness, who shall prevaricate in his evidence, by warning him,
or by keeping him apart, or even by ordering his arrest.
(2) Any witness who refuses to be sworn or to depose when so
required by the court shall, on conviction, be liable to the
punishment of imprisonment not exceeding three months.
(3) The court before whom a witness refuses to be sworn or to
depose shall order the arrest of the witness and shall order the
    216               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Police to bring the witness before the competent court within forty-
eight hours from arrest charged with an offence under subarticle
(2).
(4) Where the witness charged as mentioned in subarticle (3),
at any time before final judgement is given in his regard, gives his
deposition under oath before the court before whom it is required
and at a stage when it may still be received by the court, that
witness shall not be liable to the punishment of imprisonment but
shall be liable to the punishment of a fine ( multa ) not exceeding
five hundred liri.
(5) Any criminal proceedings in pursuance of an order of the
court under subarticle (3) shall be conducted with urgency.
Where false 
evidence is 
suspected. 
Amended by: 
XXV.1967.21; 
XXVII. 1975. 40; 
VIII.1990.3. 
523.  When there is a reasonable suspicion of any falsity of
evidence, the court may order the arrest of the person suspected to
be guilty thereof; if this takes place before the Criminal Court or
Court of Criminal Appeal, the court shall order such person to be
brought before the Court of Magistrates for the necessary inquiry;
and if it takes place before the Court of Magistrates, such court
shall proceed thereon  ex officio.
Misbehaviour of 
person charged or 
accused. 
Added by: 
XV.1937.8. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.34.
524.  If before any of the courts of criminal jurisdiction, the
party charged or accused shall so behave himself as to disturb the
good order of the sitting, and, after being admonished by the court,
shall persist in or repeat such behaviour, the court may order him to
be removed from the place of trial or, if he be in custody, to be
taken back to his place of custody, and may commence or continue
the trial with the assistance only of his advocate or legal procurator,
or, if he has no advocate or legal procurator, with the assistance of
the Advocate for Legal Aid or of any other advocate or legal
procurator appointed by the court.
Applicability of 
certain provisions 
to other courts of 
criminal justice.  
Amended by:
IV. 1856.42;
V. 1868.32;
XI. 1900.79;
VIII. 1909.50;
XXX. 1934.14;
XV. 1937.9;
VIII. 1944.3,4;
XXXII. 1965.8;
XXV. 1967.22;
XXVII. 1975.40;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.126.
525. (1) The following provisions shall also apply to the Court
of Magistrates:
( a ) article 441:
Provided that it shall be lawful for the court to proceed
ex officio  without the instance of any party;
( b ) articles 443, 444 and 445;
( c ) article 451, in so far as it relates to the mode of
communicating with deaf-mutes, or dumb but not deaf
persons, or persons deaf only; and article 452.
(2) The provisions of articles 362, 363, 364, 383 to 387,
inclusively, and of article 397(5) shall also apply to the Criminal
Court and to the Court of Criminal Appeal; and the provisions of
article 452 shall also apply to the Court of Criminal Appeal in the
hearing of appeals from judgments of the Court of Magistrates.
(2A) The provisions of article 412B(1) and (2) shall also apply
mutatis mutandis to the Criminal Court with respect to a person in
custody for an offence for which a bill of indictment has been filed
as well as to the Court of Criminal Appeal with respect to a person
in custody who is a party to appeal proceedings before that court:
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             217
Provided that with respect to the Criminal Court the
relevant decision shall in all cases be taken by the Court sitting
without a jury.
(3) The provisions of article 397(5) and of article 623 shall also
be applied by the Court of Magistrates in cases falling within its
jurisdiction as court of criminal judicature.
Service of 
subpoena on 
witnesses.  
Added by: 
III. 1971.15.
526.   The subpoena on witnesses summoned to appear before
any court of criminal jurisdiction may be served by an officer of the
Executive Police and the provisions of articles 441 and 442 shall
apply to any person so summoned.
Person cannot be 
tried more than 
once for the same 
fact.
527.   Where in a trial, judgment is given acquitting the person
charged or accused, it shall not be lawful to subject such person to
another trial for the same fact.
Power of court to 
order proceedings 
against 
calumniators, etc., 
where absolute 
innocence of 
accused is 
established. 
528.  Where the absolute innocence of a person accused is
established, it shall be lawful for the court, if there are grounds for
so doing, to order proceedings for calumnious accusation or false
evidence to be instituted against any informer, complainant,
witness, or other person responsible, observing the provisions
contained in article 523.
Language in which 
register is to be 
kept. Its value as 
evidence of 
proceedings. 
Amended by: 
XV. 1937.10. 
529.  The registrar shall keep a register recording therein the
proceedings of the court in the language in which such proceedings
are conducted, and such register shall constitute authentic evidence
of such proceedings.
Places in hall for 
accused and 
witnesses. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1994.15.
530. (1) The accused shall be placed at the bar provided for
the purpose in the hall where the court sits.
(2) The witnesses, during their examination, shall be placed in
the witness-box:
Provided that this shall not apply in the case - 
( a ) of a witness of tender age who, if placed in the witness
box, might, from shyness or otherwise, become
confused or frightened in giving evidence and thereby
prejudice the ends of justice;
( b ) of a witness who, by reason of old age, infirmity or
physical condition, would suffer great inconvenience
if he were to be placed in the witness-box.
Sittings to be held 
in open court. 
Exceptions.  
Amended by:
XXV. 1967.23;
XXVII. 1975.40;
III. 2002.127.
531. (1) The court shall hold its sittings with open doors.
Nevertheless, the court may hold its sittings with closed doors in
cases where it is of opinion that the proceedings, if conducted in
public, might be offensive to modesty, or might cause scandal; in
any such case, the court shall previously make an order to that
effect stating the reasons for so doing.
(2) Where the sittings are held with closed doors, it shall not be
lawful to publish any report of the proceedings under the penalties
established for contempt of the authority of the court.
    218               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Power of court to 
regulate conduct 
and despatch of 
business, etc. 
Substituted by: 
IV. 1994.16.
532.   Subject to the provisions of article 516(3), (4) and (5), the
court shall have power to give directions for the conduct and
despatch of business and for the enforcement and maintenance of
good order during its sittings, provided that nothing contained in
such directions shall be contrary to law.
Power of court to 
sentence accused 
to the payment of 
costs incurred in 
the employment of 
experts. 
Added by: 
XXX. 1934.15.
Amended by: 
XXIX.1990.22.
533. (1) In the case of proceedings instituted by the Police  ex
officio  and if a request to that effect is made by the prosecutor, the
court shall, in pronouncing judgment or in any subsequent order,
sentence the person convicted or the persons convicted, jointly or
severally, to the payment, wholly or in part, to the registrar, of the
costs incurred in connection with the employment in the
proceedings of any expert or referee, within such period and in
such amount as shall be determined in the judgment or order.
Procedure in 
default of payment.
(2) In default of payment of the costs as determined by the
court, the court shall, on the application of the registrar, issue a
warrant of arrest against the person sentenced ordering the
appearance of such person, and the court, upon ascertaining the
identity of such person, shall convert the amount so determined
into imprisonment at the rate of one day for every five liri or
fraction thereof and shall commit the person convicted to
imprisonment accordingly:
Provided that a person committed to imprisonment for non-
payment of such costs may acquit himself of the substituted
punishment by paying the costs determined by the court with the
deduction of such amount thereof as corresponds to the part of the
punishment undergone at the rate laid down in this article.
Power of 
prosecutor to 
recover costs as a 
civil debt.
(3) Nevertheless, it shall be lawful for the registrar to recover
the costs aforesaid as a civil debt by making a declaration to that
effect in the record of the case at any time until the costs have been
converted into imprisonment; and, on such declaration being made,
the provisions of subarticle (2) shall cease to apply.
Mode of recovery.
Cap. 12.
(4) The recovery of the costs as a civil debt shall be obtained
by an application to the same court for the enforcement of the
sentence or order, in the manner laid down in the Code of
Organization and Civil Procedure.
Recovery of costs 
from owner of 
vehicle although he 
is not the person 
convicted. 
Added by: 
XXX. 1934.15. 
Amended by: 
XXIX. 1990.23.
534. (1) In the case of an offence against the regulations
relating to motorcars or against any law or regulation relating to the
traffic of vehicles, the costs may, in the event of the declaration
referred to in subarticle (3) of the last preceding article, be
recovered as a civil debt from the owner of the vehicle although he
is not the person convicted:
Provided that where the person convicted is not the owner
of the vehicle, the liability of the latter for the costs shall not
exceed the value of the vehicle.
Procedure. 
Exemption of 
owner from 
liability. 
(2) Where the owner of the vehicle was not a party to the
proceedings, the court shall, on the application of the registrar,
order the owner to appear and to show cause why he should not be
condemned to pay the said costs; and the court shall order that the
costs be paid by the owner unless the latter shall prove, to the
satisfaction of the court, that the vehicle was, at the time of the
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             219
offence, driven by or in the custody of the person guilty of the
offence, without his knowledge or consent, whether express or
implied.
Definition of 
"vehicle" and 
"owner". 
Cap. 10.
(3) For the purposes of this article - 
the expression "vehicle" has the same meaning as in  article  2 of
the Code of Police Laws;
the expression "owner" means the person in whose name the
licence in respect of the vehicle has been issued.
PART II
O F  M ATTERS RELATING TO CERTAIN  M ODES OF 
P ROCEDURE AND TO CERTAIN  T RIALS
Title I
O F  R EPORTS,  I NFORMATIONS AND  C OMPLAINTS
Information. 
Report.
Amended by: 
IX. 1911.17.
535. (1) Any person may give information to any officer of the
Executive Police of any offence liable to prosecution by the Police
ex officio , of which such person may have in any manner become
aware.
Duty of Police.
any anonymous report or information, except in the case of a
flagrant offence or where the report or information refers to some
fact of a permanent nature. In any such case, it shall be lawful for
the Police to proceed on such report or information, after
ascertaining the flagrancy of the offence or the permanent fact.
Contents of 
information. 
Amended by: 
IX. 1911.17.
536.  The informer shall clearly state the fact with all its
circumstances and shall, as far as possible, furnish all such
particulars as may be requisite to ascertain the offence, to establish
the nature thereof as well as to make known the principals and the
accomplices.
Form of 
information. 
Added by: 
IX. I911.17.
537. An information may be laid either verbally or in writing: 
Provided that where an information is laid verbally, it shall,
except in cases which admit of no delay, be reduced to writing
forthwith and shall be signed by the informer, or, if he is unable to
write, by the Police officer by whom it is reduced to writing.
Complaint. 
Amended by: 
VI.1871.34; 
III.1880.10; 
IX. 1911.18.
538.  Every person who feels himself aggrieved by any offence
and desires to lodge a complaint for the punishment of the offender,
if known, or, if not known, in case he should be discovered, may
make such complaint to any Police officer, even by letter.
Articles 536 and 
537 to apply to 
complaints. 
Added by: 
IX. 1911.19.
539.   Articles 536 and 537 shall apply also to complaints.
    220               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Duty of Police on 
receipt of report, 
information or 
complaint. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.128.
540.    Upon the receipt of any report, information or complaint
requiring proceedings to be taken, the Executive Police shall as
soon as possible inform the Court of Magistrates (Malta), or the
Court of Magistrates (Gozo), or a magistrate, as the case may be, in
order to receive the necessary directions for such proceedings:
Provided that if upon the report, information or complaint
the party concerned has been summoned or, in any case where the
Executive Police is authorized to proceed forthwith to the arrest of
the party concerned, such party has been actually arrested, it shall
be lawful for the Police to inform the court of such report,
information or complaint at the moment that the party summoned
or arrested is brought before it.
Procedure in cases 
where Executive 
Police refuses to 
take proceedings 
on report, 
information or 
complaint. 
Added by: 
VIII. 1909.51. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.129.
541. (1) If, in cases where the exercise of the criminal action
is vested in the Executive Police, the Executive Police shall, upon
any information, report or complaint in regard to the commission of
a crime, refuse to institute proceedings, it shall be lawful for the
person who laid the information, or made the report or complaint,
to make an application to the Court of Magistrates for an order to
the Police to institute proceedings; and if, after hearing, where
necessary, the evidence tendered by the applicant, and the
Commissioner of Police, the court is satisfied that the information,
report or complaint is  prima facie  justified, it shall allow the
application and shall, through the registrar, notify the
Commissioner of Police of the order given thereon:
Provided that, before any action is taken on any such
application, the applicant shall confirm on oath the information,
report or complaint, and shall enter into a recognizance in a sum to
be fixed by the court, to give his evidence at the trial, if so
required, or to furnish any such evidence at his disposal as may
lead to the conviction of the party accused:
Provided further that where the Attorney General by a note
declares that agreement has been reached with the competent
authorities of another country that the courts of that country shall
exercise jurisdiction over the crime the Court of Magistrates shall
consider such declaration conclusive and shall forthwith dismiss
the application.
(2) The provisions of article 383(2), articles 386 and 387 shall,
in so far as applicable, apply to any recognizance under subarticle
(1).
(3) Any decision of the Court of Magistrates allowing, in whole
or in part, an application under subarticle (1) shall be served on the
Attorney General within two working days from the date of the
decision and the Attorney General may within seven working days
from the date of service make an application to the Criminal Court
for the reversal or variation of the decision. The applicant may also
make a similar application to the Criminal Court within seven
working days from the date of the decision of the Court of
Magistrates disallowing, in whole or in part, the application. An
application to the Criminal Court under this subarticle shall operate
as a  stay of execution of the decision of the Court of Magistrates.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             221
Persons by whom 
complaint may be 
made. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.81; 
XLVI. 1973.108.
542.  The complaint may be made by a spouse on behalf of the
other spouse, by an ascendant on behalf of a descendant, by a
descendant on behalf of an ascendant, by a brother on behalf of his
sister or  vice versa , by any person on behalf of another person
under his tutorship or care, by any administrator or representative
of any pious institution or other body corporate recognized by law,
for any offence committed to the prejudice of such institution or
body corporate, and by the immediate heirs for any offence
committed against the person under whom they claim.
Cases in which 
Police may 
proceed  ex officio. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.43; 
V.1868.33.
543.  It shall be lawful for the Police to institute proceedings
even without the complaint of the private party in any of the
following cases:
( a ) in the case of crimes for which the law does not
expressly provide that the complaint of the private
party is requisite;
( b ) in the case of any offence consisting in the carrying of
prohibited weapons, or in the case of any offence
against any law relating to fishing, vehicles, or boats,
or to any art or trade;
( c ) in the case of any offence committed against a person
who, by reason of physical or mental infirmity, is
incapable of instituting criminal proceedings, even
though such offence be one in respect of which, if
committed against any other person, the complaint of
the private party would be requisite;
( d ) in the case of any offence affecting public order or the
community in general.
Cases in which 
complaint of 
private party is 
requisite. 
Amended by: 
II.1886.10; 
VIII.1909.52; 
II.1973.7. 
544.  Criminal proceedings shall not be instituted except on the
complaint of the private party in any of the following cases:
( a ) carnal knowledge accompanied with violence; 
( b ) abduction;
( c ) violent indecent assault:
Exception.
with public violence, or with any other offence affecting public
order, criminal action shall be taken independently of the complaint
of the private party.
Waiver of 
complaint. 
Amended by: 
II.1886.11; 
XIV.1889.47; 
XI.1900.82; 
VIII.1909.53.
545. (1) When proceedings cannot be instituted except on the
complaint of the private party, the complainant may, at any time
before final judgment is delivered, waive his complaint.
Non-acceptance of 
waiver.
(2) The party charged or accused may object to any such
waiver, in which case the trial shall be proceeded with as if the
complaint had not been waived.
Frivolous or 
vexatious 
complaint.
(3) If the complaint is waived after the opening of the trial and
it appears that the complaint is frivolous or vexatious, or made with
the object of extorting money or other effects, or of making any
    222               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
other gain, the court may, notwithstanding the waiver, proceed to
deliver judgment, acquitting the person charged or accused and
directing that proceedings be instituted against the complainant, in
accordance with the provisions of article 528:
Provided that if the complaint does not amount to any of the
offences specified in the said article, it shall be lawful for the court
to sentence the complainant to detention or to a fine ( multa  or
ammenda ), according to the gravity of the case.
Title II
O F  I NQUIRIES RELATING TO THE " I N  G ENERE ", 
I NQUESTS AND " R EPERTI "
Investigation 
relating to the " in 
genere " .  
Substituted by: 
III. 1971.16.
Amended by:
XIII. 1980.19;
XIII. 1983.5;
XXIX. 1990.24;
III. 2002.130.
546. (1) Saving the provisions of the next following
subarticles, upon the receipt of any report, information or
complaint in regard to any offence liable to the punishment of
imprisonment exceeding three years, and if the subject-matter of
the offence still exists, the state thereof, with each and every
particular, shall be described, and the instrument, as well as the
manner in which such instrument may have produced the effect,
shall be indicated. For the purpose of any such investigation, an
inquest on the spot shall be held:
Provided that where it results that the fact in respect of
which an investigation was not held under this subarticle
constituted an offence liable to the punishment mentioned in this
subarticle the failure to hold an investigation under this subarticle
shall not, for that reason alone, prejudice in any way whatsoever
the institution or continuation of criminal proceedings for that
offence or the admissibility of any evidence of that offence in those
proceedings.
(2) The holding of an inquest may be dispensed with by the
magistrate to whom the report, information or complaint referred to
in the last preceding subarticle is made, if the fact to be
investigated is breaking for the purpose of article 263( a ) as defined
in the first paragraph of article 264(1) and if the theft to which the
breaking relates or may relate, is in respect of things whose value
does not exceed ten liri, although it may be aggravated as
mentioned in article 261( a ) ,  ( b ) ,  ( d ) ,  ( e ) ,  ( f ) and ( g ), or any amongst
them, even if the fact is likely to constitute an offence liable to the
punishment of imprisonment exceeding three years:
Provided that the decision of a magistrate not to hold an
inquest under this subarticle shall not preclude, in respect of the
fact or facts in relation to which such decision was taken, the
institution or continuation of criminal proceedings for an offence
which is more serious, either owing to its nature or to the amount
involved or for any reason whatsoever, than the offences referred to
in this subarticle.
(3) Where the offence to be investigated is theft, other than
theft with violence against the person, the magistrate may, instead
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             223
of holding in person an inquest on the spot, direct a Police officer
not below the rank of inspector to establish the relevant facts, and
the officer so appointed and any photographer or other expert
assisting him shall give evidence at the inquiry on the facts
investigated and established by them and shall produce all
photographs taken and all other articles or documents relevant to
their investigation.
(4) The report, the information or the complaint referred to in
subarticle (1) and in article 551(1) may be laid verbally before the
magistrate but in every case the same report, information or
complaint shall be laid in writing before the magistrate within the
period of two working days from the day on which they were laid
verbally:
Provided that the magistrate may, when he deems it proper
so to do, proceed in accordance with the provisions of this Title
notwithstanding that the report, the information, or the complaint
are not laid in writing within the said period.
(5) A copy of the report, information or complaint referred to
in subarticle (1) and article 551(1) shall be transmitted by the
magistrate to the Attorney General within the period of three
working days from when the magistrate shall have received such
report, information or complaint in writing.
(6) The decision not to hold an inquest in terms of subarticle
(2) shall likewise be notified to the Attorney General within the
period of three working days from such decision.
Inquest to be held 
by magistrate,  
Amended by: 
IX. 1859.29;
VII. 1880.6;
VI. 1939.2; 
L.N. 4 of 1963;
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXXI. 1966.2;
LVIII. 1974.68;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.131.
547. (1) The inquest shall be held by a magistrate.
or, in certain cases 
before the Court of 
Magistrates 
(Gozo), by 
registrar of that 
court.
(2) Whenever the magistrate assigned to the Court of
Magistrates (Gozo) is temporarily absent from Gozo with the
permission of the Minister responsible for justice, or is, through a
lawful impediment, precluded from performing his duties, the
inquest and all proceedings connected therewith may, with the
consent of the Attorney General, be held by the registrar who shall
for such purpose have all the powers and duties conferred by this
Title upon a magistrate.
Procès-verbal  of 
inquest. 
Amended by: 
XIII.1980.20; 
XXXII. 1986.9; 
XXIX. 1990.25.
548. The necessary experts shall be employed for the purposes
of the inquest, and a  procès-verbal  thereof shall be drawn up:
  Provided that the magistrate may, where he deems it to be
so expedient, empower the experts to receive documents and to
examine witnesses on oath and to take down their depositions in
writing and the provisions of article 650(5) and of article 653(3)
shall,  mutatis mutandis , apply:
    224               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Provided further, however, that the " in genere " shall be
examined only by persons of the competent profession, whenever it
appears to be so expedient for reasons of decency:
Provided further that, without prejudice to the provisions of
article 552(2), no expert shall be appointed solely for the purpose
of examining witnesses on oath and taking down their depositions
in writing and establishing the relevant facts.
Signatures to 
procè s-verbal . 
Amended by: 
X.1858.1; 
XIII.1980.21.
549. (1) The  procès-verbal  shall be signed by the magistrate
or officer holding the inquest.
Report of experts 
and depositions of 
witnesses to be 
annexed to  procès-
verbal.
(2) If the experts employed shall express their opinion in a
written report duly confirmed on oath, such report shall be annexed
to the  procès-verbal  and shall be deemed to form part thereof.
(3) The depositions of witnesses examined at the inquest shall
also be annexed to the  procès-verbal .
Mode of taking 
deposition of 
witnesses.
(4) Such depositions shall be taken in the manner provided for
the examination of witnesses by the court of criminal inquiry, and
shall have the like effect.
Probatory force of 
procès-verbal . 
Amended by: 
X.1858.2; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68; 
XXVII. 1975.40; 
XIII.1980.22.
550. (1) The  procès-verbal , if regularly drawn up, shall be
received as evidence in the trial of the cause, and it shall not be
necessary to examine the witnesses, experts or other persons who
took part in the inquest.
(2) Nevertheless it shall be lawful for either of the parties to
produce the persons mentioned in the  procès-verbal  in order that
they may be heard  viva voce.
Duty of Attorney 
General to include 
in his list of 
witnesses, the 
experts and 
witnesses 
examined at the 
inquest.
(3) The court shall also, for the like effect, have power to order
the production of any expert or other witness who shall appear from
the  procès-verbal  to have been examined at the inquest; and for
such purpose any such expert or witness shall, in all cases within
the jurisdiction of the Criminal Court, be included in the list of the
witnesses of the Attorney General, to be, if necessary, examined.
Production at trial 
of documents and 
articles exhibited at 
inquest.
(4) All documents, however, and any other material object, in
respect of which a  procès-verbal  has been drawn up, and which can
be preserved and conveniently exhibited, shall always be produced
at the trial, together with the  procès-verbal .
(5) The  procès-verbal  shall be deemed to have been regularly
drawn up if it contains a short summary of the report, information
or complaint, a list of the witnesses heard and evidence collected,
and a final paragraph containing the findings of the inquiring
magistrate.
Magistrate to 
inform Attorney 
General of delay. 
Added by: 
XXIX. 1990.26.
550A. (1) Where the  procès-verbal  is not drawn up within sixty
days from the report, information or complaint referred to in article
546(1) or in article 551(1), or where the " repertus " referred to in
article 558(1) is not drawn up within sixty days from the discovery
of the document, the magistrate shall draw up a report stating the
reason for the delay, and this report shall be transmitted by the
magistrate to the Attorney General not later than three working
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             225
days from the lapse of the sixty days.
(2) At the end of every month after the first report shall have
been drawn up, the magistrate shall draw up another report stating
again the reason for the delay, and every such subsequent report
shall be transmitted by the magistrate to the Attorney General not
later than three working days from the lapse of the month.
Inquest on body in 
cases of sudden 
death, etc. 
Amended by: 
XXX. 1934.16;
VI. 1939.3;
X. 1960.2; 
L.N. 4 of 1963;
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXXI. 1966.2;
III. 1971.17;
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXII. 1976.4;
XIII. 1980.23;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.132.
Cap. 260.
551. (1) In cases of sudden or violent or suspicious death or of
death whereof the cause is unknown, a report thereof shall be made
by the Executive Police to a magistrate; the magistrate shall hold an
inquest on the body for the purpose of ascertaining the cause of
death and shall, for that object, take all such evidence as may be
possible for him to procure; after taking all the evidence, the
magistrate shall draw up and sign a  procès-verbal  stating his
finding as to the cause of death.
(2) Whenever a person dies while he is imprisoned or detained
in any place of confinement contemplated in the Prisons Act, or
while he is in Police custody, an inquest shall be held and a  procès-
verbal  shall be drawn up for the purposes of and in accordance with
the provisions of subarticle (1).
(3) The provision of the last preceding subarticle shall also
apply whenever a person dies in Mount Carmel Hospital while he is
kept there under an order of a court made pursuant to subarticle (3)
of article 525 or to article 623(1) or for the purpose of his being
examined by experts appointed by the court to report on the plea of
insanity.
(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticle (1), in cases of
sudden death or of death the cause whereof is unknown, the
magistrate may, instead of holding in person an inquest on the
body, and without prejudice to his powers under article 552, act as
provided in article 546(3), and where he so acts the provisions of
that subarticle shall,  mutatis mutandis , apply.
(5) The provisions of article 547(2) shall apply to inquests held
for the purpose of this article.
Autopsy.  
Substituted by: 
XIII.1980.24.
552. (1) The magistrate may, where necessary, order the
disarticle and the internal examination of the body.
(2) For the purposes of this article and of article 551(1), the
magistrate may appoint a medical expert or experts and he may also
empower such expert or experts to hear evidence on oath for
establishing the identity of the body and to ascertain the cause of
death.
Exhumation of 
body.
553.    If the body has been buried, it shall be lawful for the
magistrate to order the disinterment thereof with all due
precautions, if such disinterment can be effected without prejudice
to the public health.
    226               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Powers of 
magistrate holding 
inquest. 
Amended by: 
XXIX. 1990.27;
III. 2002.133.
554. (1) It shall be lawful for the magistrate to order the arrest
of any person whom, at any inquest, he discovers to be guilty, or
against whom there is sufficient circumstantial evidence, as well as
to order the seizure of any papers, effects, and other objects
generally, which he may think necessary for the discovery of the
truth. It shall also be lawful for the magistrate to order any search
into any house, building or enclosure, although belonging to any
other person, if he shall have collected evidence leading him to
believe that any of the above objects may be found therein.
(2) It shall also be lawful for the magistrate to order that any
suspect be photographed or measured or that his fingerprints be
taken or that any part of his body or clothing be examined by
experts appointed by him for the purpose:
Provided that where the magistrate is of the opinion that
such photographs (negatives and prints), fingerprint impressions,
records of measurements and any other thing obtained from the
body or clothing as aforesaid are no longer required for the purpose
of the inquiry relating to the " in genere ", he shall order their
destruction or shall order that they be handed over to the person to
whom they refer.
(3) In any proceedings under this Title the magistrate shall
have the same powers and privileges of a magistrate presiding the
Court of Magistrates as court of criminal inquiry.
Procedure to be 
followed in cases 
where material 
object no longer 
exists, etc.
555. If the subject-matter of the offence no longer exists, or for
some cause cannot be viewed, or if the nature of the offence is such
that it could not leave any permanent traces, or if the traces shall
have been in any manner destroyed, then there shall be ascertained
in the inquiry, the actual state of the object, and, as far as possible,
the state in which it was before it became the subject-matter of the
offence; and any evidence on these points shall be taken down in
writing and shall form part of the inquiry:
Provided that where the traces shall have been destroyed,
there shall also be ascertained, as far as practicable, the mode and
the cause of their disappearance, and all evidence, tending to prove
that the offence was actually committed, shall also be collected.
Formalities to be 
observed at inquiry 
into forgery of
writings. 
Amended by:
III.1971.18.
556. (1) In every inquiry into cases of forgery of writings, the
document averred to be false, shall, as soon as it is produced, be
numbered on every page, and there shall be drawn up a  procès-
verbal  of the material state of such document and of its production.
(2) The  procès-verbal  shall describe every cancellation,
addition or interlineation contained in any such document, and any
other circumstance which may point to the alteration of the
document.
(3) The document averred to be false as well as the  procès-
verbal  when it has been drawn up, shall be signed, and on every
page countersigned by the inquiring magistrate, by the registrar,
and also, where practicable, by the witnesses and experts employed
at the inquiry.
(4) The inquiring magistrate may, instead of drawing up the
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             227
procès-verbal  referred to in this article, order that a photostatic
copy of the document averred to be false be made by a person
appointed by him for such purpose which copy shall be kept in the
custody of the registrar. The registrar shall produce such copy
whenever requested by any court of criminal justice.
Procedure to be 
followed in 
connection with 
the production of 
the document 
averred to be false.
557. (1) When the document averred to be false is deposited in
any public office or with any private person, the inquiring
magistrate shall order such document to be produced in court
without delay.
(2) The person with whom the document is deposited is bound,
under pain of arrest, to produce it, and in default of production, it
shall be lawful to effect a search for the document and to detain
such person until he produces the document, or until such
document is seized, or until such time as the court may think
proper, regard being had to his disobedience and to the importance
of the case.
(3) Nevertheless, any private person, who is in possession of
any private writing averred to be false, may not be compelled to
produce such writing, unless he shall have been previously
summoned to produce it before the court or to state the reason for
his refusal to do so.
(4) If the reason for the refusal is not accepted, the court shall
order that the said person be compelled to produce the private
writing, even by arrest or search, and by detaining such person until
he produces the private writing, or until the private writing is
seized, or until such time as the court may think proper, regard
being had to his disobedience and to the importance of the case.
" Repertus ".
offence, steps shall be taken to secure the existence and
preservation thereof, and a  procès-verbal,  to be known as
" repertus ", shall be drawn up.
Definition of 
"document".
(2) The expression "document" includes any paper and any
material object which may furnish information, explanation, or
other evidence about the offence, or about the guilt or innocence of
the accused.
Procedure in 
investigations 
relating to the " in 
genere " or in the 
drawing up of a 
" repertus ''.
559.  For the purpose of any inquiry relating to the " in genere "
or in the case of any " repertus ", there shall be brought or
summoned to attend on the spot qualified persons in any art or trade
who may be competent to ascertain the traces left by the offence,
the condition and particulars of the permanent fact, the material
means by which probably the offence was committed, the effects
produced by the offence, the further effects which the offence
might produce, and their probable duration.
Employment of 
experts.
560.   For the purpose of any " repertus " relating to any weapon
or other thing which appears to have served for the commission of
the offence or to have been intended for use in the commission of
the offence or to be the result of the offence, or relating to any
paper or other document which may be useful for the discovery of
the truth, there shall be brought or summoned to attend on the spot
    228               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
persons qualified in the particular art or trade, in order to establish
the nature, the condition or use of the thing forming the subject-
matter of the " repertus ".
Opinion of experts. 561.   The experts shall, in connection with any thing forming the
subject-matter of the " repertus ", make all such observations and
experiments as their art or trade may suggest. They shall state the
facts on which their observations are based and shall give their
opinion as provided in the last two preceding articles.
Time allowed to 
experts to prepare 
opinion. 
Amended by: 
I.1903.31.
562.   If the expert is unable to give his opinion on the spot, or if
the matter requires some chemical experiment or other scientific
process, he shall be allowed a short time for preparing his statement
or report, care being always taken to secure the proof of the identity
of the things.
Ascertainment of 
circumstances 
relating to 
permanent fact. 
Amended by:
VI. 1871.35.
563.   In the case of any permanent fact, every circumstance
constituting the " in genere " shall be ascertained by one or more
experts. Any such circumstance may, however, be ascertained by
other witnesses, if their examination be sufficient to discover and
establish the permanent fact the proof whereof it is necessary to
secure.
Opinion of experts 
to be confirmed on 
oath. 
Amended by: 
VIII.1857.17; 
XXX.1934.17.
564. (1) Every statement of the experts shall be made or
confirmed on oath to be taken before the inquiring magistrate.
Appointment of 
experts.
(2) Subject to the provisions of article 650, the experts shall in
all cases be appointed by the inquiring magistrate.
Rules regarding the 
" repertus ". 
Amended by: 
XXIX. 1990.28.
565. (1) Saving the provisions relating to the statements made
by the experts, the following rules shall be observed in connection
with any " repertus ":
( a ) if the thing is by its nature liable to alteration or decay,
the requisite surveys and the most accurate
descriptions thereof shall be made in terms of the
preceding articles of this Title; such part of the thing
as may be preserved, shall be kept;
( b ) if the thing or part of the thing kept, is such that it can
be written upon, it shall be marked with the name of
the officer and all other persons taking part in the
proceedings, and it shall be then wrapped up in a paper
or cloth;
( c ) if the thing is not such as can be written upon, it shall
be placed into a proper receptacle, or into a room, and
then made secure in the presence of all the persons
taking part in the proceedings; 
( d ) the wrapper, receptacle, or door of the room, shall be
made secure with strips of paper or cloth, which shall
be sealed and then signed by the officer and all other
persons taking part in the proceedings; 
( e ) if it becomes necessary, for the ends of justice, to
reopen the wrapper, receptacle, or room, it shall be
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             229
reopened, where possible, in the presence of the
persons who had previously taken part in the
proceedings, and be again made secure in the presence
of the same, or, where this cannot be conveniently
done, in the presence of other persons, steps being
taken to secure it as far as practicable in its former
condition.
(2) In all cases, a  procès-verbal  shall be drawn up.
Powers of 
magistrate during 
the collection of 
evidence relating 
to the   " in genere "  
or " repertus ".
566.   In collecting evidence in connection with any inquiry
relating to the " in genere " or with any " repertus ", it shall be lawful
for the magistrate to order, if he deems it expedient so to do, that no
person shall leave the place where the investigation is being held.
Court may order 
closed doors to be 
forced open.
567.    If the door of the place where any inquiry relating to the
" in genere " or any " repertus " is to take place, is found closed, and
no one shall appear to open it, it shall be lawful for the magistrate
to order the said door to be forced open. 
Discretion of 
investigating 
officer in certain 
cases.
568. (1) When any of the precautions and formalities
prescribed under this Title for ascertaining or establishing any fact,
cannot be conveniently taken or observed, it shall be left to the
discretion of the officer charged therewith to take any other
measures which he considers best in the circumstances.
(2) Nevertheless, the omission of any such precaution or
formality shall be no bar to proving, at the trial, in any manner
allowed by law, the facts to which such precaution or formality
relates.
Transmission of 
record of 
investigation to 
Attorney General. 
Amended by: 
VII. 1880.6;
III. 1896.5;
XI. 1900.83; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
VIII. 1990.3; 
XXIX. 1990.29;
III. 2002.134.
569. (1) The record of any proceedings under this Title shall,
where no criminal inquiry has taken place thereon, be transmitted
by the magistrate to the Attorney General within the period of three
working days.
(2) The Attorney General shall return any such record to the
magistrate or to the inquiring magistrate when any further
investigation is to be held.
(3) Where such record is returned to the magistrate, the
provisions of article 550A shall,  mutatis mutandis , apply.
(4) For the purpose of subarticle (2), such record shall be
returned by means of a note filed in the Court of Magistrates, and,
notwithstanding anything contained in this Code, the Attorney
General shall not be subpoenaed to exhibit such record.
(5) Where in the  proces-verbal  the magistrate shall have
ordered that a person be arraigned in court on any one or more
charges, the magistrate shall order that a copy of the same proces-
verbal shall be transmitted by the registrar to the Commissioner of
Police who, saving the provisions of subarticle (6), shall proceed
accordingly.
(6) Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticle (5), in case of
doubt the Commissioner of Police may consult with the Attorney
General who may direct that no proceedings are to be taken or that
the proceedings to be taken are to be for a charge or for charges
    230               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
different from those specified by the magistrate in the  proces-
verbal , without prejudice to the right of the Attorney General to
direct otherwise whenever fresh evidence becomes available:
Provided that where the Attorney General shall have
directed that no proceedings are to be taken, he shall make a report
to the President of Malta stating the reasons for his action.
Title III
O F  C OUNSEL FOR THE  A CCUSED
Duties of Advocate 
for Legal Aid. 
Amended by: 
XXI. 1971.27.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.135.
570.  (1) The Advocate for Legal Aid shall gratuitously
undertake the defence of any accused who has briefed no other
advocate or who has been admitted to sue or defend with the
benefit of legal aid in any court mentioned in this Code.
(2) The request for the assistance of the Advocate for Legal
Aid or for the benefit of legal aid shall be made either by
application or orally to the Advocate for Legal Aid.
Cap. 12. (3) Article 911(4), (5) and (6) of the Code of Organization and
Civil Procedure shall  mutatis mutandis  apply to the Advocate for
Legal Aid.
(4) Where any court is informed by the accused that he has
been unable to brief any advocate or that he wishes to avail himself
of the benefit of legal aid that court shall cause the declaration
made by the accused to be registered in the records of the case and
shall order that such declaration, together with the details of the
accused, be served on the Advocate for Legal Aid who within two
working days shall file a reply indicating if the request of the
accused has been accepted and if so the name of the Advocate for
Legal Aid who will be representing the accused:
Provided that in the case of summary proceedings before
the Court of Magistrates acting as a Court of Criminal Judicature
the Court shall appoint the advocate whose turn it is from the panel
of advocates mentioned in article 91 of the Code of Organization
and Civil Procedure to assist the accused in those proceedings as
well as in any appeal from any decision given in those proceedings
provided that before filing any  such  appeal he shall consult the
Advocate for Legal Aid who may, at any time, decide to take over
the appeal.
Cap. 12.
(5) The Advocate for Legal Aid may only decline his aid on
any ground which, in the opinion of the court,  prima face justifies
the refusal of his aid.  In such event the Court shall order that the
accused be represented by another advocate, who is not himself
excusable, to be appointed by the Court on the recommendation of
the Advocate for Legal Aid from the panel of advocates  mentioned
in article 91 of the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure
provided that the court may in exceptional circumstances to be
stated in its decree order any other advocate to take up the defence
of the accused.
 (6) The advocate appointed by the court in the exceptional
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             231
circumstances referred to in subarticle (5) shall render his services
gratuitously.
Incompatibility of 
defence of more 
than one accused. 
Amended by:
XXI. 1971.27;
III. 2002.136.
571. (1) If an advocate who has undertaken the defence of
more than one accused finds that the defence of one or more of the
accused is incompatible with the interests of one or more of the
other accused, he shall be bound to give up forthwith the defence of
that or those accused which may be incompatible with the defence
of that or those of the other accused which he intends to retain.
(2) The provisions of subarticle (1) shall apply in the case
where the Advocate for Legal Aid, by reason of any lawful
impediment, is unable to undertake, or to undertake alone, the
necessary defence.
Communication of 
appointment 
to advocate 
concerned.
Amended by:
III. 2002.137.
572.   Any appointment made in terms of article 570(4), shall be
communicated to the advocate concerned by the registrar. The
appointment must be accepted or declined in writing; in the latter
case, the reasons for the refusal must be stated.
Where advocate 
declines 
appointment.
573. (1) If the advocate appointed by the court declines to
accept the appointment, the court shall examine the reasons of the
refusal and, if found sufficient, shall proceed to the appointment of
another advocate; otherwise, it shall declare that there are no
grounds for the refusal.
Penalties.
according to circumstances, by way of a disciplinary measure,
either admonish him with closed doors, or reprimand him in open
court, or suspend him from the exercise of his profession for a
period not exceeding one month. It shall also be in the power of the
court to inflict the said disciplinary penalties cumulatively.
Title IV 
O F  B AIL
Bail. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1897.1;
XVI. 1921.8; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.138.
574. (1) Any person charged or accused who is in custody for
any crime or contravention may, on application or as provided in
article 574A, be granted temporary release from custody, upon
giving sufficient security to appear at the proceedings at the
appointed time and place under such conditions as the court may
consider proper to impose in the decree granting bail which decree
shall in each case be served on the person charged or accused.
Power of President 
of Malta in special 
cases.
(2) It shall also be lawful for the President of Malta, in special
cases, to grant temporary release to any accused person who is in
custody for any crime or contravention, subject to such conditions
as the President of Malta may think fit to impose. In default of
observance by the accused of any of such conditions he shall be
liable to be re-arrested forthwith.
    232               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Proceedings where 
a person is first 
brought before the 
Court of 
Magistrates.
Added by:
III. 2002.139.
574A. *    (1)  When the person charged or accused who is in
custody is first brought before the Court of Magistrates, whether as
a court of criminal judicature or as a court of criminal inquiry, the
Court shall have the charges read out to the person charged or
accused and, after examining the person charged as provided in
article 392 as the proceedings may require, shall summarily hear
the prosecuting or arraigning officer and any evidence produced by
that officer on the reasons supporting the charges and on the
reasons and circumstances, if any, militating against the release of
the person charged or accused.
(2) After hearing the prosecuting or arraigning police officer
and any evidence produced as provided in subarticle (1) the court
shall inform the person charged or accused that he may be
temporarily released from  custody on bail by the court under
conditions to be determined by it and shall ask him what he has to
say with respect to his arrest and his continued detention and with
respect to the reasons and the circumstances militating in favour of
his release.
(3) Where any of the offences charged consists in any of the
offences mentioned in article 575(2) the court shall, after hearing
the person charged or accused as provided in subarticle (2) of this
article, ask the prosecuting or arraigning officer whether he has any
submissions to make on the question of  temporary release from
custody on bail of the person charged or accused and the latter shall
be allowed to respond.
(4) Where none of the offences charged consists in any of the
offences mentioned in article 575(2) the court shall, after hearing
the person charged or accused as provided in subarticle (2) of this
article, ask the prosecuting or arraigning officer whether he and the
Attorney General have any submissions, in writing or otherwise, to
make on the question of the temporary release from custody of the
person charged or accused and the latter shall be allowed to
respond.
(5) At the end of submissions as provided in the preceding
subarticles of this article the court shall review the circumstances
militating for or against detention.
(6) If the court finds that the continued detention of the person
charged or accused is not founded on any provision of this Code or
of any other law which authorises the arrest and detention of the
person in custody it shall unconditionally release that person from
custody.
(7) If the court does not find cause to release unconditionally
the person charged or accused under the provisions of subarticle (6)
it may nevertheless, saving the provisions of article 575(1) and
unless release is prohibited by any provision of law,  release that
person from custody on bail subject to such conditions as it may
deem appropriate.
(8)  If the court does not find cause to release unconditionally
the person charged or accused and refuses to grant that person bail
*in force as from 1st January, 2004.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             233
the court shall remand that person into custody and the provisions
of article 575(11) shall apply. 
(9) Where the court orders the release from custody of the
person charged or accused, whether unconditionally or on bail
subject to conditions, under any of the provisions of this article the
decision of the court to that effect shall be served on the Attorney
General by not later than the next working day and the Attorney
General may apply to the Criminal Court to obtain the re-arrest and
continued detention of the person so released or to amend the
conditions, including the amount of bail, that may have been
determined by the Court of Magistrates.
Crimes in respect 
of which bail is not 
granted. 
Amended by:
IV. 1897.1;
I. 1903.32;
XVI. 1921.9;
VI. 1947.15; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXI. 1971.32;
LVIII. 1974.68;
XLIX. 1981.4;
XXIX. 1989.2;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.140.
575. (1) Saving the provisions of article 574(2), in the case
of- 
(i) a person accused of any crime against the safety
of the Government, or
(ii) a person accused of any crime liable to the
punishment of imprisonment for life,
the court may grant bail, only if, after taking into consideration all
the circumstances of the case, the nature and seriousness of the
offence, the character, antecedents, associations and community
ties of the accused, as well as any other matter which appears to be
relevant, it is satisfied that there is no danger that the accused if
released on bail - 
( a ) will not appear when ordered by the authority
specified in the bail bond; or
( b ) will abscond or leave Malta; or
( c ) will not observe any of the conditions which the court
would consider proper to impose in its decree granting
bail; or 
( d ) will interfere or attempt to interfere with witnesses or
otherwise obstruct or attempt to obstruct the course of
justice in relation to himself or to any other person; or 
( e ) will commit any other offence.
Application for 
bail.
(2) At any stage other than that referred to in article 574A, the
demand for bail or any demand for the variation of the conditions
of bail after bail has been granted, shall shall be made by an
application, a copy whereof shall be communicated to the Attorney
General on the same day, whenever it is made by - 
( a ) persons accused of fraudulent bankruptcy;
( b ) persons accused of any crime under Sub-title III of
Title III of Part II of Book First of this Code, if such
crime is punishable with more than one year’s
imprisonment;
( c ) persons accused of any crime punishable with more
than three years’ imprisonment.
Objection by 
Attorney General.
(3) The Attorney General may, within the next working day, by
a note, oppose the application, stating the reasons for his
    234               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
opposition.
When bail may not 
be refused.
(4) Bail shall always be granted in the case referred to in the
proviso to article 432(1).
(4A)  Where the Court of Magistrates, whether as a court of
criminal judicature or as a court of criminal inquiry, grants bail to
the person in custody or subsequently amends the bail conditions,
the decision of the court to that effect shall be served on the
Attorney General by not later than the next working day and the
Attorney General may apply to the Criminal Court to obtain the re-
arrest and continued detention of the person so released or to
amend the conditions, including the amount of bail, that may have
been determined by the Court of Magistrates.
(5) Where in the case of a person accused of a crime in respect
of which the Court of Magistrates has proceeded to the necessary
inquiry, the Attorney General has not either - 
( a ) filed the indictment, or
( b ) sent the accused to be tried by the Court of Magistrates
as provided in paragraph of article 370(3)( a ) or in
article 433(5) or in similar provisions in any other law
within the terms specified in subarticle (6), to run from the day on
which the person accused is brought before the said court, or from
the day on which he is arrested as provided in article 397(5), that
person shall be granted bail.
(6)   ( a ) The terms referred to in the preceding subarticle are:
(i) twelve months in the case of a crime liable to the
punishment of imprisonment of less than four
years;
(ii) sixteen months in the case of a crime liable to
the punishment of imprisonment of four years or
more but less than nine years; and
(iii) twenty months in the case of a crime liable to the
punishment of imprisonment of nine years or
more.
( b ) The terms mentioned in paragraph ( a ) shall be held in
abeyance for the corresponding period during which
the terms referred to in articles 401, 407 and in article
432(3) are held in abeyance for any of the reasons
mentioned in article 402(1) and (2), as well as for such
period during which the court is unable to proceed
with the inquiry except after the determination of any
issue before any other court.
( c ) The terms mentioned in paragraph ( a ) shall also be
held in abeyance for the corresponding period during
which the record of the inquiry is with the Court of
Magistrates for the examination of witnesses as
provided in article 405(5).
(7) Bail shall also always be granted to a person accused of an
offence unless, within the terms specified in subarticle (9), to run
as provided in subarticle (8), there has been a final judgment
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             235
acquitting, convicting or sentencing the person so accused.
(8) The terms specified in subarticle (9) shall run: 
( a ) where no inquiry has taken place, from the day when
the person accused has been brought before the Court
of Magistrates or from the day on which he has been
arrested as provided in article 397(5);
( b ) where there has been an inquiry, from the day that the
Attorney General sends the accused to be tried by the
Court of Magistrates as provided in article 370(3)( a )
or in article 433(5) or in similar provisions in any
other law, or from the day of the filing of the
indictment:
Provided that where the accused makes objection to the
case being dealt with summarily as provided in article 370(3)( d ),
the term shall commence to run from the date of the filing of the
indictment.
(9) ( a ) The terms referred to in subarticles (7) and (8) are:
(i) four months in the case of a contravention or of
a crime liable to the punishments established for
contraventions or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding six months;
(ii) eight months in the case of a crime liable to the
punishment of imprisonment for a term
exceeding six months but not exceeding four
years;
(iii) twelve months in the case of a crime liable to the
punishment of imprisonment for a term
exceeding four years but not exceeding ten
years; 
(iv)  twenty-four months in the case of a crime liable
to the punishment of imprisonment for a term
exceeding ten years but not exceeding fifteen
years;
(v) thirty months in the case of a crime liable to the
punishment of imprisonment for a term
exceeding fifteen years.
( b ) The terms mentioned in paragraph ( a ) shall be held in
abeyance - 
(i) for such period during which the court is unable
to proceed with the hearing of the cause except
after the determination of any issue before any
other court of for any of the reasons mentioned
in article 402(1) and (2);
(ii) for the corresponding period during which the
record of the inquiry is with the Court of
Magistrates for the examination of witnesses
demanded by the accused as provided in article
406;
(iii) for such period as the case is before the Court of
    236               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Criminal Appeal on an appeal entered by the
accused from an interlocutory decree or on an
appeal entered by the accused or by the Attorney
General as provided in article 499;
(iv) where the cause has been adjourned at the
request of the accused or his counsel, for the
period from the date of the request to the date of
the next hearing.
(10)  The provisions of subarticles (5) and (7) shall not apply if
at the time the request for bail is made or within a week thereafter
the indictment shall have been filed, or when a warrant of arrest
against the person accused has been issued as provided in article
579, whether in the same or in any other cause still pending against
him before any court of criminal justice.
Court to state 
reasons.
(11) In refusing to grant bail the court shall state the reasons for
such refusal in its decree refusing bail which decree shall be served
on the person accused.
Amount of 
security. 
Amended by: 
IV.1897.2.
576.  The amount of the security shall be fixed within the limits
established by law, regard being had to the condition of the accused
person, the nature and quality of the offence, and the term of the
punishment to which it is liable.
Different modes of 
security.
Amended by:
IV. 1897.3; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.141.
577. (1) Security for bail is given by the production of a
sufficient surety who shall enter into a written recognizance in the
sum fixed.
(2) It may also be given, whenever the court shall deem it
proper, by the mere deposit of the sum or of an equivalent pledge,
or by the mere recognizance of the person accused.
(3) Nevertheless, in cases of contraventions or of crimes within
the jurisdiction of the Court of Magistrates as court of criminal
judicature in terms of article 370(1) and article 371(2), it shall be
lawful for the court, if it deems it expedient so to do, to exempt the
accused, while the case is pending, from any of the modes of
security mentioned in this article.
(4) Persons accused of any crime outside the jurisdiction of the
Court of Magistrates as court of criminal judicature may, in the
absence of opposition on the part of the Attorney General, be
exempted from any of the modes of security mentioned in this
article, where it appears from a certificate under the hand of the
Commissioner of Police that they are poor and of good moral
character.
Effect of security. 
Amended by: 
XII. 1914.13; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68.
578.  The effect of the security for bail shall be the temporary
release from custody of the person charged or accused:
Provided that it shall be lawful for the court, at any
subsequent stage of the proceedings, on the demand of the Police or
the Attorney General, as the case may be, on good cause being
shown, and after hearing the person charged or accused, to deprive
him of the benefit of such temporary release, and to order his re-
arrest.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             237
Consequences of 
default of 
appearance of 
person admitted to 
bail, etc. 
Amended by: 
XXII. 1976.4.
Substituted by:
XXIX. 1989.3.
Amended by:
XXIX. 1990.30;
III. 2002.142.
579. If the person charged or accused fails to appear when
ordered by the authority specified in the bail bond, or fails to
observe any of the conditions imposed by the court in its decree
granting bail, or absconds or leaves Malta, or while on bail
commits any crime not being one of an involuntary nature, or
interferes or attempts to interfere with witnesses or otherwise
obstructs or attempts to obstruct the course of justice whether in
relation to himself or any other person, the sum stated in the bail
bond shall be forfeited to the Government of Malta, and, moreover,
a warrant of arrest shall be issued against him:
Provided that this article shall not apply where the court
considers that the infringement of the condition imposed in the
decree granting bail is not of serious consequence.
Court by which 
bail is granted. 
Amended by: 
VI. 1871.36; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
XXV. 1967.24;
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXVII. 1975.40;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.143.
580. (1) The person charged or accused shall be admitted to
bail by the Court of Magistrates or by the Criminal Court, under the
authority of which, as the case may be, he is or is to be detained.
When bail may be 
applied for.
(2) The demand for bail may be made at any stage of the
proceedings subsequent to the taking down in writing of the
complaint or report and the examination referred to in article 390,
and any such demand may be made not only during the inquiry, but
also to the judge sitting in the Criminal Court after the accused has
been committed for trial or after the filing of the indictment, even
though bail had not been granted to him by the Court of
Magistrates.
Mode of applying 
for bail before the 
Criminal Court,
(3) The demand for bail before the Criminal Court shall be
made by an application whereupon the court shall, if the
application, is opposed by the Attorney General, appoint a day for
hearing the applicant and the Attorney General, causing them to be
served with a copy of the decree.
before Court of 
Magistrates.
(4) Except as provided in article 575(2), the demand for bail
before the Court of Magistrates shall be made orally.
Party bailed 
arrested for 
default, not to be 
re-admitted to bail.
581.   In the case referred to in article 579, the party arrested
shall not be admitted to bail a second time in the same cause. 
Bail not to be 
granted by the 
court  ex officio.
582. (1) The court may not  ex officio  grant bail, unless it is
applied for by the person charged or accused.
Court may require 
previous notice of 
proposed surety.
(2) The court may require a previous notice of twenty-four
hours of the proposed surety.
Power of court to 
extend time for 
appearance of 
accused.
(3) It shall be lawful for the court, on just cause being shown,
to extend the time originally appointed for the appearance of the
person charged or accused.
    238               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Right of surety to 
be released from 
his recognizance in 
certain cases. 
583.   If a surety has reason to suspect that the person charged or
accused is about to escape, he may, on showing to the Executive
Police sufficient grounds for his suspicion, cause the person
charged or accused to be again arrested, and thereby release
himself from his bond:
Provided that the person charged or accused may again be
bailed, if he gives new security.
Mode of regulating 
the amount of bail. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1897.4; 
II.1973.8; 
XXXVIII.1973. 4; 
XLIX. 1981.4; 
XIII.1983.5.
584.  The amount of the security shall be regulated as follows: 
In the case of contraventions, other than the contravention
referred to in article 338( t ), the amount of the security shall be from
two to four liri; in the case of the contravention referred to in
article 338( t ) or of any crime punishable with detention, or with
less than one year’s imprisonment, the amount of the security shall
be from twenty to ten thousand liri; and in any other case the
amount of the security shall be such sum, being not less than fifty
liri, as the court shall deem, in the circumstances, sufficient to
ensure as far as possible that the person charged or accused will
appear as provided by law.
Recovery of bail. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1857.18.
585. (1) For the recovery of the sum fixed in the bail bond in
the case referred to in article 579, the court before which the person
charged or accused was bound to appear, shall, as the case may be,
either issue and enforce a warrant of seizure or of arrest against the
surety until payment is effected, or declare the deposit to be
forfeited in favour of the Government of Malta, or, in case of
pledge, order the sale thereof.
(2) The provisions of subarticle (1) shall also apply to the party
charged or accused if such party was bound together with his
surety, whether jointly and severally or otherwise, or if the
recognizance was entered into by the party charged or accused
alone, notwithstanding that such party was arrested, sentenced, or
acquitted in respect of the offence for which he had been bailed.
Detention for non-
payment of sum of 
recognizance.  
Amended by: 
IV.1874.11; 
XXIX. 1990.31.
586. (1) Any person who is arrested for non-payment of the
sum in which he bound himself, shall be detained for a period not
exceeding one day for every five liri of that sum, whether such
person is the person charged or accused or the surety.
(2) If the person so detained has no means of his own with
which to maintain himself, he shall be maintained by the
Government, in which case he may be compelled to work like other
prisoners subjected to work, and may be kept in any prison.
Substitution of 
surety in certain 
cases.
Amended by:
III. 2002.144.
587. If the surety dies or leaves Malta, even temporarily, or
becomes bankrupt, the person charged or accused must find a new
and sufficient surety. In default, he shall be arrested.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             239
Title V
O F THE  I NDICTMENT
Form of 
indictment. 
Amended by: 
Order-in-Council 
of 1899, s.7; 
XVI. 1932.9; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68; 
XXVII. 1975.40.
588.  In the case of offences within the jurisdiction of the
Criminal Court, the indictment shall be drawn up in writing and
signed by the Attorney General.
Contents of 
indictment. 
Amended by: 
XIV.1889.48; 
XI.1900.84,85; 
XXX.1934.18; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.35; 
XXII. 1976.4.
589.   The indictment shall be made in the name of the
Republic of Malta and shall - 
( a ) specify the court before which it is preferred; 
( b ) contain a clear indication of the person accused;
( c ) state the facts constituting the offence with such
particulars as can be given relating to the time and
place in which the facts took place and to the person
against whom the offence was committed, together
with all such circumstances as, according to law and in
the opinion of the Attorney General, may increase or
diminish the punishment for the offence; and
( d ) end with a summary in which the accused shall be
charged with the offence as specified or described by
the law, and with the demand that the accused be
proceeded against according to law, and that he be
sentenced to the punishment prescribed by law
(quoting the article of the law creating the offence) or
to any other punishment applicable according to law to
the declaration of guilty of the accused:
Cap. 248.
consisting in abuses in the publication of printed matter, the
Attorney General may, instead of inserting in the indictment the
words of the printed matter constituting the offence, make a
reference to the printed matter or to the part of the printed matter
constituting the offence, but, in any such case, a copy of the printed
matter shall be annexed to the indictment, unless it exists in the
record of the inquiry.
Filing of 
indictment. 
Amended by: 
LIII.1981.9.
590. (1) The indictment shall be filed in the registry of the
court, and the registrar shall note down at the foot thereof the day
on which it is filed.
(2) With the indictment the Attorney General shall also file the
record of the inquiry together with a list of the witnesses,
documents and other exhibits which he intends to produce at the
trial.
Joinder of charges 
in the same 
indictment.
591. Charges against two or more persons as principals or
accomplices in the same offence or as guilty of divers offences
connected with each other, may be joined in the same indictment
and tried at the same trial, even though some one of such offences
is of an inferior jurisdiction.
    240               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
When offences are 
said to be 
connected.
592. Offences are said to be connected - 
( a ) if they are committed at the same time by several
persons together;
( b ) if they are committed at different times, in different
places, and by divers persons, in pursuance of a pre-
concerted plan;
( c ) if an offence is committed with the object of procuring
the means for the commission of another offence;
( d ) if an offence is committed with the object of
facilitating the commission or completion of another
offence, or of ensuring impunity for another offence.
One indictment 
against the same 
person for more 
offences although 
not connected. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.86; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
593. (1) Several offences committed by the same person,
although not connected with each other, may be joined in the same
indictment and tried at the same trial, even if some one of such
offences is of an inferior jurisdiction; in any such case, the
indictment shall be divided in different counts, in respect of each of
which the provisions contained in article 589 shall be observed.
Court may order 
separate trial. 
(2) Nevertheless the court may, upon the demand of the
Attorney General, order that such offences be tried separately.
Other cases where 
court may order 
separate trial.
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.86; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68; 
III. 1976.6.
 594. The court may also, upon the demand of the Attorney
General, order a separate trial for each accused, when two or more
are joined in the same indictment.
Court may order 
joinder of 
indictments. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.86; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
595.  In the cases referred to in articles 591 and 593, if two or
more indictments have been filed at the same time or at different
times, the court may, upon the demand of the Attorney General,
direct that they be joined with a view to their being taken together.
Attorney General 
may include 
excuse in the 
indictment. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
596. Where, by reason of any excuse, the decrease of
punishment is to be made within a latitude including two or more
degrees, it shall be lawful for the Attorney General in the
indictment to demand any of the lesser punishments within such
latitude, which, according to the evidence before him, he may deem
applicable to the offence; and in any such case, the Attorney
General shall also specify in the indictment the excuse, and no
higher punishment than that demanded in the indictment may be
awarded by the court.
Amendment of 
indictment by court 
ex officio  or upon 
plea of accused,  
Amended by: 
V. 1868.34; 
VI. 1871.37; 
III. 1896.6; 
XII. 1913.23; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.145.
597. (1) It shall be in the power of the court, either  ex officio ,
or upon the plea of the accused, to make an order for the
amendment of the indictment, provided this is done before the
accused pleads to the general issue of guilty or not guilty: but
nothing shall be added which might render the offence of a graver
character.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             241
or upon demand of 
Attorney General.
(2) Any such order may also be made upon the demand of the
Attorney General in the case of any error or defect in the
indictment, even though, on the ground of such error or defect, the
accused has set up the plea, or the court  ex officio  has raised the
question, of the nullity of the indictment.
Accused may 
demand 
adjournment of 
trial.
(3) Where an amendment of the indictment has been ordered by
the court either  ex officio  or upon the demand of the Attorney
General, it shall be lawful for the accused to demand the
adjournment of the trial in order that he may prepare his defence.
Defects in inquiry 
constituting 
grounds for 
impugning 
indictment.
(4) The indictment cannot be impugned on the ground of any
defect in the record of inquiry, nor can the accused demand that, on
the ground of any such defect, the trial on the said indictment be
not proceeded with, unless such defect consists in the total absence
of the report of the Police officer or of the examination of the
accused or of the order committing the accused for trial, or in the
refusal of the court of criminal inquiry, without just cause, to hear
the evidence produced by the accused; saving always the right of
the accused and the Attorney General to oppose the production, at
the trial, of any act tendered in evidence which is not according to
law.
Want of 
jurisdiction of 
court of inquiry 
ratione loci  not to 
constitute ground 
for impugning 
indictment.
(5) Nor can an indictment be impugned for want of jurisdiction
of the court which held the inquiry, on the ground that the inquiry
should have been held by the Court of Magistrates (Malta) and not
by the Court of Magistrates (Gozo) or by the Court of Magistrates
(Gozo) and not by the Court of Magistrates (Malta).
Correction of error 
in name of 
accused.
598. (1) It shall be lawful, by leave of the court, to correct any
error in the name of or other particulars relating to the person
accused.
(2) If the accused shall not take exception to any such error
before pleading to the general issue of guilty or not guilty, the trial
shall be proceeded with as if the name and particulars stated in the
indictment were truly those of the accused:
Provided that the court shall have power to make, at any
subsequent stage, the addition of the real name or the true
particulars, should these become known; in which case, the fact
shall be noted down in the proceedings.
Correction of 
errors in 
indictment 
resulting from 
evidence produced 
at trial. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.44; 
IX.1857.17; 
V.1868.35; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68.
599. (1) Any error which from the evidence produced at the
trial appears to have been made in the indictment as to the
circumstances of time, place and person, when, where, and against
whom the offence was committed, or as to the indication or
description of the things on which the offence was committed, may
be ordered by the court to be corrected at any stage of the
proceedings up to the time of the verdict of the jury:
    242               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Aggravation of 
offence resulting 
from correction of 
errors not to be 
taken into account. 
Powers of Court.
Provided that, in such case, no account shall be taken of any
aggravation of the offence which might result from such correction
unless such aggravation was expressly stated in the indictment; and
the court, if it is satisfied that such correction might have
prejudiced the accused in his defence, may, upon his demand,
discharge the jury, and adjourn the cause to another day, for the
purpose of giving him time to prepare his defence on the indictment
as amended, provided the accused makes his demand at any stage
previous to the summing-up referred to in article 465 or, if the
amendment of the indictment is made after the said summing-up,
before the verdict of the jury.
Error in the 
quotation of the 
law.
(2) Any error in the reference to the article of this Code or of
any other law prescribing the punishment the application of which
is demanded in the indictment, may be corrected at any stage up to
the delivery of the judgment.
By whom defect or 
error may be 
pointed out.
(3) Any defect or error referred to in this article may be pointed
out by the Attorney General or by the accused or his advocate or by
the court  ex officio.
Withdrawal of 
indictment, 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
600. (1) It shall be lawful for the Attorney General to
withdraw any indictment which he may have filed, provided this is
done before the accused pleads to the general issue of guilty or not
guilty, and in any such case all further proceedings shall be stayed,
and the accused shall be discharged; but when the accused shall
have pleaded to the general issue of guilty or not guilty, the
indictment may not be withdrawn without the consent of the
accused.
not to operate so as 
to bar new 
proceedings on 
fresh evidence.
(2) In either case, the withdrawal of the indictment shall not
operate so as to bar the taking of entirely new proceedings against
the accused, on the discovery of fresh evidence.
Accused may not 
be found guilty of 
offence not 
charged in the 
indictment.
601. No person accused may be found guilty of an offence
which is not expressly stated in the indictment, or which is not
comprised or involved in the indictment in terms of article 467.
Default of filing 
indictment within 
prescribed time. 
Amended by:
V. 1868.36; 
L.N. 46 of 1965;
LVIII. 1974.68;
III. 2002.146.
602. Where the indictment is not filed within the prescribed
time, the court may, at the request of the accused, and after hearing
the Attorney General, order the discharge of the accused, and the
provisions of article 434 shall,  mutatis mutandis , apply:
Provided that this provision shall not apply if at the time the
request is made the indictment shall have been filed.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             243
Title VI 
O F  J URORS
Qualifications to 
serve as juror. 
Amended by: 
X.1858.3; 
X.1896.2; 
XXX.1934.19; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
XXXIII. 1972.6; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
603. (1) Every person of the age of twenty-one years or
upwards, residing in Malta and being a citizen of Malta, shall be
qualified to serve as a juror provided such person has an adequate
knowledge of the Maltese language, is of good character and is
competent to serve as a juror.
Disqualifications.
competent court in Malta of any crime liable to the punishment of
death or to imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, or of any
of the crimes affecting the peace and honour of families referred to
in Sub-title II of Title VII of Part II of Book First of this Code shall
be qualified to serve as a juror:
Provided that this provision shall not apply to any such
person who has obtained a free pardon or to any person convicted
of involuntary homicide or of any other crime against the person,
excusable on any of the grounds referred to in article 227, and in
article 230( a )   and   ( b ).
(3) The provisions of subarticle (2) shall apply to any person
who has been found guilty by a competent court of any other
country of any of the crimes mentioned in the said subarticle or of
any crime which, however described in the law of that country,
falls within the description of any of the said crimes.
Disabilities.
jurors:
( a ) persons who are interdicted or incapacitated; 
( b ) undischarged bankrupts;
( c ) persons who, owing to any notorious physical or
mental defect, are reputed to be unfit to serve as
jurors;
( d ) persons who are under trial for any crime, until the
trial has terminated.
Exemptions. 
Amended by: 
X.1858.4; 
X.1896.3; 
VIII.1909.54; 
X.1960.3; 
XXV.1962.5; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
XXVII.1970.186; 
XXVII.1975.36,
40; 
IV. 1994.17; 
XXIV. 1995.360,
362;
III. 2002.147.
604. (1) The following persons are exempt from serving as
jurors:
Members of the House of Representatives, judges, honorary
consuls, clergymen, members of the Armed Forces of Malta,
persons holding the office of Head of a Government Department
and their deputies, the magistrates, the Registrar of Courts, officers
of the Executive Police, professors and full-time teachers of the
University, teachers of the secondary, primary and technical
schools, District Medical Officers, health inspectors, the Principal
Probation Officer and Probation Officers. 
(2) Moreover the court may, on an application to that effect,
exempt from serving as a juror, any apothecary of a village and any
physician, surgeon or obstetrician actually practising his
profession, and, in general, any person who has completed the
    244               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
sixtieth year of his age, unless, in some particular case, the court
deems otherwise for the ends of justice.
(3) A person who has the care of a family or of a person who
suffers from any physical or mental infirmity shall also be exempt
from serving as a juror.
Compilation of 
lists of jurors. 
Amended by: 
X.1858.5; 
X.1896.4,5,6,7; 
Order-in-Council 
of 1899, s. 8 (a), 
(b), (c); 
VIII. 1909.55; 
XVI.1932.10; 
XXX.1934.20; 
XX.1936.5; 
XXXIII.1972.7; 
XLVI. 1973.108; 
XXVII. 1975.40; 
IV. 1994.18; 
XXIV.1995.362.
605. (1) The Commissioner of Police, together with two
magistrates and the Registrar of Courts, shall, in the month of
August of each year, draw up to the best of their knowledge - 
( a ) a list of persons duly qualified and sufficiently
competent to serve as jurors for the trial of Maltese-
speaking persons;
( b ) a list of persons who, being duly qualified to serve as
jurors in all respects other than a competent
knowledge of the Maltese language, are competently
versed in the English language so as to be able to
understand and follow the proceedings conducted in
that language.
(2) The lists shall be called the "List of Jurors for the trial of
Maltese-speaking persons" and the "List of Special Jurors for the
trial of English-speaking persons" respectively. The lists shall be
drawn up in alphabetical order of surnames and shall contain the
name, surname, profession and residence of each juror.
(3) From the entire number of persons shown on the said lists a
further list shall be drawn up containing the names of persons
competent to serve as foremen. The number of foremen shall not
exceed one-sixth of the entire number in each list.
(4) The foremen shall possess the further qualification of
having actually served on a jury in the Criminal Court.
(5) The lists shall be published in the Gazette in the month of
August of each year.
(6) Within fifteen days from the publication of the lists, any
person who, possessing the qualifications required by law to serve
as a juror or special juror, may desire to be registered, or who, not
possessing the qualifications required by law to serve as a juror or
special juror, may desire to be struck off the list, shall make an
application to that effect to the Criminal Court.
(7) The court shall proceed summarily on the application.
(8) The registrar shall note on the lists any corrections which
the court may order.
(9) Within the first fifteen days in the month of November of
each year, the amended lists of jurors and of special jurors liable to
serve in the following year, shall be published in the Gazette:
Provided, however, that it shall be lawful for the officials
referred to in subarticle (1) at any time to add to the said lists the
name of any other qualified juror or special juror, and, in any such
case, any name so added shall be published in the Gazette and the
provisions of subarticles (6), (7) and (8) shall apply.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             245
(10)  Supplementary amended lists of jurors and of special jurors
with such corrections as may be ordered by the court shall be
published in the Gazette.
(11)  Upon the publication of the lists referred to in subarticles
(9) and (10), the names of the persons entered on the lists shall be
written on separate ballots of parchment or paper as nearly as may
be equal in shape and size. The names of the jurors and of the
foremen of jurors shall be put in two separate boxes and the names
of the special jurors and of the special foremen of jurors shall be
put in two other separate boxes.
(12)  The boxes shall be kept by the registrar under lock and key
and shall be opened in the presence of the judge or judges in open
court.
(13)  It shall be lawful for the judges of the Criminal Court or
for any two of such judges to cause the names of the persons whom
the said judges shall deem to be incompetent to serve as jurors to be
struck off the lists.
Monthly drawing 
of ballots. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.45; 
X.1896.8; 
III.1976.7; 
XIV.1976.3.
606. (1) Every month, the registrar shall open the boxes and
draw ten ballots from the box containing the names of the foremen
and forty ballots from the box containing the names of the common
jurors.
(2) The ballots drawn shall be kept by the registrar and the
boxes shall be again closed and sealed.
(3) If, before the end of the year, in each of the boxes there
shall not remain a number of ballots corresponding to one-sixth
part of the registered jurors, the registrar shall replace in the boxes
the ballots drawn during the year, bearing the names of the jurors
who did not serve during that year.
(4) In the drawing of the ballots, the names of those who have
died or are under any of the disqualifications or disabilities referred
to in article 603(2), (3) and (4) or are exempt under article 604,
shall not be taken into account and shall be considered as if they
had not been drawn. The ballots referring to such persons shall be
taken away from the boxes.
Publication of 
names in  Gazette.
(5) The registrar shall cause the list of names so drawn to be
published in the Gazette.
(6) Whenever two or more judges are appointed to sit
separately in the court, or whenever the registrar is for any other
reason so authorised by the court, the registrar may draw and
publish two or more separate lists of names of persons who are to
serve as jurors, each list being drawn and published in accordance
with the foregoing provisions of this article, and all the provisions
of the law shall apply to each and every one of such lists separately.
(7) Whenever in the opinion of the court the number of
foremen or of common jurors, or of both, to be drawn in any month
or for the purpose of any particular trial (including a trial that has
been adjourned for any of the reasons referred to in article 613)
should be greater than the number prescribed in subarticle (1) or in
article 618, the court may order such number of ballots to be drawn
    246               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
from the boxes containing the names of the foremen or of the
common jurors, or of both, as it may deem appropriate.
Application for 
exemption from 
serving as juror. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.46; 
IV.1994.19.
607. (1) Any person who is not qualified or liable to serve as a
juror, or who may have special reasons for asking to be exempted
from serving as a juror, may bring the matter before the court, by
means of an application to be filed within four days after the
service of the writ mentioned in the next following article.
Court to examine 
application.
(2) The court shall examine the application and, if it deems the
reason alleged to be good, shall order the registrar to cancel the
name of such person, and to substitute therefor the name of another
person.
Substitution of 
jurors.
(3) Any other person who, on account of absence or for any
other reason, cannot be summoned shall be substituted by another.
Posting up of list of 
substituted jurors.
(4) A list containing the names of the substituted persons shall
be posted up at the door of the hall in which the court sits at least
twenty-four hours before the trial for which such persons shall have
been summoned, either as foremen or as common jurors.
Application for 
exemption by 
substituted jurors.
(5) Any application by any such substituted person who is not
qualified or liable to serve as juror or has a good reason to be
exempted from serving as a juror shall be determined by the court
on the day of the hearing of the cause before the reading out of the
indictment.
(6) In the case of a person referred to in article 604, a request
not to serve as a juror may be made by means of a letter addressed
to the registrar, and such letter shall be deemed to be an application
for all purposes of this article.
(7) Before exempting a person from serving as a juror as
provided in subarticles (2) and (5) and in article 611(5), the court
may require to hear on oath the person requesting such exemption.
Summoning of 
jurors. 
Amended by:
IV. 1856.47;
V. 1868.37;
XII. 1913.24;
III. 2002.148.
608. (1) Every person whose name is drawn in the manner
provided in article 606, shall be summoned by means of a writ, to
be delivered to the person himself, or, if he cannot conveniently be
met with, left at his usual place of abode at least four days before
the day of the trial.
(2) Any person substituted in accordance with the provisions of
the last preceding article shall be summoned in the same manner as
provided in subarticle (1) at least two days before the day of the
trial.
(3) The provisions contained in article 441(3) shall apply to the
summoning of jurors.
(4) Regulations made under article 362(2) for service by post
shall also apply to the service of the writ referred to in subarticle
(1) of this article and the provisions of subarticles (3) and (4) of the
said article 362 shall  mutatis mutandis  apply to the service of a writ
under this article. A person served with the said writ as provided in
the said regulations or as provided in this subarticle shall be
deemed to have been summoned in the manner provided in this
article.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             247
Non-appearance of 
jurors. 
Substituted by:
XIV. 1976.4.
Penalty.
609. Any person summoned in the manner provided in the last
preceding article who, without good cause to the satisfaction of the
court, fails to appear at the time stated in the writ, or who, having
appeared, withdraws before he is dismissed by the court, shall be
forthwith sentenced by the court to a fine ( multa ), and shall be
liable to be compelled to appear to serve as juror by means of a
warrant of escort or of arrest:
Power of court to 
remit penalty.
Provided that the court may, on an application to that
effect, remit the fine, if it is satisfied that there was good cause for
the non-appearance or withdrawal.
Constitution of 
jury. 
Amended by: 
X.1896.9; 
XIV. 1976.5.
610. (1) The jury shall be composed of a foreman and eight
common jurors.
Supplementary 
jurors.
(2) Nevertheless, if the cause should appear to be of such
nature as to require a long hearing, the court may, before the ballot
of the jurors, order the drawing of not more than six other names,
and the jurors whose names shall be drawn after the names of the
first eight common jurors have been drawn, shall be supplementary
jurors, and shall attend at the trial of the cause.
(3) All the provisions of the law relating to the jury and to the
jurors forming the jury, shall apply to such supplementary jurors,
but such supplementary jurors shall not be present at nor take part
in any deliberation, save in the case of death or any impediment of
any of the other jurors.
(4) The court shall decide as to the lawfulness of the
impediment, and any substitution shall be made in the same order
in which the names of the supplementary jurors shall have been
drawn.
Death or 
impediment of 
foreman of jury.
(5) In the case of death or impediment of the foreman, his
duties shall be discharged by one of the other jurors to be appointed
by the court.
Formation of jury. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.48; 
IX.l859.30; 
V.1868.38; 
X.1896.9,10; 
VIII.1909.56; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XIV.1976.6.
611. (1) The jury shall be formed in the following manner: 
The names of the persons summoned to serve as jurors shall be
written on separate ballots of parchment or paper as nearly as may
be equal in shape and size. The registrar shall read aloud in court
first the ballots bearing the names of the foremen and shall put
them into a box, then those bearing the names of the common
jurors, which he shall put into another box. Afterwards, having
shaken the box containing the ballots with the names of the
foremen, he shall draw one ballot and shall read aloud the name
written thereon. The person whose name is so drawn, shall come
forward, and the registrar shall ask first the Attorney General and
then the party accused whether they intend to challenge such
person.
Challenge of 
jurors. Peremptory 
or for cause.
(2) Challenges may be either peremptory or for cause.
Challenges are peremptory when made without reason assigned,
and their effect shall be that the person challenged shall be
excluded from serving as a juror at the trial. Challenges are for
    248               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
cause when made by assigning a reason, and their effect shall be
that, if such reason is approved by the court, the challenge shall be
allowed and the person shall be excluded; but if the reason assigned
is not so approved, the challenge shall be disallowed and the person
admitted.
Number of 
peremptory 
challenges 
allowed.
(3) The number of peremptory challenges allowed to the
Attorney General and to each of the accused is three; but, where the
accused in one cause are more than three, each of them has a right
to two peremptory challenges only.
Challenge made by 
one accused to 
have effect in 
respect of other 
accused.
(4) A challenge made by one accused shall have effect also in
respect of the other accused that are to be either contemporaneously
or successively tried by the same jury, notwithstanding that such
other accused may not wish to make such challenge.
Power of court to 
exempt juror from 
serving.
(5) Any person may, on good cause being shown, either before
or after his name is drawn, be exempted by the court from serving
as a juror.
Drawing of other 
names where 
persons drawn fail 
to appear, etc.
(6) If any person whose name is drawn does not appear or,
having appeared, is challenged or exempted from serving, other
names shall be drawn in the same order, until a foreman is
approved.
Drawing of 
common jurors.
(7) The drawing of the ballots from the box containing the
names of the common jurors shall then take place in the same
manner provided for the drawing of the foreman until eight
common jurors and, if the court shall have so ordered, the number
of supplementary jurors ordered by the court are approved.
Constitution of 
jury.
(8) The nine jurors whose names shall have been thus drawn
and approved shall constitute the jury.
Form of oath of 
jurors. 
Amended by: 
XXVII. 1975.37.
612.  In the swearing in of the jury the following form shall be
observed:
The registrar, addressing himself to the jury, shall say:
You do swear and promise before God and man that you will
examine with the most scrupulous attention the charges which shall
be brought against A. B.; that you will not betray either the
interests of the accused or those of the Republic of Malta in whose
name he stands accused; that you will not hold communication,
without leave of the Court, with any person until your verdict shall
be given; that you will not give way either to hatred or malice, or to
fear or affection; that you will decide, upon the charges and the
defence, according to your conscience and intimate conviction,
with the impartiality and firmness that become honest and free
men. So help you God.  Whereupon each of the jurors shall take the
oath.
Where panel of 
foremen of jurors 
or panel of 
common jurors is 
exhausted.  
Amended by: 
VIII.1909.57; 
XIV.1976.7.
613. (1) Where, owing to default of attendance, or by reason
of challenges or exemptions, the whole panel of foremen of jurors
is exhausted, it shall be lawful for the court either to adjourn the
trial or to order that a ballot be drawn from the box containing the
names of common jurors, in addition to the number prescribed in
article 610(1) and (2), and to depute one of the jurors whose names
are drawn to perform the duties of foreman of the jury.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             249
(2) Where, for any of the reasons stated in subarticle (1), the
panel of common jurors is exhausted, it shall be lawful for the court
either to adjourn the trial or to appoint to act as juror any other
person who may be present in the hall and whom the court
considers qualified to act as juror; and such person may only be
challenged for cause. The duties of foreman of the jury may also, if
necessary, be delegated to any person so appointed.
Power of court to 
allow withdrawal 
of peremptory 
challenges.
(3) Nevertheless in any of the cases referred to in subarticles
(1) and (2), it shall be lawful for the court, for the purpose of
completing the jury and with a view to avoiding the adjournment of
the trial, to permit the parties to withdraw one or more of the
peremptory challenges made by them.
Objection to juror 
for want of 
qualifications. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68.
614. The absence in any person of the necessary qualifications
to serve as a juror, must be raised by the Attorney General or by the
accused. It may also be submitted by the person himself or, if it is
notorious, declared by the court. If, however, the absence of such
qualifications is not so raised, submitted or declared, and the
person is approved as fit to be sworn, no opposition can afterwards
be made on account of his want of qualifications.
Benefit of 
exemption may not 
be claimed if not 
alleged before 
approval of juror.
615. Any person exempt by law from serving as a juror who,
being summoned, fails to declare that he desires to avail himself of
such exemption before he is approved as a fit person to be sworn,
may not, after such approval, claim the benefit of such exemption.
Maintenance of 
jury. 
Amended by: 
X.1896.11; 
XXVII.1975.38.
616. (1) The expense for the maintenance of the jurors while
performing their duties and during the time in which they are
permitted to have food and drink, shall be defrayed by the
Government.
Payment of 
travelling 
expenses.
(2) Jurors are entitled to all travelling expenses, in the same
cases and in the same manner as witnesses.
(3) The Minister responsible for justice may by regulations
provide for the payment of fees to jurors for their service.
Exemption of juror 
from arrest for 
debt. 
Amended by: 
IX.1859.31;
III. 2002.149.
617. (1) It shall not be lawful to arrest for debt any person
summoned to serve as a juror, while he is proceeding directly to
court from his own abode, or returning directly from court to his
own abode.
Communication 
with jurors.
(2) Whosoever shall, in any manner whatsoever, knowingly
communicate or attempt to communicate with any person whose
name has been drawn to serve as a juror and published as provided
in article 606(5) and in article 607(4), with intent to influence such
person, whether in favour of or against the accused, shall be guilty
of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment
for a term from three to nine months:
Provided that when such crime is committed by a public
officer whose duty is to prevent such communication, the
applicable punishment shall be increased by one degree.
(3) The foregoing provisions of this article shall,  mutatis
mutandis , apply in relation to the members of the empanelled jury
as they apply in relation to the persons summoned to serve as jurors
    250               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
or whose name has been published as mentioned in subarticle (2).
Drawing of special 
jurors. 
Added by:
Order-in-Council 
of 1899, s. 9. 
Amended by: 
XXX.1934.21; 
XX.1936.6.
618.   Where, in accordance with the provisions of article 516,
the proceedings in any cause are to be conducted in the English
language, the registrar shall without delay open the boxes
containing the names of the special jurors and draw ten ballots from
the box containing the names of the foremen and forty ballots from
the box containing the names of common jurors, to serve at the trial
of such case.
Applicability to 
special jury of 
provisions relating 
to jury. 
Added by: 
Order-in-Council 
of 1899, s. 9.
619. All the provisions of the law relating to the jury shall be
applicable to the special jury.
Title VII
A LLEGATION OF  I NSANITY AND OTHER  C OLLATERAL 
I SSUES BEFORE THE  C RIMINAL  C OURT
Allegation of 
insanity or other 
points of fact. 
Amended by: 
IV.1856.49; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.40.
620. (1) Any allegation of insanity, or of any point of fact, by
reason of which, if true, the person accused would not, at the time
or at any future time, be called upon to plead to the indictment, or
be put on trial, or made to undergo punishment, shall first be
determined by a jury.
Violation of 
condition of 
pardon.
(2) Where any person after having obtained a conditional
commutation of his sentence is, by the Executive Police, on
account of the violation of the condition for the commutation of
such sentence, again taken to prison or placed in the same state in
which he was prior to such commutation, in order to undergo or
continue to undergo his sentence, any allegation of fact made by
such person by reason of which, if true, the said condition as
literally expressed in the act of pardon would not be deemed to be
broken, shall also be determined by a jury.
Procedure. (3) Any allegation referred to in this article shall be brought
before the Criminal Court by an application.
(4) On any such application, the court shall make an order,
appointing a day for hearing the applicant and the Attorney
General, causing them to be served with a copy of such order.
Contestation by 
Attorney General 
to be made in 
writing. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII.1974.68.
621. Where the Attorney General intends to contest any
allegation made under the last preceding article, he shall do so in
writing.
Power of court to 
refer determination 
of allegation to the 
trial jury. 
622. The court may refer the determination of any such
allegation to the jury already impanelled for the trial of the offence.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             251
Place of custody of 
insane person. 
Amended by: 
VIII.1909.58; 
XII.1914.14; 
XXVII.1975.30; 
XVIII.1976.52; 
VIII.1990.3.  
Cap. 262. 
623. (1) Where, upon the allegation referred to in subarticle
(1) of article 620, the accused is found to be insane, the court shall
order the accused to be kept in custody in Mount Carmel Hospital
there to remain in custody and detained according to the provisions
of Part IV of the Mental Health Act, or any other provision of law
or enactment applicable to the case, and those provisions shall
apply to the accused accordingly.
Expense for 
maintenance.
(2) The expense for the maintenance and care of such insane
person shall be defrayed by the Government, saving the right of the
Government to recover such expense from the property belonging
to such person, or, in default, from any person liable for the
maintenance of such insane person.
How charged.
the regulations for Mount Carmel Hospital, for the time being in
force.
Applicability of 
subarticles (2) and 
(3) to the Court of 
Magistrates.
(4) The provisions of subarticles (2) and (3) shall likewise
apply in the case of accused persons remitted to Mount Carmel
Hospital on an order of the Court of Magistrates, under the
provisions of articles 402 and 525.
Powers of court 
with regard to 
conditions of 
pardon.  
Added by: 
IV. 1856.50.
624.  If any fact is found by the jury whereby the condition
attached to a pardon should not be deemed to have been broken, the
court shall give the necessary directions in order to prevent the
violation of the said condition after such finding; and it shall be
lawful for the court for such purpose to order that the individual
who had been granted the pardon be kept in custody in any of the
public prisons where he can conveniently be detained.
Non-contestation 
of allegation by 
Attorney General.  
Amended by: 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68.
625.  Where the Attorney General does not contest any
allegation under this Title, the court shall proceed as if the truth of
the allegation had been proved.
Resumption of trial 
on cessation of 
impediment.
626. In all cases where, upon any allegation under this Title
being proved, the trial cannot take place or is interrupted or the
execution of the sentence is stayed, the trial shall be resumed or the
sentence carried into effect, as soon as the impediment shall cease.
Jury to be 
impanelled 
according to 
general rules.
627. In all cases where it shall be necessary to impanel a new
jury for the determination of any allegation referred to in the
preceding articles of this Title, such jury shall be impanelled and
shall proceed according to the rules established in this Code
relating to juries.
Jury to decide by 
majority of votes. 
S.3(3) of Ord. 
XXXVII of 1934 so 
far as it provides 
that the decision of 
the jury shall be 
taken by a majority 
of votes, 
incorporated.
628. In all cases referred to in the preceding articles of this
Title, any allegation shall be determined by the jury by a majority
of votes.
    252               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Added by:
IX. 2003.128.
Title VIII
Of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
Regulations.
Added by:
IX. 2003.128.
628A.  (1) The Minister responsible for justice may make
regulations to give effect to any arrangement, including any treaty,
convention, agreement or understanding, to which Malta is a party
or is otherwise applicable to Malta and which makes provision for
mutual assistance in criminal matters.
(2) Regulations made under this article may make provision as
the Minister may deem appropriate in the circumstances, including
the application, with any appropriate modifications, of any of the
provisions of this Code or of any other law.
Conditions and 
procedures for the 
execution of  
request for  assist-
ance.
Added by:
IX. 2003.128.
628B.  (1) Without prejudice to the generality of the power
conferred on the Minister by article 628A the Minister may, in
particular, make regulations designating the competent person,
body corporate or unincorporated, authority or agency for the
purpose of providing the assistance that may be requested under
any arrangement referred to in article 628A(1) and prescribing the
conditions and procedures for the execution of any request for such
assistance for all or any of the following purposes –
( a ) the questioning of persons being investigated or
prosecuted for a criminal offence;
( b ) the taking or production of evidence;
( c ) the service of any document or act;
( d ) the interception of communications;
( e ) the temporary transfer of a prisoner for the purposes of
identification or for obtaining testimony or other
assistance;
( f ) the entry into and search of any premises and the
seizure of any item;
( g ) the taking of fingerprints or of intimate or non-
intimate samples;
( h ) the exhumation of any body;
( i ) the provision of records and documents;
( j ) the investigation of proceeds of criminal offences;
( k ) the monitoring, freezing or seizing of assets of any
kind including bank accounts;
( l ) the verification of any evidence or other material.
(2) Any regulations made under this article and article 628A
shall contain a reference to the arrangement which those
regulations are meant to implement.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             253
PART III
O F  M ATTERS APPLICABLE TO ALL  C RIMINAL  T RIALS
Title I
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.87.
O F  W ITNESSES AND  E XPERTS
Sub-title I
 OF W I T N E S S E S
Competency of 
witnesses. 
Amended by: 
IX.1859.32;
III. 1880.11.
629. (1) Every person of sound mind is admissible as witness,
unless there are objections to his competency.
Explanation to 
witness on 
obligation of oath.
(2) The court shall explain to the witness the obligation of the
oath if, on account of his age or for other reasons, it appears
doubtful whether he understands such obligation; and if,
notwithstanding such explanation, the court shall deem it necessary
that the witness, before giving evidence, be further instructed as to
the consequences of false testimony, the court may, if it considers
the deposition of such witness to be important for the ends of
justice, adjourn the trial to another day, and, should the case be
before the Criminal Court, discharge the jury.
No particular age 
required for 
competency of 
witness.
630. No person shall be excluded from giving testimony for
want of any particular age; it shall be sufficient that the court be
satisfied that the witness, though not of age, understands that it is
wrong to give false testimony.
Swearing in of 
witness. 
Amended by: 
V. 1868.39.
631. (1) A witness professing the Roman Catholic faith shall
be sworn according to the custom of those who belong to that faith;
and a witness not professing that faith shall be sworn in the manner
which he considers most binding on his conscience.
(2) The provisions of this article shall apply in all cases in
which an oath is administered.
Form of oath.
the following:
You  A. B.  do swear  ( or do solemnly affirm )  that the evidence
which you shall give, shall be the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth. So help you God.
Interest of witness. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1909.59.
633. (1) No objection to the competency of any witness shall
be admitted on the ground that he was the party who laid the
information or made the complaint, or that he was the party who
made the report or the application in consequence of which
proceedings were instituted, or that he is, by consanguinity or
affinity, or by reason of any contract, employment or otherwise, in
any manner related to or connected with the party above referred
to, or with the person charged or accused; but in every such case,
the witness shall be heard, and those who have to judge of the facts,
    254               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
being fully persuaded and convinced of the veracity of the
testimony, shall act upon such testimony in the same full and ample
manner, as if such facts had been proved by an extraneous person
not related or connected as aforesaid.
Reluctance to give 
evidence on 
grounds of 
consanguinity, etc.
(2) Nevertheless, it shall lie in the discretion of the court,
regard being had to the degree of consanguinity, the reluctance to
give evidence against the husband or wife, against an ascendant or
a descendant, or against a brother, sister, uncle, or nephew, and to
other particular circumstances of the case, not to compel a witness
to give evidence if he be unwilling to depose against a person
related to him in any of the said degrees.
Party accused may 
give evidence. 
Added by: 
VIII.1909.60. 
Amended by: 
IX.1911.20.
634. (1) The party charged or accused shall, at his own
request, be admitted to give evidence on oath immediately after the
close of the prosecution, saving the case where the necessity of his
evidence shall arise also at a subsequent stage, or the court sees fit
to vary the order of the evidence; and such party may be cross-
examined by the prosecution, notwithstanding that such cross-
examination would tend to incriminate him as to the offence
charged:
No adverse 
comment by 
prosecutor on 
failure of accused 
to give evidence.
Provided that the failure of the party charged or accused to
give evidence shall not be made the subject of adverse comment by
the prosecution.
Provisions relating 
to witnesses 
applicable to 
accused. 
(2) The provisions of the law relating to witnesses shall apply
to the accused who gives evidence on oath.
Exception. (3) The provisions of subarticle (1) shall not apply to cases on
appeal.
When husband or 
wife of accused 
may give evidence. 
Amended by: 
II.1886.12; 
VIII. 1909.61; 
XXXVIII. 1973.5.
635. (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of article 633, the
wife or husband of the party charged or accused cannot be admitted
to give evidence either in favour of or against such party, except - 
( a ) in the case of offences committed against the witness,
or against his or her ascendants or descendants;
Cap. 63.
( b ) in the case of offences against the provisions of the
White Slave Traffic (Suppression) Ordinance, where
the spouse of the party charged or accused is a person
on whom or in respect of whom the offence is
committed or is a person on the earnings of whose
prostitution the party charged or accused has lived;
( c ) at the request of the party charged or accused for the
evidence of his wife or her husband, if such party is
himself or herself admitted to give evidence on oath
according to the provisions of the last preceding
article.
(2) The provisions of this article shall also apply where the
husband or wife of the party charged or accused is a witness for or
against any other person who is tried jointly with such party.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             255
No objection to 
competency of 
witness on ground 
of previous 
conviction, etc.
636. No objection to the competence of any witness shall be
admitted on the ground - 
( a ) that from his own confession or otherwise it appears
that he has been guilty of an offence or that he has
been in any manner convicted, sentenced, censured or
punished by any court or other authority; or
( b ) that he was charged with the same offence in respect
of which his deposition is required, when impunity
was promised or granted to him by the Government for
the purpose of such deposition; or
( c ) that he is interested either in the issue in regard to
which his deposition is required or in the event of the
suit.
Objections 
affecting the 
credibility of 
witness.
637.  Any objection from any of the causes referred to in articles
630, 633 and 636, shall affect only the credibility of the witness, as
to which the decision shall lie in the discretion of those who have to
judge of the facts, regard being had to the demeanour, conduct, and
character of the witness, to the probability, consistency, and other
features of his statement, to the corroboration which may be
forthcoming from other testimony, and to all the circumstances of
the case.
Production of 
fullest evidence 
available.
638. (1) In general, care must be taken to produce the fullest
and most satisfactory proof available, and not to omit the
production of any important witness.
Single witness 
sufficient.
(2) Nevertheless, in all cases, the testimony of one witness if
believed by those who have to judge of the fact shall be sufficient
to constitute proof thereof, in as full and ample a manner as if the
fact had been proved by two or more witnesses.
When a single 
witness is not 
sufficient. 
Amended by: 
XXIV.1946.2; 
IX.1950.2; 
XXII.1988.20.
639. (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of the last preceding
article, a person may not be convicted of calumnious accusation,
perjury or false swearing, solely upon the evidence of one witness
contradicting the fact previously stated on oath by the person
charged or accused; but such person charged or accused may be
convicted on the evidence of a single witness, when such evidence
is corroborated in some circumstance which is material to establish
the alleged crime by any other proof duly adduced.
(2) Nor may a person be convicted of a crime against the safety
of the Government, other than a crime under article 55, solely upon
the evidence of one witness; but in such case it shall be sufficient if
one witness proves one fact and another witness proves another
fact, both such facts being material to establish the crime.
Evidence by 
accomplice.
(3) When the only witness against the accused in any
proceeding for any offence other than those under articles 112 to
118, 120, 121, 124 to 126, and 138, is an accomplice whose
evidence is not sufficiently corroborated by other circumstances,
the evidence of such single witness shall not be sufficient for the
conviction of the accused.
    256               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Examination of 
deaf and dumb, 
deaf or dumb 
witness.
640. In the examination of a witness who is deaf and dumb, or
deaf only, or dumb only, the rules established in article 451 as to
the manner of communicating with an accused person who is deaf
and dumb, or dumb only, or deaf only, shall be observed.
Person present in 
court not to be 
produced as 
witness.
641.  In general, no person who has been present in court during
the hearing of a cause may be produced as a witness in such cause:
Discretionary 
power of court.
Provided the court may in its discretion dispense with this
rule in particular cases, if it sees sufficient reason for so doing.
Professional secret. 642. (1) Advocates and legal procurators may not be
compelled to depose with regard to circumstances knowledge
whereof is derived from the professional confidence which the
parties themselves shall have placed in their assistance or advice.
(2) The same rule shall apply in regard to those persons who
are by law bound to secrecy respecting circumstances on which
evidence is required.
Incriminating 
questions. 
Amended by: 
XII.1913.25.
643.  No witness may be compelled to answer any question which
tends to expose him to any criminal prosecution:
Exception. Provided that, in the case of a prosecution under article
338( h ), on a charge of providing the place for the playing of games
of chance for money or money’s worth, or of abetting such games,
any person who had taken part in or had been a partner of any
player at any such game, whose evidence is required in support of
such charge as aforesaid, shall be compellable to answer any
question respecting that charge, notwithstanding that the answer
thereto will expose him to criminal prosecution; but in any such
event, any person who shall have given evidence in respect of such
charge, and who shall have made a true and faithful statement
touching such charge, to the best of his knowledge, shall thereupon
obtain from the court a certificate to that effect, and he shall, in
consequence, be exempted from all punishments in respect of his
participation in the games forming the subject-matter of the charge
upon which he gave evidence as witness.
Degrading 
questions.
644.  It is left to the discretion of the court to determine, in each
particular case, whether a witness is bound or not to answer some
particular question, on the ground that the answer to such question
might tend to expose his own degradation.
Applicability of 
certain provisions 
of Code of 
Organization and 
Civil Procedure. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.51;
III. 2002.150. 
Cap. 12.
645. The provisions of articles 570, 574, 578, 579, 580, 583,
584, 585, 586, 590, 592, 398, 599,  article  602(1) and  article  605 of
the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure shall also apply to
the courts of criminal justice and the said articles 570, 574, 583,
590, and 592 shall moreover apply to any proceedings under Title
II of Part II of Book Second of this Code.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             257
Examination of 
witnesses to take 
place in court and 
viva voce. 
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.52; 
V.1868.40; 
VI.1871.38; 
XI.1900.88; 
XII. 1913.26; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
LVIII. 1974.68;
XXXII. 1997.3.
646. (1) Subject to the ensuing provisions of this article,
witnesses shall always be examined in court and  viva voce.
Exceptions.
the person charged or accused, if taken on oath in the course of the
inquiry according to law, shall be admissible as evidence:
Provided that the witness is also produced in Court to be
examined  viva voce  as   provided in subarticle (1) unless the witness
is dead, absent from Malta or cannot be found and saving the
provisions of subarticle (8).
(3) Any declaration shall be admissible as evidence whenever
the same is made by any person who is about to die and who is
conscious of the nearness of death, except where the declarant dies
under a sentence of the law.
(4) Any  procès-verbal  may be produced as evidence in terms of
article 550.
(5) The deposition of any parish priest or of any other
clergyman acting in his stead, or of any other witness examined in
the course of the inquiry, as to the authenticity of parochial acts or
registers made or kept by such parish priest or clergyman, and
relating to births, marriages, or deaths, or as to the authenticity of
copies of such acts or registers, or of extracts therefrom, or as to the
fact that the accused is the person mentioned in such acts, registers,
copies or extracts, may also be produced as evidence.
(6) The deposition of any notary in Malta or of any other
witness examined in the course of the inquiry, as to the authenticity
of the acts or registers made or kept by such notary, or as to the
authenticity of copies of such acts or registers or extracts
therefrom, or as to the fact that the accused is the person mentioned
in such acts, registers, copies or extracts, is also admissible as
evidence.
(7) Notwithstanding the provisions of this Code or of any other
law, a certificate purporting to be issued by a registered medical
practitioner or registered dental surgeon concerning his
examination of any person, whether alive or dead, or concerning
any bodily harm suffered by, or any physical or mental infirmity
afflicting, any person, shall be admissible as evidence and shall,
until the contrary is proved, be evidence of its contents, provided
the certificate bears the clearly legible stamp of the medical
practitioner or registered dental surgeon issuing it showing his
name, professional qualifications, expertise and address and
provided that such certificate is confirmed by the affidavit of the
medical practitioner or the dental surgeon, as the case may be:
provided further that it shall be lawful for either of the parties to
    258               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
produce the said medical practitioner or the said dental surgeon, as
the case may be, for the purpose of examining him in court and  viva
voce , as   well as for the court  ex   officio  to require such examination.
(8) The deposition of any registered medical practitioner or
registered dental surgeon annexed to a  proces-verbal ,   or   of any
such medical practitioner or dental surgeon examined in the course
of the inquiry, in relation to his examination of any person, whether
alive or dead, or in relation to any bodily harm suffered by, or any
physical or mental infirmity afflicting, any person, shall be
admissible as evidence without the need of producing the said
medical practitioner or dental surgeon in court as provided in the
proviso to subarticle (2): provided that, unless the witness is dead,
absent from Malta or cannot be found, it shall be lawful for either
of the parties to demand, or for the court  ex officio  to   require, that
such witness be again examined in court and  viva voce .
(9) The validity of the said acts and their admissibility may not
be impugned on the ground that it does not appear from the acts
themselves that they have been made or received on oath or with
any other formality prescribed by law, if the taking of any such
oath or the observance of any such formality be proved in some
other manner.
(10)  It shall be lawful for the Attorney General, as well as for
the accused, to demand that a ruling be given by the court, before
the hearing of the case commences, as to whether the deposition of
any witness is to be admitted, in terms of the provisions of
subarticle (2).
(11)  Where it is alleged that a witness is dead, absent or cannot
be found, it shall be lawful for the court to consider the allegation
proved by the sworn report of the marshal or other executive officer
to the effect that he has ascertained that such witness is dead or
absent, or that he has made the necessary inquiries and has been
unable to find him.
Examination of 
infirm or aged 
witness in his place 
of abode.
Added by: 
XI.1900.89. 
Amended by: 
VI. 1939.4; 
L.N. 4 of 1963; 
XIII. 1964.26; 
L.N. 46 of 1965; 
XXXI.1966.2; 
XXV.1967.26; 
LVIII. 1974.68; 
XXVII.1975.40; 
III.1976.8; 
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.151;
XXXI. 2002.205. 
Cap. 12.
647. (1) If it shall be necessary to examine any person who
either through infirmity or old age is unable to appear in court, such
person shall be examined by the court, or, if the court so orders, by
a member of the court, in the place of his or her abode:
Provided that the court may delegate the taking of the
evidence of any such witness to one of the magistrates for the
Island in which the witness resides, or to a judicial assistant.
(2) When the evidence required is that of a person who does
not reside in the Island in which the proceedings are taking place
and it is represented to the court that such person is about to leave
Malta, the court may delegate the taking of the evidence to one of
the persons to whom the taking of evidence may be delegated under
subarticle (1); and in the case of a witness who is to be examined in
Gozo or Comino, the court may also, if the circumstances so
warrant and the Attorney General does not object, authorise the
registrar to take such evidence and administer the necessary oath.
Right of accused to 
be present.
(3) The party charged or accused is entitled to be present at the
examination.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             259
Reading out of 
evidence in court.
(4) The evidence taken in accordance with the provisions of
this article shall be read out in court, and a note to that effect shall
be entered in the record.
Audio-recording or 
video-recording of 
evidence.
Added by:
XXXI. 2002.206.
647A.  Without prejudice to the provisions of articles 646 and
647, the court may, if it deems it proper so to act, allow for the
audio-recording or for the video-recording of any evidence
required from a witness as aforesaid, in accordance with such codes
of practice as the Minister responsible for justice may, by
regulations, prescribe.
Identification of 
person or object.
648.  In order to identify any person whose identity is required
to be proved, or in order to identify any object to be produced in
evidence, it shall not, as a rule, be necessary that the witness should
recognize such person from among other persons, or pick out such
object from among other similar objects, unless the court, in some
particular case, shall deem it expedient to adopt such course for the
ends of justice.
Examination of 
witnesses in 
connection with 
offences 
cognizable by 
courts outside 
Malta.
Articles 1 and 2 of 
Ord. IV of 1872 
incorporated. 
Amended by: 
L.N. 4 of 1963;
VIII. 1990.3.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.152.
Amended by:
XIII. 2002.9;
IX. 2003.127.
  649. (1) Where the Attorney General communicates to a
magistrate a request made by the judicial, prosecuting or
administrative authority of any place outside Malta for the
examination of any witness present in Malta, or for any
investigation, search or/and seizure, the magistrate shall examine
on oath the said witness on the interrogatories forwarded by the
said authority or otherwise, and shall take down the testimony in
writing, or shall conduct the requested investigation, or order the
search or/and seizure as requested, as the case may be. The order
for search or/and seizure shall be executed by the Police. The
magistrate shall comply with the formalities and procedures
indicated in the request of the foreign authority unless these are
contrary to the public policy or the internal public law of Malta.
(2) The provisions of subarticle (1) shall only apply where the
request by the foreign judicial, prosecuting or administrative
authority is made pursuant to, and in accordance with, any treaty,
convention, agreement or understanding between Malta and the
country from which the request emanates or which applies to both
such countries or to which both such countries are a party.  A
declaration made by or under the authority of the Attorney General
confirming that the request is made pursuant to, and in accordance
with, such treaty, convention, agreement or understanding  which
makes provision for mutual assistance in criminal matters shall be
conclusive evidence of the matters contained in that certificate.  In
the absence of such treaty, convention, agreement or understanding
the provisions of subarticle (3) shall be applicable.
(3) Where the Minister responsible for justice communicates to
a magistrate a request made by the judicial authority of any place
outside Malta for the examination of any witness present in Malta,
touching an offence cognizable by the courts of that place, the
magistrate shall examine on oath the said witness on the
interrogatories forwarded by the said authority or otherwise,
notwithstanding that the accused be not present, and shall take
down such testimony in writing.
(4) The magistrate shall transmit the deposition so taken, or the
    260               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
result of the investigation conducted, or the documents or things
found or seized in execution of any ordes for search or/and seizure,
to the Attorney General.
(5) For the purposes of subarticles (1) and (3) the magistrate
shall comply with the formalities and procedures indicated by the
requesting foreign authority unless they are contrary to the
fundamental principles of Maltese law and shall have the same
powers, or as nearly as may be, as are by law vested in the Court of
Magistrates as court of criminal inquiry, as well as the powers, or
as nearly as may be, as are by law conferred upon him in
connection with an inquiry relating to the " in genere ":  provided
that a magistrate may not arrest any person, for the purpose of
giving effect to an order made or given under article 554(2), or
upon reasonable suspicion that such person has committed an
offence, unless the facts amounting to the offence which such
person is accused or suspected to have committed amount also to an
offence which may be prosecuted in Malta.
(6) Where the request of the foreign authority is for the hearing
of a witness or expert by videoconference, the provisions of
subarticles (7) to (12), both inclusive, shall apply.
(7) The magistrate shall summon the person to be heard to
appear at the time and place equipped with videoconference
facilities appointed for the purpose by the magistrate. The
magistrate shall give effect to any measures for the protection of
the person to be heard which the Attorney General may declare to
have been agreed upon with the requesting foreign authority.
(8) The magistrate shall conduct the hearing and where
necessary the magistrate shall appoint an itnerpreter to assit during
the hearing. The magistrate present shall ensure that the person to
be heard is identified and that the proceedings take place and
continue at all times in conformity with the fundamental principles
of the law of Malta.
(9) The person to be heard may claim the right not to testify
which would accrue to him or her under the law of Malta or under
the law of the country of the requesting foreign authority.
(10) Subject to any measures for the protection of the person to
be heard referred to in subarticle (7), the magistrate shall on the
conclusion of the hearing draw up minutes indicating the date and
place of the hearing, the identity of the person heard, the identities
and functions of all other persons participating in the hearing, any
oaths taken and the technical conditions under which the hearing
took place. The document containing the record of the minutes
shall be transmitted to the Attorney General to be forwarded to the
requesting foreign authority.
(11) The following shall  mutatis mutandis  apply to the person to
be heard under the provisions of subarticle (6):
( a ) the provisions of article 522, where the person to be
heard refuses to testify when required to do so by the
magistrate;
( b ) the provisions of articles 104, 105, 107, 108 and 109,
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             261
as the case may be, where the person to be heard does
not testify to the truth, for this purpose the proceedings
before the foreign authority shall be deemed to be
proceedings taking place in Malta and the person to be
heard shall be deemed to be a person testifying in
those proceedings. For the purpose of determining the
applicable punishment as may be necessary in
proceedings for perjury under this subarticle the
criminal fact being inquired into or adjudicated by the
requesting foreign authority shall be deemed to be
liable to the punishment to which it would have been
liable had the same fact taken place in Malta or within
the jurisdiction of the same Maltese criminal courts.
(12) The provisions of subarticles (6) to (11), both inclusive,
shall apply where the person to be heard is a person accused in the
country of the requesting foreign authority provided that the
hearing shall only take place with the consent of the person to be
heard and that all the rules of evidence and procedure which would
apply to the testimony of a person accused in criminal proceedings
in Malta would also apply to the testimony of the person accused to
be heard under this article.
(13) The provisions of this article shall also apply  mutatis
mutandis  where the request of the foreign authority is for the
hearing of a witness or expert by telephone conference. provided
that the witness or expert consents to the hearing.
Added by: 
XI.1900.90.
Sub-title II 
O F  E XPERTS
Reference to 
experts. 
Added by: 
XI.1900.90. 
Amended by: 
XXX.1934.22; 
L.N. 4 of 1963; 
XXXI.1966.2; 
III.1971.19; 
VIII. 1990.3;
XXXII. 1997.3.
650. (1) In all cases where for the examination of any person
or thing special knowledge or skill is required, a reference to
experts shall be ordered.
Choice of experts.
Appointment of 
official experts.
Provided that the Minister responsible for justice may
appoint one or more persons as official experts for the purpose of
reporting on matters requiring special technical knowledge and,
upon the appointment of any such persons, the court shall choose
the experts from among such persons: This notwithstanding it shall
be lawful for the court, when the official experts are precluded
from serving or for other special reasons to be stated in the order, to
appoint another expert or experts in addition to or in substitution
for those appointed by the Minister responsible for justice.
    262               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Taxation of fees of 
official experts. 
(3) For the purposes of article 533, the fees of the official
experts for services rendered in any particular case shall be taxed
by the registrar in the same manner provided for the taxation of the
fees due to other experts.
Number of experts. (4) As a rule the experts shall be appointed in an uneven
number.
Directions to 
experts.
(5) The court shall, whenever it is expedient, give to the
experts the necessary directions, and allow them a time within
which to make their report.
The Court of Magistrates, whether sitting as a court of criminal
judicature or as a court of inquiry, may moreover empower the
expert or the experts, if more than one expert have been appointed,
to receive documents and to examine witnesses on oath in the
presence of the accused and, in any such case, the court shall not
require further evidence in respect of the documents so produced or
further examine the witnesses so examined, unless the court deems
it necessary or unless the accused makes a request to that effect.
Where more than one expert have been appointed, the court shall
designate the expert who is empowered to administer the oath.
(6) The Court’s decision to appoint experts shall be reduced to
writing and shall be served on the experts so appointed.
Challenge of 
experts. 
Added by:
XI. 1900.90.  
Cap. 12.
651. (1) The experts may be challenged only on the same
grounds on which a judge may be challenged.
(2) The challenge shall be made in the manner and within the
terms laid down in the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure
for the challenge of experts in civil causes.
Summoning and 
oath of experts. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.90. 
652. The experts shall be summoned in the manner provided for
the summoning of witnesses. They shall swear to perform faithfully
and honestly the duties assigned to them.
Report.  
Added by:
XI. l900.90. 
Amended by: 
III. 1971.20; 
VIII. 1990.3. 
653. (1) On terminating the work and the experiments which
their profession or art may suggest, the experts shall make their
report, either orally or in writing, according to the directions of the
court.
Contents. (2) The report shall in every case state the facts and the
circumstances on which the conclusions of the experts are based. 
Examination in 
court of witnesses 
heard by experts. 
(3) If in the course of their work, the experts shall obtain from
any person information on circumstances of fact, such person shall
be mentioned in the report, and shall be examined in court in the
same manner as any other witness:
Provided that the above provision of this subarticle shall
not apply in regard to any person whom the experts will have
examined on oath under article 650(5), saving, however, the re-
examination of any such person by the court as provided for in the
said subarticle.
(4) In matters within the jurisdiction of the Court of
Magistrates, any such person may be examined on oath by the
court, even in the course of the work of the experts.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             263
Report, if verbal, to 
be reduced into 
writing.
(5) If the report is made orally, it shall be reduced into writing
by the registrar or by the person acting in his stead.
Official expert may 
advise the court 
during the sitting. 
Added by: 
XXX. 1934.23. 
Substituted by: 
III.1971.21. 
Amended by: 
VIII. 1990.3.
654. In cases within the jurisdiction of the Court of Magistrates
as court of criminal judicature, the expert may be called upon by
the court to be present at the hearing of the cause in order to advise
the court, provided that the advice is given in the presence of the
accused.
Further 
elucidations by 
experts.
Added by: 
XI.1900.90. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.40. 
655. The parties, the court, and, in cases within the jurisdiction
of the Criminal Court, the jurors, may require the experts to give
further elucidations on their report as well as on any other point
which they may consider useful in order to make the opinion of the
experts clearer.
Those who are to 
judge not bound by 
conclusions of 
experts.
Added by: 
XI.1900.90. 
656. Those who are to judge are not bound to abide by the
conclusions of the experts against their own conviction.
Applicability of 
certain provisions 
to experts. 
Added by: 
XI. 1900.90.
657. The provisions of article 452(4) and (5) shall apply to
experts.
Title II
O F  C ONFESSIONS
Confession by 
accused.
658. Any confession made by the person charged or accused,
whether in writing or orally, may be received in evidence against
the person who made it, provided it appears that such confession
was made voluntarily, and not extorted or obtained by means of
threats or intimidation, or of any promise or suggestion of favour.
Production of 
written confession.
659. (1) If a confession is reduced to writing at the time it is
made, the writing shall be produced; and only if it is proved that the
writing has been destroyed or lost, may oral evidence, in lieu of
such writing, be admitted for the purpose of proving the substance
of such confession.
(2) Nothing in this article shall operate as a bar to the
admissibility in evidence of any other confession verbally made
before or after.
Right of accused to 
have entire writing 
or oral statement 
read or given in 
evidence.
660. When only a part of a writing or of an oral statement is
read or given in evidence against the accused, he shall have the
right to insist that the whole of the writing or oral statement be read
or given in evidence; but credit may be given to that part only of
such writing or oral statement as may be considered worthy of
credit.
Confession not to 
prejudice third 
parties.
661. A confession shall not be evidence except against the
person making the same, and shall not operate to the prejudice of
any other person.
    264               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Title III
O F  D ECISIONS AND THEIR  E XECUTION
Definition of 
"decision". 
Amended by:
IX. 1857.18;
XXX. 1934.24;
XXV. 1967.27;
III. 2002.153.
662. (1) The general expression "decision" includes every
verdict of the jury on the facts, every judgment of a court
acquitting, convicting or sentencing the person charged or accused,
every  procès-verbal  drawn up in connection with any inquest or
other inquiry held under the provisions of this Code (other than an
inquest for the purpose of an inquiry relating to the " in genere "),
and, in general, every decree or other definitive order of a court.
Reasons. (2) Any decision of the Court of Criminal Appeal and of the
Criminal Court by which any question of law is determined shall be
preceded by the reasons which led the court to the decision:
Provided that as regards the Court of Criminal Appeal, the
court may, if the appellant is in custody and it is of opinion that the
appeal should be allowed and the appellant discharged, pronounce
forthwith its decision discharging the appellant and reserve to give
its reasons at a later date even in the absence of the person
concerned.
Delivery of 
decision in open 
court. 
Amended by:
IX. 1857.19;
XII. 1913.27;
XXX. 1934.25;
VIII. 1990.3;
III. 2002.154.
663. (1) Every decision of the court shall be delivered by the
judge or magistrate in open court: provided that a decision granting
or refusing bail may be given  in camera .
Applicability of 
articles 474 and 
478 to verdict of 
jury on facts.
(2) With regard to any verdict of the jury on the facts, the
provisions of articles 474 and 478 shall apply.
Recording of 
decisions of 
Criminal Court.
(3) Every decision of the Criminal Court shall be recorded by
the registrar, and such record shall constitute the authentic proof of
such decision.
Registration of 
reasons.
(4) The reasons referred to in subarticle (2) of the last
preceding article shall be recorded together with the decision.
Decisions of the 
Court of 
Magistrates. 
Summary in 
special register. 
Probatory force of 
same. Contents of 
summary.
(5) The decisions of the Court of Magistrates, if reduced to
writing by the sitting magistrate, shall be kept in their original, and
the provisions of article 518 shall be applicable thereto. In every
case, a summary of the decision shall be recorded in a special
register, and such summary shall constitute authentic proof of such
decision in the same manner as a certified copy thereof. Such
summary shall indicate the court by which the decision was
delivered, the names of the parties, the date of the decision, and the
particulars referred to in article 382, or, in the case of any decree,
the substance of the order contained therein.
Delivery of 
decision with 
closed doors.
* 664.   Decisions may be delivered with closed doors only in the
cases referred to in articles 409 and 531:
* See  also s.24 of the Official Secrets Act (Cap.50).
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             265
Exceptions.
decisions referred to in article 620, the verdict on the facts, the
judgment acquitting, convicting or sentencing the person charged
or accused, and the decision as to whether there are or not
sufficient grounds to commit the accused for trial, shall be
delivered in open court.
Execution of 
decisions. 
Amended by: 
XII.1914.15; 
XXX.1934.26; 
IV.195I.2; 
XXV.1967.28; 
XXI.1971.34; 
XXIX. 1990.32.
665. Subject to the provisions of article 28A and the provisions
of this Code relating to the payment of pecuniary penalties, every
decision shall be enforceable as soon as delivered.
Decisions of 
Criminal Court to 
be enforced by 
marshal. 
Amended by: 
I.1939.3; 
L.N. 4 of 1963; 
XXXI.1966.2; 
XXV. 1967.29;
VIII. 1990.3.
666. (1) The decisions of the Criminal Court and of the Court
of Criminal Appeal shall be carried into effect by the marshal or by
any other person authorized by the Minister responsible for justice
in that behalf.
(2) For the purposes of this article, a decision of the Court of
Magistrates or of the Criminal Court shall be deemed to be a
decision of the Court of Criminal Appeal, if an appeal is entered
against such decision and such appeal is subsequently waived or
declared null and void or taken to be abandoned under article 422.
Title IV
O F  P ROPERTY BELONGING TO THE  P ERSON  C HARGED OR 
A CCUSED OR TO OTHER  P ERSONS AND CONNECTED 
WITH  C RIMINAL  P ROCEEDINGS
Property to be held 
by registrar.
Amended by:
XXV. 1967.30.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
667. Any property connected with criminal proceedings  shall,
subject to the following provisions of this Title, be held by the
registrar until the conclusion of such proceedings including any
proceedings of appeal.
Record of prop-
erty.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
668. (1) All property connected with criminal proceedings
shall be delivered by the court to the registrar and shall, subject to
the following provisions of this Title, remain in the custody of the
registrar except when required by the court for the hearing of such
proceedings.
(2)  The Minister responsible for justice may make regulations
providing for the registration and preservation of any property
connected with criminal proceedings and for the manner in which a
record is to be kept of the movements of any such property.
Preservation of 
property.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
669. (1) The registrar shall ensure that all property delivered
to him is properly catalogued, stored and preserved and kept in a
secure place to be determined by the registrar.
(2) For the purposes of this article, the registrar may, with the
approval of the Minister responsible for justice, appoint other
persons to hold property or classes of property on his behalf under
    266               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
such terms and conditions as the Minister may think fit provided
that the names of such persons shall be published in the Gazette.
Procès verbal  to be 
drawn up when 
property is 
released.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
670. (1) Any property which is to be released by the registrar
to any person or which is to be destroyed or otherwise disposed of
in accordance with the provisions of this Title shall only be
released, destroyed or otherwise disposed of following the drawing
up of a  procès verbal  containing an accurate description of the
property released, the quantity and quality thereof and any
photographs, video recordings and computer images of such
property as the magistrate or the registrar may deem fit should be
taken. 
(2) The proces-verbal shall be signed by the registrar and if the
property is to be released, destroyed or disposed of  during  in
genere  proceedings or during the inquiry it shall also be signed by
the magistrate. In every case where the property is to be released in
favour of any person in the course of criminal proceedings which
have not been finally determined that property shall only be so
released after the person to whom the property is to be released
gives an undertaking in writing to produce again such property on
the order of a court. 
(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Code or of any
other law, any process-verbal drawn up in accordance with the
provisions of this article including any photographs, video
recordings and computer images shall be admissible in evidence in
any criminal proceedings as if it were the property itself described
in the  procès verbal .
(4) The provisions of this Title shall also  mutatis mutandis
apply to any property exhibited in the course of any proceedings
under the provisions of Title II of Part II of Book Second of this
Code even during such period that the relative proces-verbal is with
the Attorney General.
(5) The provisions of this article shall  mutatis mutandis  apply
to property disposed of in accordance with the provisions of
articles 671, 672 and 673.
Prohibited 
property.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
671. (1) Saving the provisions of subarticle (2), where the
Comptroller of Customs certifies that any property in the custody
of the registrar is property which may not be imported into Malta
the registrar shall apply to the competent criminal court and request
it to order the disposal of the said property. The court shall allow
the application where it is satisfied that the property in question is
in Malta  in contravention of the law. 
(2) Where the property certified by the Comptroller of Customs
as provided in subarticle (1) is property which has been exhibited
as evidence in the course of criminal proceedings which have not
been finally determined, the application by the registrar shall be
served on the party charged or accused and on the Attorney General
or the Commissioner of Police as the case may be for their
submissions and the court shall not allow the application unless it
is satisfied that the property itself is not or is no longer necessary as
evidence in the proceedings. 
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             267
(3) Where the court has ordered the disposal of the property in
accordance with the provisions of this article the registrar shall
dispose of such property by destroying it provided that the Minister
responsible for justice may order that the property is to be disposed
of in any other manner whatsoever for special reasons to be
expressly stated in the order. 
Property exhibited 
in certain 
proceedings.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
Cap. 37.
Cap. 233.
672. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Code or of any
other law, where the property has been exhibited in court in the
course of proceedings for an offence against the Customs
Ordinance or against the Exchange Control Act and the property
has been forfeited in favour of the Government by virtue of the
operation of any provision of this Code or of any other law such
property shall be released in favour of the Comptroller of Customs.
In any other case the property exhibited as aforesaid shall not be
released, except in execution of a final judgment of the competent
civil court, if the Comptroller of Customs objects to such release.
Disposal of 
property connected 
with criminal 
proceedings.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
673. (1) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Title
and subject to the provisions of article 671 the court shall, on the
application of the Attorney General made at any time of the
proceedings or, where the author of the crime is absent or
unknown, before any proceedings are commenced, order the
registrar to dispose of any property connected with criminal
proceedings or with a crime, whether such property is liable to
forfeiture or not, in any of the following cases:
( a )  where, owing to the nature, quantity or dimensions of
such property, considerable space is necessary to keep
it;
( b )  where such property is subject to deterioration or
depreciation or the cost of its upkeep is out of
proportion to its value;
( c )  where it is not practicable or convenient for any other
reason to keep such property in custody;
( d )  where, owing to the absence of the party accused, the
trial is not concluded within two years from the day on
which such property was first brought before the court;
( e ) in any other case where the court deems it so proper.
(2) The application for an order as is referred to in subarticle
(1) and in the same circumstances mentioned in that subarticle may
also be made by the registrar in which case the application shall be
served on the Attorney General for his reply within such time,
being not less than two working days, as may be determined by the
court and the application shall not be allowed where the Attorney
General objects to the application.
(3) The provisions of subarticles (1) and (2) shall apply
notwithstanding that the property is attached by a garnishee order.
(4) Where the court allows an application made under this
article the order of the court shall be served on all the persons
identified by the registrar to have an interest in the property, if their
whereabouts are known, sohowever that the order of the court shall
    268               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
not be subject to revocation or modification except on the demand
of the Attorney General.
(5) If the property is sold the proceeds shall be deposited in
court and shall be disposed of on the conclusion of the proceedings
in the same manner as if they were the property of which they are
the proceeds.
(6) If the property is not sold the property may be disposed of
as the registrar may deem fit subject to the payment of such
indemnity as may be due to the owner of the property disposed of.
Release of property 
in the course of 
proceedings.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
674. (1) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Title
and subject to the provisions of article 671, the Court may, in the
course of criminal proceedings, order the release of any property
exhibited in court to the person to whom it belongs. 
(2) The order referred to in subarticle (1) may be given by the
Court either on its own motion or following an application by the
person claiming the property. Where the Court acts upon its own
motion it shall announce its intention to make such an order by
means of a decree. Any such decree or any application made by the
person claiming the property in terms of this subarticle shall be
served on the Attorney General or on the Commissioner of Police,
as the case may be, and on the person charged or accused, each of
whom shall be allowed five working days for a reply.
(3) Subject to the provisions of subarticle (4), if the property
belongs to the party charged or accused and is in no manner
connected with the offence or in any way required for the purpose
of any criminal proceedings the court shall, after hearing the
Attorney General or the Commissioner of Police, as the case may
be, restore the property to the person charged or accused to whom
the property belongs or deliver it to the person appointed by him in
that behalf or to his lawful representative.
(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of subarticle (3), the court
may abstain from ordering the restoration of the property to the
person charged or accused -
( a ) when the value of the thing is considerable and the
person charged or accused is poor or of dubious
means; or 
( b ) when the person charged or accused is tried for forgery
with intent to misappropriate the property of another
person, or for theft, or for any other offence against
property:
Provided that the provisions of this subarticle shall not
apply where the accused shall give sufficient security.
Disposal of 
property on 
conclusion of 
proceedings.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
675. (1) Saving the provisions of article 671 and of the
following subarticles of this article, where the court on the
conclusion of any criminal proceedings has not provided how
property exhibited during the proceedings is to be disposed of
according to law, any property so exhibited shall be preserved by
the registrar. 
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             269
(2) Where the Court of Magistrates as court of criminal inquiry
discharges the person charged as provided in article 401(2) and the
Court decides how the property exhibited before it is to be disposed
of such decision shall not be given effect to before the lapse of the
period of one month referred to in article 433(3) and if the Attorney
General, within that period, issues a warrant for the arrest of the
person discharged the said decision shall remain without effect.
(3) Where the Court of Magistrates as court of criminal inquiry
discharges the person charged but does not decide how the property
exhibited in the proceedings is to be disposed of, and the Attorney
General does not issue a warrant for the arrest of the person
discharged, such property shall be preserved by the registrar and if
within one year from the date of discharge no fresh proceedings are
instituted as provided in article 434 and the property has not been
released in accordance with the provisions of this title the registrar
may apply to the court for an order authorising the return of the
property to the person to whom it belongs, if known, or declaring
the property forfeited in favour of the Government of Malta where
the person to whom the property belongs is not known.
(4) Where in any final judgment of any court of criminal
jurisdiction no provision is made for the disposal of any property
exhibited in the proceedings and no claim is made for the release of
such property within one month from the date of such judgment
such property, unless forfeited by virtue of the provisions of article
18 or any other provision of this Code or of any other law, shall be
forfeited and the court shall, on the application of the registrar and
subject to the provisions of subarticle (5), order the release of such
property in favour of the Government of Malta.
(5) Any person who immediately before the forfeiture had a
legal title to the property forfeited as aforesaid, or the lawful heirs
thereof, shall  be entitled to compensation for the property forfeited
provided that where the property has been sold such compensation
shall not exceed the amount realised by the Government from the
sale of the property and provided also that compensation is
demanded by an application to the competent court within six
months from the date of the order mentioned in subarticle (2). 
Forfeited property.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
676. Any property forfeited in favour of the Government in
terms of the provisions of this Code may be disposed of
immediately by the registrar unless the property has been exhibited
in the course of a criminal prosecution in which case that property
shall not be disposed of before final judgment and not without the
prior consent of the Commissioner of Police or of the Attorney
General as the case may be.
When property is 
to be returned by 
order of the court 
in its final 
judgment.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
677. (1) Any property which is to be returned to any person in
pursuance of  an order made by the court in its final judgment shall
be retained by the registrar for a period of six months within which
period it shall be incumbent on that person, or his lawful heirs, to
claim from the registrar the said property. Within the same period
the registrar shall be under an obligation to make all efforts to trace
and notify with the court’s order the person to whom the property is
to be returned.
    270               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
(2) Where the person to whom the property is to be returned, or
his lawful heirs, either spontaneously or after being notified  with
the court’s order, fails to claim the property within the period laid
down in subarticle (1) or where the registrar within the same period
fails to trace that person, or his lawful heirs, and no claim as
aforesaid is spontaneously made for the property, that property
shall be forfeited in favour of the Government.
(3) In the event that the property is owned by co-owners the
registrar shall be deemed to have complied with his obligations
according to law if he delivers the property to any one of the
owners.
(4) The registrar shall by application refer to the court which
delivered judgment any dispute regarding the title to the property.
The application shall be served on all the parties who shall be
allowed a period of five working days within which to reply and
after the lapse of the said period the court shall appoint the
application for hearing and after hearing the parties shall decide on
the disposal of the property.  No appeal shall lie from the decision
of the court.
(5) If the person to whom the property is to be returned, or his
lawful heirs, claim the property within the period mentioned in
subarticle (1) such property shall, in the absence of a lawful
obstacle, be returned by the registrar free of charge. 
(6) If the property has been forfeited in terms of this article and
was subsequently sold by auction following the publication of
advertisements, the person to whom the property was to be returned
in accordance with the order of the court, or his lawful heirs, may
claim the amount realised from the sale after subtracting any costs
and fees incurred by the registrar provided that such claim is made
within two years of the property having been disposed of.
When owner is 
unknown.
When property is 
to be returned by 
order of the court 
in its final 
judgment.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
678. (1) Where the court in its final judgment has ordered that
any property is to be returned but does not name the person to
whom the property is to be so returned and the identity of that
person is unknown that property shall be retained by the registrar
for a period of six months within which period any person claiming
to have a legal title to the property may come forward and claim the
property.
(2) Where the person having a legal title to the property fails to
claim the property within the period specified in subarticle (1), or
where the claims made in that period have been rejected by the
court, the property shall be forfeited in favour of the Government.
(3) Any claim under subarticle (1) shall be made by application
to the court before which the property was exhibited and shall be
served on the registrar and on the Commissioner of Police or on the
Attorney General, as the case may be, who shall have ten working
days within which to file a reply.  On the lapse of the time for the
filing of a reply the court shall give its decision on the application
and no appeal shall lie from that decision.
(4) If the court allows the application the property shall be
delivered to the claimant free of charge.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             271
Rules to be 
observed in the 
disposal of 
forfeited property.
When property is 
to be returned by 
order of the court 
in its final 
judgment.
Amended by: 
XXV. 1967.31.
Substituted by:
III. 2002.155.
679. In disposing of property forfeited in favour of the
Government in terms of this Code the registrar shall observe the
following rules:
( a ) property which is of no or of little value may be
disposed of at the discretion of the registrar provided
that proper record of such disposal is kept;
( b ) firearms, ammunition, explosives or other dangerous
substances shall be consigned to the proper authorities
designated by the Minister responsible for justice for
disposal by them;
( c ) other property which is of value shall be sold by
auction by the registrar following the publication of at
least three advertisements in a daily newspaper and
any moneys deriving therefrom shall accrue to the
Government.
Restoration of 
property to accused 
on termination of 
trial.
Amended by: 
XXV. 1967.32.
680. Deleted by: III. 2002.155 .
Restoration of 
property to owner 
when accused is 
absent or offender 
unknown.  
Amended by: 
IV. 1856.53.
681. Deleted by: III. 2002.155 .
Procedure on 
restoration of 
property to owner. 
Amended by: 
XXIX.1990.33.
682. Deleted by: III. 2002.155 .
Sale by auction of 
property connected 
with criminal 
proceedings. 
Added by:
XXI. 1971.35. 
Amended by: 
LVIII. 1974.68.
683. Deleted by: III. 2002.155 .
Sale by auction of 
property unclaimed 
by owner.
Added by:
XXIX. 1990.34.
683A.   Deleted by: III. 2002.155 .
Sale, publication 
and restoration to 
be effected upon 
order of court.
684.   Deleted by: III. 2002.155 .
When proceeds of 
sale are adjudged 
in favour of 
Government. 
Amended by: 
XXVII.1975.39.
685. Deleted by: III. 2002.155 .
    272               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Title V
O F THE  R ESPECT DUE TO THE  C OURT
Applicability of 
provisions of Code 
of Organization 
and Civil 
Procedure relating 
to the respect due 
to the court. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.91.  
Cap. 12.
686. The provisions of the Code of Organization and Civil
Procedure relating to the respect due to the court, are applicable to
the courts of criminal jurisdiction.
Title VI
OF PRESCRIPTION
Sentences not 
barred by 
prescription.  
Amended by:
XI. 1900.92;
III. 2002.156.
687. (1) Sentences awarding punishment shall not be barred
by prescription notwithstanding the lapse of any time.
(2) The period of prescription in respect of all criminal
offences shall be suspended from the moment a charge and, or bill
of indictment is served on the person charged or accused until such
time as a final and definitive judgment is delivered in the
proceedings which commenced as a result of such charge or bill of
indictment.
Prescription 
barring criminal 
actions. 
Amended by: 
XI.1900.92; 
VIII.1909.62; 
XXI.1971.36; 
XLIX. 1981.4.
688. Save as otherwise provided by law, criminal action is
barred- 
( a ) by the lapse of twenty years in respect of crimes liable
to the punishment of imprisonment for a term of not
less than twenty years;
( b ) by the lapse of fifteen years in respect of crimes liable
to imprisonment for a term of less than twenty but not
less than nine years;
( c ) by the lapse of ten years in respect of crimes liable to
imprisonment for a term of less than nine but not less
than four years;
( d ) by the lapse of five years in respect of crimes liable to
imprisonment for a term of less than four years but not
less than one year;
( e ) by the lapse of two years in respect of crimes liable to
imprisonment for a term of less than one year, or to a
fine ( multa ) or to the punishments established for
contraventions;
( f ) by the lapse of three months in respect of
contraventions, or of verbal insults liable to the
punishments established for contraventions.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             273
Extenuating 
circumstances and 
previous 
conviction not to 
be taken into 
account in 
reckoning period 
for prescription. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.92.
689.   For the purposes of prescription, regard shall be had to the
punishment to which the offence is ordinarily liable, independently
of any excuse or other particular circumstance by reason of which
the offence is, according to law, liable to a lesser punishment; nor
shall any regard be had to any increase of punishment by reason of
any previous conviction.
Reckoning of time 
according to 
calendar. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.92.
690.  In computing the period established for prescription, the
months and years shall be reckoned according to the ordinary
calendar.
Commencement of 
prescription.  
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.92.
691. (1) With regard to a completed offence, the period of
prescription shall run from the day on which the offence was
completed; with regard to an attempted offence, from the day on
which the last act of execution was committed; with regard to a
continuous offence, from the day on which the last violation took
place; and with regard to a continuing offence from the day on
which the continuance ceased.
Suspension of 
prescription.
(2) Where the criminal action cannot be instituted or proceeded
with except on a special authorization, or after the determination of
any issue upon separate proceedings, the period of prescription
shall be suspended, and shall continue from the day on which the
authorization is granted or the issue is determined.
Prescription not to 
run when offender 
is unknown. 
Amended by:
XI. 1900.92.
692. The period of prescription in respect of crimes shall not
commence to run when the offender is unknown.
Interruption of 
prescription. 
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.92.
693. (1) The period of prescription is interrupted by any act of
the proceedings served on the party charged or accused in respect
of the fact with which he is charged.
(2) The period of prescription is also interrupted by the warrant
of arrest or, where there are no grounds for the arrest, by the
summons, although the warrant of arrest or the summons shall have
had no effect on account of the fact that the party charged or
accused had absconded or left Malta.
(3) Where the period of prescription has been interrupted, it
shall recommence to run from the day of the interruption.
(4) The interruption of prescription shall operate in regard to
all persons who took part in the offence, even though the act of
interruption takes place against one person only.
Application of 
prescription  ex 
officio.
Amended by: 
XI. 1900.92.
694.   Prescription shall be applied  ex officio , and it shall not be
lawful for the party charged or accused to waive prescription. 
    274               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Added by: 
XXX.1934.27.
Title VII
O F  F EES
Power of Minister 
responsible for 
justice to fix fees. 
Added by: 
XXX. 1934.27. 
Amended by:
L.N. 4 of 1963;
XXXI. 1966.2.
695. (1) The Minister responsible for justice shall have power
to amend or add to the scales of fees in the Schedules annexed to
this Code and to fix other fees in substitution for those in the said
Schedules.
(2) Any such amendment, addition or substitution shall come
into force on the day of its publication in the Gazette.
Added by: 
VIII.1974.2.
Amended by:
XXXI. 2002.207.
Title VIII
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Interpretation. 
Added by: 
VIII. 1974.2.
696. In this Code the phrase "working days" does not include
Saturdays.
Regulations.
Added by:
XXXI. 2002.208.
697.  The Minister responsible for justice may make regulations
for the implementation of the provisions of this Code and, in
general, to bring the provisions of this Code into effect.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             275
Added by:   
XI.1900.93. 
Amended by: 
Gov. Not. No. 124 
of 1941; 
XIII. 1983.4.
SCHEDULE A 
 ġArticles 380 (6), 429 (4) & 695ħ 
FEES PAYABLE TO THE EXECUTIVE POLICE IN CASES 
INSTITUTED ON THE COMPLAINT OF PRIVATE PARTIES
Lm c m 
1. For every service of a summons on the defendant .............. 0  5  0
2. For every intimation to the complainant ............................ 0  5  0
3. For every service of a subpoena on witnesses .................... 0  5  0
4. For every service of a taxed bill of costs ............................ 0  8  8
5. For every notice of a cause again set down for hearing  0  5  0
The following transport fees are added to the above: 
If the person on whom the act is to be served  resides in 
the same  place of the Head Quarters of the Police Divi-
sion from which the act is issued ....................................... 0  3  7
If in any other place, but within the limits of such Division  0  7  5
If outside the limits of such Division or at sea in any place 
within the territorial jurisdiction of Malta .......................... 0  15  0
    276               CAP. 9. ħ        CRIMINAL CODE 
Added by:    
XI. 1900.93. 
Amended by: 
Gov. Not. No. 
248 of 1941;                                 
XIII. 1983.4.
SCHEDULE B
 ġArticles 380 (6), 429 (4) & 695ħ
FEES PAYABLE IN THE REGISTRY IN CASES INSTITUTED 
ON THE COMPLAINT OF PRIVATE PARTIES
Lm c m 
1. For every decree or judgment ............................................. 0  25  0
2. For the filing of any application or note ............................. 0  10  0
3. For copies, for every one hundred words or part thereof .... 0  3  3
4. For the issue of any taxed bill of costs ................................ 0  2  5
* The following fees are also in practice levied in the
Criminal Court:
1. For every decree  ................................................................. 0  21  2
2. For copies of acts, for every page of one hundred words  ... 0  2  9
3. For taxing costs, for each page of the account of costs   ...... 0  1  7
4. For every application or note  .............................................. 0  5  0
5. For every certificate under  article 174 of the Malta Armed
Forces Act  .......................................................................... 0  15  0
*NOTE:- It would appear that the fees in Nos. 1 and 2 are levied in
accordance with Table XII referred to in Proclamation XXI of the
11th October, 1825; the fee in No. 3 in accordance with the
thirteenth item in Table XIII referred to in the said Proclamation;
the fee in No. 4 in accordance with a comparable item (Item No. 2)
in Schedule B.
       CRIMINAL CODE ġ CAP. 9.             277
 Added by:                                                 
XVI.1921.10. 
Amended by: 
XIII. 1983.4; 
VIII.1990.3.                    
SCHEDULE C
 ġArticles 411 & 695ħ
FEES PAYABLE TO LEGAL PRACTITIONERS BEFORE THE 
COURT OF MAGISTRATES - CRIMINAL JURISDICTION  
1. For the drawing up of any complaint to the Police for the 
institution of criminal proceedings against an individual ... 0  20  0
2. For the filing of any application ......................................... 0  20  0
3. Professional aid:
In any cause within the jurisdiction of the Court of Magis-
trates - Criminal Jurisdiction, for each sitting   
                                                 from
                  to 
 
0  25 0
0  75  0
In any criminal inquiry, for each sitting          
                 from
                  to
0  25  0
0  60  0
NOTE:- For attendance at sittings  in faciem loci  in connection with
any charge, the fee of 25c shall be added to the above fees.
4.
 
Travelling expenses shall be taxed separately.
