Intra personal: communication with oneself
Interpersonal; Communication between two persons
Small group: Communication within a small group of persons
Organizational: communication within a formal organization
Public: communication of speaker to audience
Mass: Communication addressed to an extremely large audience, mediated by audio and/or visual means
Communications are ethical when they facilitate an individual's freedom of choice by presenting that person with accurate bases for choice (even choice of opinion).
Communications are un ethical when they interfere with an individual's freedom of choice by preventing that person from securing information relevant to the choice.
To discover
To relate
To help
To persuade
To learn more about yourself
to learn more about others, to reduce uncertainty about your relations with those around you
to learn more about the world around you
to share that world with others and to help others
to persuade or influence others or to test or resist influnce on you
to have fun, to play, to relaxfrom the rigors of the other kinds of communication we have listed above
usually involve verbal messages and non-verbal signals
these usually reinforce each other
when there is a discrepancy the receiver becomes suspicious or confused
over time these mixed messages can cause damage
contradictory messages may be created when there is a desire to comm. two different emotions
the socially accepted message is sent verbally while the less acceptable is transmitted non verbally
Requires the use of the same signals (language system)
All persons have different signal systems
Requires decoding
Problems arise especially in communication between persons of different cultures
Communication Accommodation
Similarity is perceived positively
Each person is simultaneously speaker and receiver
Comm. is an ever changing process each elements stands in dynamic relation to the other elements:
One's history, attitudes , cultural beliefs, self-image, future expectations, emotions etc influence the way the message is experienced
Meaning is created by the individual
Communication consists of one-way act like shooting an arrow into a target. Doing something to someone .Emphasis was on the sender and his/her encoding skills. "get the message across"
Turns taken in being the sender and the receiver. Linear, single cause-effect relationship.
Both are essential to understanding.
Problems occur when ignored.
Content aspect: Behavioural response expected.
Relationship aspect: Tells how the communication is to be dealt with
Men & women give different importance to these aspects leading to misunderstanding.
We divide up this into causes and effects, we punctuate the continuous sequences into stimuli and responses for ease of understanding and remembering. To maintain one's self image and create a positive one.
To understand another requires understanding his/her punctuation of the situation and recognize subjectivity of your own.
A hen is only an egg's way of making another egg.
Samuel Bulter, Life and Habit
Symmetrical relationships - mirroring of each other's behaviour e.g. both kind
Complementary relationships - individuals engage in different behaviours e.g. one orders the other obeys
Inevitability
You cannot not communicate (but not all behaviour is communication)
You cannot avoid responding to the messages of others
Irreversibility
You cannot un-communicate