     TRADE  DESCRIPITONS   ġ CAP. 313.        1
CHAPTER 313
TRADE DESCRIPTIONS ACT
To make provisions prohibiting misdescriptions of goods, services,
accommodation and facilities provided in the course of trade; to prohibit
false information or misleading indications as to the price of goods and for
other matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto.
1st September, 1986
ACT XXII of 1986, as amended by Acts XXVIII of 1994 and XIX of 2000.
Title.
Interpretation.
Amended by:
XXVIII.1994.45;
XIX. 2000.22.
Cap. 419.
2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires - 
"advertisement" includes a catalogue, a circular and a price list;
"conformity mark" shall have the same meaning assigned to it in
article 2 of the Malta Standards Authority Act;
"goods" means things offered for sale by way of trade in or from
Malta;
"Minister" means the Minister responsible for consumer affairs;
"person" includes also a body corporate established by law and a
government department;
"premises" includes any place and any stall or vehicle; 
Cap. 378.
"registered consumer association" means a consumer association
registered in accordance with the provisions of the Consumer
Affairs Act;
"services" means any service offered by way of trade in or from
Malta.
(2) For the purpose of this Act, a trade description or statement
published in any newspaper, book or periodical, or in any film or
sound or television broadcast shall not be deemed to be a trade
description applied or statement made in the course of a trade or
business unless it is or forms part of an advertisement.
Prohibition of false 
trade descriptions.
3. (1) Any person who, in the course of a trade or business -
( a ) applies a false trade description to any goods; or
( b ) supplies or offers to supply any goods to which a false
trade description is applied,
shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be guilty of an offence.
(2) Articles 4 to 8 of this Act shall have effect for the purposes
of this article and for the interpretation of expressions used in this
article, wherever they occur in this Act.
Trade description.
Amended by:
XIX.2000.22.
4. (1) A trade description is an indication, direct or indirect,
and by whatever means given, of any of the following matters with
respect to any goods or parts of goods or as the case may be, in
respect of any services or part of a service, that is to say:
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( a ) quantity, size or gauge;
( b ) method of manufacture, production, processing or
reconditioning;
( c ) composition;
( d ) fitness for purpose, strength, performance, behaviour
or accuracy;
( e ) any physical characteristics not included in the
preceding paragraphs;
( f ) testing by any person and results thereof;
( g ) approval by any person or conformity with a type
approved by any person;
( h ) the use of any conformity mark, or of any imitation
thereof likely to deceive, or of any other indication or
statement likely to be construed as, indicating that the
goods or services conform to standards issued by any
body or authority;
( i ) place or date of manufacture, production, processing
or reconditioning;
( j ) person by whom manufactured, produced, processed or
reconditioned;
( k ) other history, including previous ownership or use; 
( l ) guarantee as to repairs or substitution;
( m ) expiry date or shelf life.
(2) The matters specified in subarticle (1) of this article shall,
in relation to any animal, be taken to include sex, breed or cross-
breed, fertility and soundness.
(3) In this article "quantity" includes length, width, height,
area, volume, capacity, weight and number.
False trade 
description.
5. (1) A false trade description is a trade description which is
false to a material degree.
(2) A trade description which, though not false, is misleading,
that is to say, likely to be taken for such an indication of any of the
matters specified in article 4 of this Act as would be false to a
material degree, shall be deemed to be a false trade description.
(3) Anything which, though not a trade description is likely to
be taken for an indication of any of those matters and, as such an
indication, would be false to a material degree, shall be deemed to
be a false trade description.
(4) A false indication, or anything likely to be taken as an
indication which would be false, that any goods comply with a
standard specified or recognised by any person or implied by the
approval of any person shall be deemed to be a false trade
description, if there is no such person or no standard so specified,
recognised or implied.
Application of 
trade description.
6. (1) A person applies a trade description to goods if he -
     TRADE  DESCRIPITONS   ġ CAP. 313.        3
( a ) affixes or annexes it to or in any manner marks it on or
incorporates it with - 
(i) the goods themselves, or
(ii) anything in, on or with which the goods are
supplied; or
( b ) places the goods, in, on or with anything which the
trade description has been affixed or annexed to,
marked on or incorporated with, or places any such
thing with the goods; or
( c ) uses the trade description in any manner likely to be
taken as referring to the goods.
(2) An oral statement may amount to the use of a trade
description.
(3) Where goods are supplied in pursuance of a request in
which a trade description is used and the circumstances are such as
to make it reasonable to infer that the goods are supplied as goods
corresponding to that trade description, the person supplying the
goods shall be deemed to have applied that trade description to the
goods.
Trade descriptions 
used in 
advertisements.
 7. (1) The following provisions of this article shall have
effect where in an advertisement a trade description is used in
relation to any class of goods.
(2) The trade description shall be taken as referring to all goods
of the class, whether or not in existence at the time the
advertisement is published - 
( a ) for the purpose of determining whether an offence has
been committed under article 3(1)( a ) of this Act; and
( b ) where goods of the class are supplied or offered to be
supplied by a person publishing or displaying the
advertisement, also for the purpose of determining
whether an offence has been committed under article
3(1)( b ).
(3) In determining for the purposes of this article whether any
goods are of a class to which a trade description used in an
advertisement relates, regard shall be had not only to the form and
content of the advertisement but also to the time, place, manner and
frequency of its publication and all other matters making it likely or
unlikely that a person to whom the goods are supplied would think
of the goods as belonging to the class in relation to which the trade
description is used in the advertisement.
Offer to supply.
possession for supply shall be deemed to offer to supply them.
Definition orders.
Amended by:
XIX. 2000.22.
9. Where it appears to the Minister - 
( a ) that it would be in the interest of persons to whom any
goods or services are supplied; or
( b ) that it would be in the interest of persons by whom any
goods or services are exported and would not be
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contrary to the interest of persons to whom such goods
or services are supplied in Malta;
that any expressions used in relation to the goods or services should
be understood as having definite meanings, the Minister may by
order assign such meanings either - 
(i) to those expressions when used in the course of a
trade or business as, or as part of, a trade
description applied to the goods or services; or
(ii) to those expressions when so used in such
circumstances as may be specified in the order;
and where such a meaning is so assigned to an expression it shall be
deemed for the purposes of this Act to have that meaning when
used as mentioned in paragraph (i) or, as the case may be,
paragraph (ii) of this article.
Marking orders. 10. (1) Where it appears to the Minister necessary or
expedient in the interest of persons to whom any goods are supplied
that the goods should be marked with or accompanied by any
information (whether or not amounting to or including a trade
description) or instruction relating to the goods, the Minister may,
subject to the provisions of this Act, by order impose requirements
for securing that the goods are so marked or accompanied, and
regulate or prohibit the supply of goods with respect to which the
requirements are not complied with; and the requirements may
extend to the form and manner in which the information or
instruction is to be given.
(2) Where an order under this article is in force with respect to
goods of any description, any person who, in the course of any
trade or business, supplies or offers to supply goods of that
description in contravention of the order shall, subject to the
provisions of this Act, be guilty of an offence.
(3) An order under this article may make different provision for
different circumstances and may, in the case of goods supplied in
circumstances where the information or instruction required by the
order would not be conveyed until after delivery, require the whole
or part thereof to be also displayed near the goods.
Information, etc., 
to be given in 
advertisements.
Amended by:
XIX. 2000.22.
11. (1) Where it appears to the Minister necessary or
expedient in the interest of persons to whom any goods or services
are to be supplied that any description of advertisements of the
goods or services should contain or refer to any information
(whether or not amounting to or including a trade description)
relating to the goods or services the Minister may, subject to the
provisions of this Act, by order impose requirements as to the
inclusion of that information, or of an indication of the means by
which it may be obtained, in such description of advertisements of
the goods or services as may be specified in the order.
(2) An order under this article may specify the form and
manner in which any such information or indication is to be
included in advertisements of any description and may make
different provisions for different circumstances.
     TRADE  DESCRIPITONS   ġ CAP. 313.        5
(3) Where an advertisement of any goods or services to be
supplied in the course of any trade or business fails to comply with
any requirement imposed under this article, any person who
publishes the advertisement shall, subject to the provisions of this
Act, be guilty of an offence.
Provisions 
supplementary to 
articles 10 and 11.
12. A requirement imposed by an order under article 10 or
article 11 of this Act in relation to any goods shall not be confined
to goods manufactured or produced in any one country or any one
of a number of countries or to goods manufactured or produced
outside any one or more countries, unless - 
( a ) it is imposed with respect to a description of goods in
the case of which the Minister is satisfied that the
interest of persons in Malta to whom goods of that
description are supplied will be sufficiently protected
if the requirement is so confined; and
( b ) the Minister is satisfied that the order is compatible
with the international obligations of Malta.
False or misleading 
indications as to 
the price of goods.
13. (1) If any person offering to supply goods or services of
any description gives, by whatever means, any false indication to
the effect that the price at which the goods or services are offered is
equal to or less than - 
(i) the price fixed by the manufacturer, or by the
importer or by any authority for such goods or
services; or
(ii) the price at which the goods or services, or
goods or services of the same description were
previously offered by him;
or is less than such a price by a specified amount, he shall, subject
to the provisions of this Act, be guilty of an offence.
(2) If any person offering to supply any goods or services
gives, by whatever means, any indication likely to be taken as an
indication that the goods or services are being offered at a price
less than that at which they are in fact being offered he shall,
subject to the provisions of this Act, be guilty of an offence.
(3) For the purposes of this article an indication that goods or
services were previously offered at a higher price or at a particular
price - 
( a ) shall be treated as an indication that they were so
offered by the person giving the indication unless it is
expressly stated that they were so offered by others
and it is not expressed or implied that they were, or
might have been, so offered also by that person; and
( b ) shall be treated, unless the contrary is expressed, as an
indication that they were so offered within the
preceding six months for a continuous period of not
less than twenty-eight days.
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False 
representation as to 
prize, award or 
approval.
14. (1) If any person, in the course of any trade or business
gives, by whatever means, any false indication, direct or indirect,
that any goods or services supplied by him or any methods adopted
by him are of a kind that has been awarded any prize or any award,
or are of a kind supplied to or approved by any person or authority,
he shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be guilty of an
offence.
(2) If any person in the course of any trade or business, uses
without the proper authority any device or emblem signifying any
award, prize or approval or anything so nearly resembling such a
device or emblem as to be likely to deceive, he shall, subject to the
provisions of this Act, be guilty of an offence.
False or misleading 
statements as to 
services, etc.
15. (1) It shall be an offence for any person in the course of
any trade or business - 
( a ) to make a statement which he knows to be false; or 
( b ) recklessly to make a statement which is false, as to any
of the following matters, that is to say:
(i) the provision in the course of any trade or
business of any services, accommodation or
facilities; 
(ii) the nature of any services, accommodation or
facilities provided in the course of any trade or
business;
(iii) the time at which, manner in which or persons
by whom any services, accommodation or
facilities are so provided;
(iv) the examination, approval or evaluation by any
person of any services, accommodation or
facilities so provided; or
(v) the location or amenities of any accommodation
so provided.
(2) For the purposes of this article - 
( a ) anything (whether or not a statement as to any of the
matters specified in the preceding subarticle) likely to
be taken for such a statement as to any of those matters
as would be false shall be deemed to be a false
statement as to that matter; and
( b ) a statement made regardless of whether it is true or
false shall be deemed to be made recklessly, whether
or not the person making it had reasons for believing
that it might be false.
(3) In relation to any services consisting of or including the
application of any treatment or process or the carrying out of any
repair, the matters specified in subarticle (1) of this article shall be
taken to include the effect of the treatment, process or repair.
(4) In this article "false" means false to a material degree and
"services" does not include anything done under a contract of
employment, apprenticeship or other similar contract.
     TRADE  DESCRIPITONS   ġ CAP. 313.        7
Orders defining 
terms for purposes 
of article 15.
16. Where it appears to the Minister that it would be in the
interest of persons for whom any services, accommodation or
facilities are provided in the course of any trade or business that
any expressions used with respect thereto should be understood as
having definite meanings, the Minister may by order assign such
meanings to those expressions when used as, or as part of, such
statements as are mentioned in article 15 of this Act with respect to
those services, accommodation or facilities; and where such a
meaning is so assigned to an expression it shall be deemed for the
purposes of this Act to have that meaning when so used.
Prohibition of 
importation of 
goods bearing false 
indication of 
origin.
17. Where a false trade description is applied to any goods
outside Malta and the false indication, or one of the false
indications, given, or likely to be taken as given, thereby is an
indication of the place of manufacture, production, processing or
reconditioning of the goods or any part thereof, the goods shall not
be imported into Malta.
Penalty for 
offences.
Amended by:
XIX. 2000.22.
18. (1) Without prejudice to any liability under any other law,
a person guilty of an offence under this Act, other than an offence
under article 23 or 24, shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine
( multa ) of not less than one hundred liri but not exceeding five
hundred liri or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to both such fine and imprisonment.
(2) In every case of conviction for an offence against this Act,
the Court may, and at the request of the prosecution shall -
( a ) order the forfeiture of any goods to which the offence
relates; and
( b ) suspend for a period of not more than three months as
the court may deem proper any licences in the name of
the person convicted relating to the provision of goods
or the supply of services.
Offences due to 
fault of other 
person.
19. Where the act or omission constituting an offence under
this Act which has been made or omitted by any person is due to
the act or default of some other person, that other person shall be
guilty of the offence, and a person may be charged with and
convicted of the offence by virtue of this article whether or not
proceedings are taken against the first mentioned person.
Defence of mistake 
or accident.
20. (1) In any proceedings for an offence under this Act it
shall, subject to subarticle (2) of this article, be a defence for the
person charged to prove - 
( a ) that the commission of the offence was due to a
mistake or to reliance on information supplied to him
or to the act or default of another person, an accident
or some other cause beyond his control; and
( b ) that he took all reasonable precautions and exercised
all due diligence to avoid the commission of such an
offence by himself or any person under his control.
(2) If in any case the defence provided by the foregoing
subarticle involves the allegation that the commission of the
offence was due to the act or default of another person or to
  8      CAP. 313. ħ         TRADE  DESCRIPITONS  
reliance on information supplied by another person, the person
charged shall not be entitled to rely on that defence unless
immediately after the reading out of the charge he shall have served
the prosecutor a notice in writing giving such information
identifying or assisting in the identification of that other person as
was then in his possession.
(3) In any proceedings for an offence under this Act of
supplying or offering to supply goods to which a false trade
description is applied it shall be a defence for the person charged to
prove that he did not know, and could not with reasonable
diligence, have ascertained that the goods did not conform to the
description or that the description had been applied to the goods.
Innocent 
publication of 
advertisement.
21. In proceedings for an offence under this Act committed by
the publication of an advertisement it shall be a defence for the
person charged to prove that he is a person whose business it is to
publish or arrange for the publication of advertisements and that he
received the advertisement for publication in the ordinary course of
business and did not know and had no reason to suspect that its
publication would amount to an offence under this Act.
Power to enter 
premises and 
inspect and seize 
goods and 
documents.
Amended by:
XXVIII.1994.45.
22. (1) Without prejudice to the powers and duties of the
Executive Police, any public officer in the Department of
Consumer Affairs duly authorised by the Minister may, at all
reasonable hours and on production, if required, of his credentials,
exercise the following powers, that is to say - 
( a ) he may, for the purpose of ascertaining whether any
offence under this Act has been committed, inspect
any goods and enter any premises other than premises
used only as a dwelling;
( b ) if he has reasonable cause to suspect that an offence
under this Act has been committed, he may, for the
purpose of ascertaining whether it has been
committed, require any person carrying on a trade or
business or employed in connection with a trade or
business to produce any books or documents relating
to the trade or business and may take copies of, or of
any entry in, any such book or document;
( c ) if he has reasonable cause to believe that an offence
under this Act has been committed, he may seize and
detain any goods for the purpose of ascertaining, by
testing or otherwise, whether the offence has been
committed; 
( d ) he may seize and detain any goods or documents
which he has reason to believe may be required as
evidence in proceedings for an offence under this Act; 
( e ) he may, for the purpose of exercising his powers under
this subarticle to seize goods, but only if and to the
extent that it is reasonably necessary in order to secure
that the provisions of this Act and of any order made
thereunder are duly observed, require any person
having authority to do so to break open any container
     TRADE  DESCRIPITONS   ġ CAP. 313.        9
or open any vending machine and, if that person does
not comply with the requirement, he may do so
himself.
(2) A public officer duly authorised as aforesaid seizing any
goods or documents in the exercise of his powers under this article
shall inform the person from whom they are seized and, in the case
of goods seized from a vending machine, the person whose name
and address are stated on the machine as being the proprietors or, if
no name and address are so stated, the occupier of the premises on
which the machine stands or to which it is affixed.
(3) An officer entering any premises by virtue of this article
may take with him such other persons authorised by the Minister
and such equipment as may appear to him necessary.
Disclosure of 
information, etc.
23. Without prejudice to any other liability under this or any
other law, if any person discloses to any person - 
( a ) any information with respect to any manufacturing
process or trade secret obtained by him in premises
which he has entered by virtue of this Act; or
( b ) any information obtained by him in pursuance of this
Act,
he shall, unless the disclosure was made in or for the purpose of the
performance by him or any other person of functions under this
Act, be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a
fine ( multa ) of not more than one thousand liri or to imprisonment
for a term of not less than four months but not exceeding two years,
or to both such fine and imprisonment.
Obstruction of 
authorised officers.
24. Without prejudice to any other liability under this or any
other law any person who -
( a ) wilfully obstructs a Police officer or a public officer
acting in pursuance of this Act; or
( b ) wilfully fails to comply with any requirement properly
made to him by any such officer under this Act; or
( c ) without reasonable cause fails to give such an officer
so acting any other assistance or information which he
may reasonably require of him for the purpose of the
performance of his functions under this Act; or
( d ) gives such information as is mentioned in the last
preceding paragraph which he knows to be false,
shall be guilty of an offence and liable, on conviction, to a fine
( multa ) of not less than ten liri but not exceeding fifty liri and
where the act or omission constituting the offence subsist for more
than a day, the court shall in addition impose a fine ( multa ) of not
less than ten liri and not more than fifty liri for each day in which
such act or omission subsist.
Notice of test and 
intended 
prosecution.
25. Where any goods seized or otherwise acquired by an
officer in pursuance of this Act are submitted to a test, then - 
( a ) if the goods were seized, the officer shall inform the
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person from whom the goods were seized of the result
of the test;
( b ) if the goods were purchased and the test leads to the
institution of proceedings for an offence under this
Act, the officer shall inform the person from whom the
goods were purchased, or, in the case of goods sold
through a vending machine, the person mentioned in
article 22(2) of this Act, of the result of the test.
Trade marks 
containing trade 
descriptions.
26. The fact that a trade description is a trade mark, or part of a
trade mark, does not prevent it from being a false trade description
when applied to any goods.
Country of origin. 27. (1) For the purposes of this Act goods shall be deemed to
have been manufactured or produced in the country in which they
last underwent a treatment or process resulting in a substantial
change.
(2) The Minister may by order specify - 
( a ) in relation to any description of goods, what treatment
or process is to be regarded for the purposes of this
article as resulting or not resulting in a substantial
change;
( b ) in relation to any description of goods, different parts
of which were manufactured or produced in different
countries, or of goods assembled in a country different
from that in which their parts were manufactured or
produced, in which of those countries the goods are to
be regarded for the purposes of this Act as having been
manufactured or produced.
Market research 
experiment.
28. (1) Articles 3 and 10 of this Act shall not apply in relation
to goods supplied or offered to be supplied, whether to a participant
or any other person, in the course of a market research experiment
to which this article applies.
(2) In this article "market research experiment" means any
activities conducted for the purpose of ascertaining the opinion of
persons (in this article referred to as "participants") of - 
( a ) any goods; or
( b ) anything in, on or with which the goods are supplied;
or
( c ) the appearance or any other characteristic of the goods
or of any such thing; or
( d ) the name or description under which the goods are
supplied.
(3) This article applies to any market research experiment with
respect to which the following conditions are satisfied, that is to
say: 
( a ) that any participant to whom any goods are supplied in
the course of the experiment is informed, at or before
the time at which they are supplied to him, that they
     TRADE  DESCRIPITONS   ġ CAP. 313.        11
are supplied for such a purpose as is mentioned in
subarticle (2) of this article, and
( b ) that no consideration in money or money’s worth is
given by a participant for the goods or any goods
supplied to him for comparison.
Limitation of 
actions and 
prosecutions.
29. Criminal action for offences under this Act, other than
offences under articles 23 and 24 of this Act shall be barred by
prescription after the lapse of one year.
Criminal 
proceedings.
Amended by: 
XXVIII.1994.45.
Cap. 9.
30. (1) Criminal proceedings for any offence against any
provision of this Act shall be instituted by the Police  ex officio,
provided that in proceedings other than for an offence under
articles 23 and 24 of this Act, a representative of a registered
consumer association, duly appointed for the purpose, shall be
deemed to be an injured party for the purposes of the provisions of
article 410(3) of the Criminal Code, and such representative may
assist the prosecuting officer in such proceedings.
(2) Where the evidence of such representative is to be given in
any case in which he is to assist the prosecuting officer, such
evidence shall be given before other evidence, unless the need for
his evidence arises at a later stage of the proceedings.
(3) Where any offence under or against any provision
contained in this Act, is committed by a body corporate established
by law or by a Government department, every person who, at the
time of the commission of the offence, was chairman, manager,
secretary, head or other similar officer of the body corporate or
department, or was purporting to act in any such capacity, shall be
guilty of that offence unless he proves that he exercised due
diligence to prevent the commission of the offence, or that
notwithstanding that he exercised such diligence the offence was
committed without his knowledge.
(4) Where an offence under this Act has been committed by the
publication of an advertisement, the court may in the judgment
order, order in the case of a newspaper or other similar publication,
that in a subsequent issue thereof not later than the next but one,
and in the case of a broadcasting medium within a week
immediately following the day on which the judgment is given, the
judgment itself or a comprehensive summary thereof be published
or broadcast, as the case may require, in the same language in
which the offence was committed, at the expense of the offender;
and if at the time of the judgment or immediately thereafter the
newspaper or other similar publication had ceased publication or
the broadcasting medium has ceased to operate, or in the case of
any other printed matter, the court may in the judgment or in a
subsequent order, order that that judgment or summary be
published or broadcast, at the expense of the party convicted, in
another newspaper or on another medium within a period not
exceeding one month.
(5) In default of compliance with any order referred to in
subarticle (4) of this article the party convicted shall be liable to a
fine ( multa ) of not less than two hundred liri but not exceeding one
  12      CAP. 313. ħ         TRADE  DESCRIPITONS  
thousand liri or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months, or to both such fine and imprisonment.
